Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Tunisia: Catalogue, Biogeography, and Key for Identification

Serge Kreiter and Marie-Stéphane Tixier, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR CBGP (CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France, Hajer Sahraoui, Kaouthar Lebdi- Grissa, and Samah Ben Chabaan, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Département de Protection des Plantes et Maladies Post-Récoltes, Laboratoire d'Entomologie-Acarologie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Université de 7 Novembre à Carthage, Tunisia, Amel Chatti, Institut de l’Olivier, Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement, BP 1087, 3000 Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia, Brahim Chermiti, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Département de Protection des Plantes, Laboratoire de Zoologie Agricole, 4042 Sousse, Université de Sousse, Tunisia, Othman Khoualdia, Centre Régional de Recherche en Agriculture Oasienne de Déguèche, Tozeur, Université de Gafsa, Tunisia , and Mohieddine Ksantini, Institut de l’Olivier, Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement, BP 1087, 3000 Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia ______

ABSTRACT Kreiter, S., Tixier, M.-S., Sahraoui, H., Lebdi-Grissa, K., Ben Chabaan, S., Chatti, A., Chermiti, B., Khoualdia, O., and Ksantini, M. 2010. Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Tunisia: Catalogue, biogeography, and key for identification. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 5: 151- 178.

The authors give a report on results of several surveys carried out to collect Phytoseiid mites, between 1994 and 2008, from the main crops and surrounding vegetation in some regions of Tunisia. A catalogue of all species found is provided with some information on their biology, when available, and biogeography. Almost all species are new to Tunisian and two to African fauna. One genus and one species are new to Science and previously described. A key for the identification of the species found is also provided.

Keywords : Collection, key, phytoseiid mites, systematics, Tunisia ______

INTRODUCTION (111)]. Recently, Kreiter et al. (78) For a long time, only one species of reported results of surveys carried out phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis during seven years in five regions of Athias-Henriot, had been reported from Northern Tunisia (North, West Center, Tunisia [from Gafsa region, by Rambier Cap-Bon, Bizerte and Sahel regions), on four main crops: vegetable production in Corresponding author: Serge Kreiter greenhouses, apple and citrus orchards, Email: [email protected] and grapevines. Among the thirty-seven species of mites found, belonging to 8 families, 30 species were new to the Accepted for publication 18 November 2010

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 151 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Tunisian fauna and thirteen species of follow Rowell et al. (115) for dorsal setae phytoseiid mites were identified. In and by Chant and Yoshida-Shaul (45) for another paper, Kreiter et al. (81) reported ventral idiosomal setae. Adenotaxy and results of surveys carried out in 2000 and poroidotaxy terminologies are those 2001 in the South of Tunisia, mainly in proposed by Athias-Henriot (13). The date palm production areas. Twelve material examined was deposited in the species of phytoseiid mites were found, mite collection of SupAgro / INRA including a new genus and a new species Acarology laboratory at Montpellier, to Science (79) and 11 species new to the France. The following abbreviations are Tunisian fauna (81). We report here a used in this paper: INRA (Institut synthesis of the knowledge on the National de la Recherche Agronomique; Tunisian fauna with some additional data Centre de recherche de Montpellier, resulting from surveys carried out from France), MSA (Montpellier SupAgro, 1994 to 2008 and an identification key of France), UMR (Unité Mixte de all species found until now. recherche); CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations); INAT MATERIALS AND METHODS (Institut National Agronomique de Plant inhabiting mites were Tunisie). collected from various cultivated or uncultivated plants from 1994 to 2008, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION during different seasons. Mites were Thirteen species of phytoseiid mites directly collected from leaves with a fine were found in a first survey (78). In a paint brush using a stereoscopic second one, twelve additional species microscope, or with a leaf washing were found (81), including a new genus method (24) where mites are collected on and a new species (79) and 11 species a filter and by beating shrubs and trees. new for Tunisia. Only 7 species were then Mites were then transferred with a fine added from 2005 to 2008. A total of 27 paintbrush into small plastic vials species, belonging to 14 genera, are containing 70° alcohol. They were reported from Tunisia and included in the mounted on slides using Hoyer's medium present catalogue. These species belong and identified using a phase and to the three sub-families of the family interferential contrast microscope. The Phytoseiidae: Amblyseiinae, sub-family and generic classification keys Typhlodrominae and Phytoseiinae. The of Chant and McMurtry (34, 41) were most diverse genera were Neoseiulus used for mites classification and the (sub-family Amblyseiinae, with 5 catalogue of Moraes et al. (95) for species) and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) faunistic and biogeographical aspects. (sub-family Typhlodrominae, with 6 Setal nominations used in this paper species).

