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THE DIALECTICAL IMAGINATION a History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923-1950

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THE DIALECTICAL IMAGINATION a History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923-1950 THE DIALECTICAL IMAGINATION A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923-1950 MARTIN JAY HEINEMANN • LONDON Heinemann Educational Books Ltd LONDON EDINBURGH MELBOURNE AUCKLAND TORONTO HONG KONG SINGAPORE KUALA LUMPUR IBADAN NAIROBI JOHANNESBURG LUSAKA NEW DELHI KINGSTON ISBN 0 435 82476 7 © Martin Jay I973 First published in treat Britain 1973 . Reprinted as a Paperback Edition 1974, 1976 Published by Heinemann Educational Books Ltd 48 Charles Street, London WIX 8AH Printed in Great Britain by Biddies. Ltd, Guildford, Surrey The author is grateful for permission to quote from the following previously copy- righted works: The Authoritarian Personality by T. W. Adorno et al. Quotations from pages vii, ix, 15, 18, III, 176, 228, 359, 371, 671, 676, 747, 759 and 976. Published by Harper & Row, 195o. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Prisms by Theodor W. Adorno. Published by Neville Spearman Limited, 1967, Lon- don. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Illuminations by Walter Benjamin, edited with an introduction by Hannah Arendt. Translated by Harry Zohn. Published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Copyright © 1955 by Suhrkamp Verlag. Translation Copyright © 1968 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Politics, Law and Social Change: Selected Essays of Kirchheimer edited by Frederic S. Burin and Kurt L. Shell. Quotations from pages 15, 3 2, 79, 86 and xvi published by Columbia University Press. Copyright © 1969 by Columbia University Press. Re- printed by permission of the publisher. Material reprinted from pages 93, 99, 108, 131, 155, 158-9 of this volume was originally published on pages 264-289 and 456-- 475 of Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, IX (1941), a periodical formerly published by the Institute of Social Research. These excerpts are used here by per- mission of the former editor of this publication, Professor Max Horkheimer. The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969, pages 286, 3 01 , 325, 341, 343, 361 and 363. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Escape from Freedom by Erich Fromm. Published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York. Published as The Fear of Freedom by Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1942. Copyright 1941 © 1969 by Erich Fromm. Reprinted by permission of the publishers. Dämmerung by Max Horkheimer under the pseudonym Heinrich Regius. Published by Oprecht and Helbling in Zurich, Switzerland in 1934. Reprinted by permission of the author. The Eclipse of Reason by Max Horkheimer. Published by Oxford University Press. Copyright 1947 by Oxford University Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Literature and the Image of Man by Leo Lowenthal. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1957 by Leo Lowenthal. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Eros and Civilization by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1 955 by the Beacon Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Negations by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1968 by Herbert Marcuse. Reprinted by, permission of the publisher. Reason and Revolution by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright 1941 by Oxford University Press, New York, Inc. Second edition Copyright 1 954 by Humanities Press, Inc. Preface, "A Note on Dialectic" Copyright © 196o by Herbert Marcuse. Reprinted by permission of Humanities Press, Inc. Behemoth by Franz Neumann. Published by Octagon Books, a sub-division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. Copyright 1942, 1944 by Oxford University Press, New York, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. The Democratic and the Authoritarian State by Franz Neumann. Published by The Macmillan Company. Copyright © 1557 by The Free Press, a Corporation. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. A portion of the second chapter of this volume has appeared in The Unknown Dimen- sion: European Marxism since Lenin, edited by Dick Howard and Karl Klare. Pub- lished by Basic Books. Copyright © 1972 by Basic Books. It is reprinted here by permission of the publisher. To my parents, Edward and Sari Jay Contents Foreword by Max Horkheimer xi Introduction xi i Acknowledgments xix 1. The Creation of the Institut für Sozialforschung and Its First Frankfurt Years 3 2. The Genesis of Critical Theory 41 3. The Integration of Psychoanalysis 86 4. The Institut's First Studies of Authority 113 5. The Institut's Analysis of Nazism 143 6. Aesthetic Theory and the Critique of Mass Culture 173 7. The Empirical Work of the Institut in the 1940's 219 8. Toward a Philosophy of History: The Critique of the Enlightenment 253 Epilogue 281 Chapter References 303 Bibliography 355 Index 373 Foreword December, 1 97 1 Dear Mr. Jay, I have been asked to write a foreword to