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Dialectic of Solidarity Studies in Critical Social Sciences

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Dialectic of Solidarity Studies in Critical Social Sciences Dialectic of Solidarity Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor DAVID FASENFEST Wayne State University Editorial Board JOAN ACKER, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon ROSE BREWER, Afro-American and African Studies, University of Minnesota VAL BURRIS, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon CHRIS CHASE-DUNN, Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside G. WILLIAM DOMHOFF, Department of Sociology, University of California-Santa Cruz COLETTE FAGAN, Department of Sociology, Manchester University MATHA GIMENEZ, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder HEIDI GOTTFRIED, Department of Sociology, Wayne State University KARIN GOTTSCHALL, Zentrum für Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen BOB JESSOP, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University RHONDA LEVINE, Department of Sociology, Colgate University JACQUELINE O’REILLY, Department of Sociology, University of Sussex MARY ROMERO, School of Justice Studies, Arizona State University CHIZUKO URNO, Department of Sociology, University of Tokyo VOLUME 11 Dialectic of Solidarity Labor, Antisemitism, and the Frankfurt School By Mark P. Worrell LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 Cover design: Wim Goedhart This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Worrell, Mark. Dialectic of solidarity : labor, antisemitism, and the Frankfurt School / by Mark Worrell. p. cm. — (Studies in critical social sciences) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16886-2 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Working class—United States— Attitudes. 2. Antisemitism—United States. 3. Frankfurt school of sociology. I. Title. II. Series. HD8072.W83 2008 301.01—dc22 2008011351 ISSN: 1573-4234 ISBN: 978 90 04 16886 2 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................... ix Preface ............................................................................................................. xi Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One Politics, Labor, and the Frankfurt School in America .................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two Authoritarian Labor ............................................................. 55 Chapter Three Worker Hostility to ‘Jewish’ Habitus ................................. 103 Chapter Four The Hatred of ‘Jewish’ Economic Practices .......................... 119 Chapter Five Political and Social Dimensions of Worker Antisemitism ................................................................................................ 189 Chapter Six The Social Bases and Dynamics of Exterminatory Antisemitism ................................................................................................ 223 Chapter Seven Theorizing American Labor Antisemitism ........................ 253 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 279 Appendix A AFL and CIO Unions Represented in the ISR’s Labor and Antisemitism Project ........................................................ 289 vi • Contents Appendix B The ISR’s “Survey of Studies Prepared by the Institute” (August 1944) .................................................................. 341 Appendix C The ISR’s Methods and Data ................................................. 297 Appendix D Degree of Intensity of Prejudice and Targets of Critique .................................................................................................... 315 Appendix E The ISR’s Contributors to the “Studies in Antisemitism” and Key Labor Study Personnel ......................................... 319 Archival Sources, Libraries, and Special Collections ............................... 329 References ...................................................................................................... 331 Index of Names ............................................................................................. 341 Index of Subjects ............................................................................................ 345 Acknowledgements Many thanks to Lois, Diane, Rebecka, and Eric Worrell who supported me every day, in ways great and small, during the life of this project. Thanks as well to Ben Agger, Sandra Albrecht, Kevin Amidon, Robert J. Antonio, Rus- sell Berman, Graham Cassano, Harry Dahms, Brian Donovan, John Harms, David Katzman, Dan Krier, Lauren Langman, Gail Malmgreen, and the SUNY Cortland faculty for their support, criticism, advice, inspiration, and encour- agement. No manner of acknowledgement could ever repay David Norman Smith for his patient mentoring and friendship over the many years. Last but not least, thanks to my editor, David Fasenfest, for patience, enthusiasm, and good advice. List of Abbreviations AFL: American Federation of Labor AJC: American Jewish Committee AL: “Antisemitism among American Labor, 1944–45.” Unpublished research report by the Institute of Social Research. b/f: Box/Folder (Refers to manuscript box and folder numbers of archi- val materials). CIO: Congress of Industrial Organizations CP: Communist Party EC: Papers of the Emergency Committee for Displaced Foreign Scholars GH: Granville Hicks Papers HP: Horkheimer-Pollock Archives HUAC: Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities IISR: International Institute of Social Research ISR: Institute of Social Research JF: Joseph Freeman Papers JLC: Jewish Labor Committee KK: Karl Korsch Papers KPD: German Communist Party MG: Mike Gold Papers, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan LL: Leo Lowenthal Papers NA: National Archives NYT: New York Times OK: Otto Kirchheimer Papers PH: Powers Hapgood Papers RB: Roger Baldwin Papers SA: “Studies in Antisemitism.” An unpublished, 1944 report by the Institute of Social Research. SLP: Socialist Labor Party x • List of Abbreviations SP: Socialist Party SPD: German Social Democratic Party. SPSS: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, the ISR’s journal. TY: “Ten Years on Morningside Heights.” 1944 report by the Institute of Social Research. USP: Upton Sinclair Papers Preface Postwar American society did not unfold the way many leftists feared it would. Unions were not crushed (by 1975 there were 22.2 million organized workers), the Depression did not return, and, while reactionaries bloom in the American climate with greater ease than revolutionaries, it is nonetheless true that the United States did not plunge into a totalitarian nightmare or the pure state capitalism that some Marxists saw on the horizon during the early 1940s. American labor emerged from World War Two, or so it seemed, ready to confront any challenge. From 1940 to 1946 the ranks of organized labor ballooned from 8.9 million to 14.9 million. “By the end of the war, 35.5 percent of the civilian labor force belonged to unions and most basic indus- tries were 80 percent to 100 percent organized” (Moody 1988: 17). It seemed, in the words of J.M. Clark that “ ‘the balance of power [between capital and labor] has shifted radically in a generation’ ” (ibid.). All the same, the post-war arrangement between capital, labor, and the state did nothing whatsoever to challenge the fundamental hegemony of capital but fused them in new, unprecedented ways. Section 7a of the NRA and the Wagner Act erected new institutional frame- works for the organization of workers and spurred labor to fi ght as a semi- cohesive mass against capital in a way that departed signifi cantly from the sporadic and accidental patterns of traditional organization and protest. But by 1938 economic reforms were grinding to a halt, unemployment was still acute (over 19 percent), and FDR’s mass appeal began to fl ag. With confl icts in Europe and Asia looming over the horizon the New Deal command economy gave way to the transformation of industry and laid the tracks for the modern American warfare state. When the US fi nally entered the war at the end of 1941 the demands of organized labor were subordinated to military victory at all cost and moderate labor offi cials adopted a policy of patience and coop- eration in the hopes that a more democratic course could be followed at the conclusion of hostilities. xii • Preface As it turned out, the wartime interpenetration of capital and state as well as the subordination of labor was irreversible as business thrust market-sustain- ing and employment-guaranteeing functions onto the government. By defi ni- tion this meant getting labor to sign off on intensifi ed labor processes and heightened discipline through a mixed bag of palliative concessions
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