CATALOGUE OF THE TUNISIAN PHYTOSEIIDS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Sub-family Amblyseiinae Typhlodromus (Amblyseius ) Chant (31): 292. Amblyseiinae Muma (96): 273; Chant & McMurtry (41): 12. Amblyseiini Schuster & Pritchard (119): 225.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 152 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Tribe Amblyseiini Wainstein Amblyseiinae Muma (96): 273. Amblyseini Muma, Wainstein (132): 26; Chant & McMurtry (41): 68.

Sub-tribe Amlyseiina Chant & McMurtry Amlyseiina Muma, Chant & McMurtry (37): 179; (41): 69.

Graminaseius Chant & McMurtry Graminaseius Chant & McMurtry (37): 215; (41): 83. graminis complex Athias-Henriot (12): 181.

1. Graminaseius graminis ( Chant) Amblyseius graminis Chant (30): 34.

Previous Records: Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Moldavia, Morocco, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and USA (95).

Specimens examined: Menzel Bou Zelfa, Grombalia, Mraïssa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (lemon and orange), July 2006.

Tribe Euseiini Chant & McMurtry Euseiini Chant & McMurtry (39): 191; (41): 107.

Sub-tribe Euseiina Chant & McMurtry Euseiina Chant & McMurtry (39): 209; (41): 118.

Euseius Wainstein finlandicus species group, Athias-Henriot (6): 23; Chant (33): 67. Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) section Euseius Wainstein (132): 15. Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) section Afrodromus Wainstein (132): 17. Amblyseius (Euseius ) De Leon (51): 121. Euseius De Leon (52): 86; Muma et al. (101): 92; McMurtry (89): 257; Chant & McMurtry (41): 118. victoriensis species group Schicha (118): 24. Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) finlandicus group Ueckermann & Loots (126): 61.

2. Euseius gallicus Kreiter & Tixier Euseius gallicus Kreiter & Tixier, 2010, in Tixier et al. (123): 242.

Nothing is known on the biology of this species, recently described.

Previous Records: Paris and South-East of France (Okassa et al. [103]; Tixier et al. [123]).

Specimens examined: Karkena Island, on Olea europea , May 2008.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 153 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010

3. Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) Typhlodromus scutalis Athias-Henriot (7): 183. This species seems very common all along the Mediterranean Coast-line. It was described from Algeria (7). This species seems to be common in the dry regions of Northern Tunisia.

Previous Records: Algeria, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Ghana, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Spain, and Turkey (95).

Specimens examined: Mateur (North region), Sousse (Sahel region), Takilsa and Slimane (Cap-Bon region), on Malus domestica , July 2000; Sousse (Sahel region), on Citrus spp., April 2000; Sidi Saheb, near Kairouan (Sahel region), on Hibiscus sp. near citrus orchard, May 2001; Tozeur City, on Hibiscus sp., Musa paradisiaca , Ricinus communis , Malus pumila and Vitis vinifera , April 2000; Tozeur, Jardin du Paradis, on Hibiscus arboreus , April 2000; Douz, Hôtel Sahara, on Hibiscus sp. and an unknown Verbenaceae, April 2000, and on Lantana camara , April 2001; Oasis of Douz, on R. communis , April 2000; Tataouine, Hôtel Dak Yanus, on Althea rosea , April 2000; Palmeraie Ibn Chabbat, on Cynodon dactylon , July 2000; Oasis of Tozeur, on Prunus persica , V. vinifera , Punica granatum , Morus sp., Ficus carica , C. dactylon and an unknown Asteraceae, July 2000; Nefta, on Phoenix dactylifera, April 2000; Segdoud, on Abelmoschus esculentus , November 2006; Degache, on Urtica dioica , October 2005, August 2006, on V. vinifera , June 2004, September 2006, on P. dactylifera cv. Deglet Noor, May 2004, May 2005, on F. carica , November 2005, on P. granatum , May 2005; Mraïssa, Soliman, Takilsa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (orange and lemon), May 2006.

4. Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) Amblyseius stipulatus Athias-Henriot (9): 294.

This species was described from Algeria (9, 10). Euseius stipulatus feeds on red spider and eriophyid mites and also consumes pollen (68).