your book on the history of the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. Reading your interest- ing work does not permit me to refuse this request; however, the con- dition of my health limits me to the short letter form, which should now serve as a foreword. First, my thanks are due you for the care which. is demonstrated through all the chapters of your work.. Much will be preserved which would be forgotten without your description. The work to which the Institute devoted itself before its emigra- tion from Germany — one thinks of Friedrich Pollock's book The Experiments in Economic Planning in the Soviet Union, 1917 -4927 or the subsequently published collective work, Authority and Family — meant something new in comparison to the then official educa- tional system. It meant the ability to pursue research for which a uni- versity still offered no opportunity. The enterprise succeeded only because, thanks to the support of Hermann Weil and the interven- tion of his son, Felix, a group of men, interested in social theory and from different scholarly backgrounds, came together with the belief that formulating the negative in the epoch of transition was more meaningful than academic careers. What united them was the criti- cal approach to existing society. Already near the end of the twenties, certainly by the beginning of the thirties, we were convinced of the probability of a National So- cialist victory, as well as of the fact that it could be met only through revolutionary actions. That it needed a world war we did not yet en- visage at that time. We thought of an uprising in our own country and because of that, Marxism won its decisive meaning for our thought. After our emigration to America via Geneva, the Marxist interpretation of social events remained, to be sure, dominant, which did not mean in any way, however, that a dogmatic materialism had xii The Dialectical Imagination become the decisive theme of our position. Reflecting on political systems taught us rather that it was necessary, as Adorno has ex- pressed it, "not to. think of claims to the Absolute as certain and yet, not to deduct anything from the appeal to the emphatic concept of the truth." The appeal to an entirely other (ein ganz Anderes) than this world had primarily a social-philosophical impetus. It led finally to a more positive evaluation of certain metaphysical trends, because the em- pirical "whole is the untrue" (Adorno). The hope that earthly horror does not possess the last word is, to be sure, a non-scientific wish. Those who were once associated with the Institute, as far as they are still alive, will certainly be thankful to you for recognizing in your book a history of their own ideas. I feel obliged also in the name of the dead, such as Fred Pollock, Theodor W. Adorno, Wal- ter Benjamin, Franz Neumann, and Otto Kirchheimer, to express to you, dear Mr. Jay, acknowledgment and gratitude for your work. Cordially, MAX H ORKHEIMER Montagnola, Switzerland Introduction It has become a commonplace in the modern world to regard the intellectual as estranged, maladjusted, and discontented. Far from being disturbed by this vision, however, we have become increas- ingly accustomed to seeing our intellectuals as outsiders, gadflies, marginal men, and the like. The word "alienation," indiscriminately used to signify the most banal of dyspepsias as well as the deepest of metaphysical fears, has become the chief cant phrase of our time. For even the most discerning of observers, reality and pose have be- come difficult to distinguish. To the horror of those who can genu- inely claim to have suffered from its effects, alienation has proved a highly profitable commodity in the cultural marketplace. Modernist art with its dissonances and torments, to take one example, has be- come the staple diet of an increasingly voracious army of culture consumers who know good investments when they see them. The avant-garde, if indeed the term can still be used, has become an hon- ored ornament of our cultural life, less to be feared than feted. The philosophy of existentialism, to cite another case, which scarcely a generation ago seemed like a breath of fresh air, has now degener- ated into a set of easily manipulated clichés and sadly hollow ges- tures. This decline occurred, it should be noted, not because analytic philosophers exposed the meaninglessness of its categories, but rather as a result of our culture's uncanny .ability to absorb and de- fuse even its most uncompromising opponents. And finally to men- tion a third example, it is all too evident in 1972, a few short years after the much ballyhooed birth of an alleged counterculture, that the new infant, if not strangled in the crib, has proved easily domes- ticated in the ways of its elders. Here too the mechanisms of absorption and cooptation have shown themselves to be enormously effective. The result of all this is that intellectuals who take their critical function seriously have been presented with an increasingly rigorous xiv The Dialectical Imagination challenge to outdistance the culture's capacity to numb their protest.
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