Previous Records: Algeria, Canary Islands, France, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey (95).

Specimens examined: Bou Argoub, Hammamet, Maamoura, and Tazarka (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., July 1994; Beni Khalled, Bou Argoub, Grombalia, Hammamet, Menzel Bouzelfa, Nabeul, Soliman (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., November 1994; Intilaka, Korba, and Takilsa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., October 1995; Mateur (North region), Sousse (Sahel region) , Takilsa and Slimane (Cap-Bon region), on M. domestica , July 2000; Degache, on O. europea , July 2005; Soliman, Grombalia, Mraïssa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (clementine, orange, and lemon), May 2006.

Iphiseus Berlese Iphiseus Berlese (22), nomen nudum : 33; Berlese 23): 95; Moraes et al. (95): 91; Chant & McMurtry (39): 218; (41): 123. Amblyseius (Iphiseius ) Muma (96): 288. Iphiseius Pritchard & Baker (108): 298.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 154 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 degenerans species group Papadoulis & Emmanouel (106): 36.

5. Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) Seiulus degenerans Berlese (20): 9. Described in Italy during the 19 th century (20) but widely distributed in Africa and around the Mediterranean Sea. Previous Records: Algeria, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Madeira Islands, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Portugal, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Turkey, Yemen, Zaire, and Zimbabwe (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region), on Citrus spp., April 2000; Sousse (Sahel region), on Hibiscus syriacus near citrus orchard, April 2001; Chott-Mariem, on Citrus spp., April 2000; Hammamet, Soliman, Beni Khalled (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus sp. (orange), May 2006.

Tribe Kampimodromini Kolodochka Kampimodromini Kolodochka (77): 59; Chant & McMurtry (36): 179; 2007: 33.

Sub-tribe Kampimodromina Chant & McMurtry Kampimodromina Kolodochka, Chant & McMurtry (36): 193; (41): 36.

Kampimodromus Nesbitt Kampimodromus Nesbitt (102): 53; Chant & McMurtry (36): 195; (41): 36; Moraes et al. (95): 93. Paradromus Muma (96): 286 (39). Amblyseius (Kampimodromus ), Pritchard & Baker (108): 294. Amblyseius (Kampimodromus ) section Kampimodromus , Wainstein (132): 14. aberrans species group Chant (33): 101.

6. Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) Typhlodromus aberrans Oudemans (105): 48.

Previous Records: Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Byelorussia, Canada, Caucasus Region, Czech Republic, England, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and USA (95).

Specimens examined: Karkena Island, on O. europea , May 2008.

Sub-tribe Typhloseiellina Chant & McMurtry Typhloseiellina Chant & McMurtry (3): 189; (41): 35.

Typhloseiella Muma Typhloseiella Muma (96): 291; Chant & McMurtry (41): 35. Athiaseius Wainstein (132): 17. Amblyseius (Typhloseiella ), van der Merwe (127): 160.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 155 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Carinoseius Wainstein (138): 149.

7. Typhloseiella isotricha (Athias-Henriot) Seiulus isotrichus Athias-Henriot (8), 37-38.

This species was described from Algeria on Dittrichia viscosa (8). Up to now, it has been reported only in counties along the Mediterranean Sea. In the present survey, this species was again recorded on D. viscosa (94; 122). This species may have a special relationship with its host, D. viscosa ; this plant is especially sticky, odorous, with hairy leaves.

Previous Records: Algeria, Canary Islands, France, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal (95), and Morocco (122).

Specimens examined: Matmata, on D. viscosa , May 2001.

Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry (35): 6; 2007: 13.

Neoseiulus Hughes Neoseiulus Hughes (71): 141; Chant & McMurtry (41): 22. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromopsis ) De Leon (50): 113. Amblyseius (Typhlodromopsis ) Muma (96): 287. Cydnodromus Muma (96): 290. Phytodromus Muma (96): 291. Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) section Typhlodromopsis , Wainstein (132): 15. Typhlodromopsis , Muma (97): 245. Dictyonotus Athias-Henriot (15): 189. Dictydionotus Athias-Henriot (16): 677. Kashmerius Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (48): 66. Denmarkia Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (48): 46. Amathia Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (48): 48. Amblyseius (Neoseiulus ) Karg (74): 313. Typhlodromus (Neoseiulus ) Nesbitt (102): 34. Typhlodromus (Neoseiulus ) section Neoseiulus , Wainstein (132): 21.

8. Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (71): 142; (72): 343. Typhlodromus barkeri Nesbitt (102): 35; Chant (33): 61. Amblyseius barkeri Athias-Henriot (11): 440. A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard (119): 268.

Neoseiulus barkeri has a world-wide distribution (95). It is well-known for its ability to control thrips in Cucurbitaceae greenhouses (26). It also feeds on red spider mites and eriophyid mites.

Previous Records: Algeria, Australia, Brazil, canary Islands, Cape Verde, China, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hawaï, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan,

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 156 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Reunion Island, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, West Bank, and Yemen (95).

Specimens examined: Beni Khiar (Cap-Bon region), on Oxalis sp. in Citrus orchard, October 1995; Palmeraie Ibn Chabbat, on C. dactylon , July 2000; Segdoud, P. dactylifera cv. Alig, January 2006.

9. Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) Typhlodromus californicus McGregor (88): 89. Amblyseius californicus Schuster & Pritchard (119): 271. Cydnodromus californicus Athias-Henriot (14): 62. Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) californicus Ueckermann & Loots (126): 150; Ehara et al . (64): 126. Amblyseius (Neoseiulus ) californicus Ehara & Amano (63): 33. Neoseiulus californicus Moraes et al. (94): 73; Moraes et al. (95): 109.

This very widespread species (95), that McMurtry and Croft (91) consider to be a specialized predator, can migrate from the grass to fruit trees or grapevines and vice-versa (18). It is a specialist predator of T. urticae on annual plants and woody species, and of P. ulmi (and perhaps eriophyid mites) on trees and less frequently on grapevines also of P. ulmi and various Tetranychus spp. (18, 29) (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Previous Records: Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, France, Guatemala, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Taïwan, Uruguay, USA (California), and Venezuela (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region), on Lycopersicon esculentum in greenhouses, April 2000; Mateur (North region), on M. domestica , July 2000; Chekmo oasis, on Malva sp., June 2005; Hammamet, Mraïssa, Grombalia, Menzel Bou Zelfa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (lemon, orange, and clementine), July 2006.

10. Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) Typhlodromus cucumeris Oudemans (105), 69. Amblyseius cucumeris Athias-Henriot (6): 336. Typhlodromus (Amblyseius ) cucumeris Chant (33): 78.

This Palaearctic species have been well documented because of its ability to control thrips on various cultivated plants in greenhouses (see for example 143).

Previous Records: Almost all countries of Western Europe, Middle East, North Africa, Asia, North America, and Australia (95).

Specimens examined: Palmeraie Ibn Chabbat, on C. dactylon , July 2000; Chekmo oasis, on C. dactylon , July 2000; Palmeraie M'Rah Lahouara, on Digitaria communata and C. dactylon , July 2000; Palmeraie de Tozeur, on C. dactylon , July 2000; Segdoud, P. dactilifera cv. Alig, November 2005, September 2007; Segdoud, on Sorghum vulgare , June and October 2006; Segdoud, on Setaria sp., June 2006.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 157 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 11. Neoseiulus mumai (Denmark) Cydnodromus mumai Denmark (53): 91. Neoseiulus mumai Muma & Denmark (100): 10. Amblyseius mumai Schicha (117): 209.

The biology of this species remains unknown. It seems to be common on various herbaceous plants in North and South America. This is the first mention of this species in the African continent.

Previous Records: Brazil, Hawaii, and USA (Arizona, Florida) (95).

Specimens examined: Palmeraie Tozeur, on C. dactylon , July 2000.

12. Neoseiulus paspalivorus (De Leon) Typhlodromus paspalivorus De Leon (49): 143. Neoseiulus paspalivorus Muma & Denmark (100): 110. Amblyseius paspalivorus Schicha (117): 210.

The biology of this species was only recently studied. It seems to be common on various herbaceous plants (94). It is apparently a Gondwanian species, even it was never found in the Australasian region, it has been reported from Neotropical, Oriental regions, India, and recently, Africa (Lawton-Balagbo, pers. comm.). This species predominates in the dry area of Brazil on coconuts (84). This species thrived on Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) as primary food source resulting in shorter developmental time, higher oviposition rate and higher intrinsic rate of increase than on any other diets (83). Neoseiulus paspalivorus is dorso-ventrally flattened giving it an advantage in accessing areas under bracts (85). This species is thus a promising candidate for the biological control of the coconut eriophyid (84). The coconut eriophyid mite was recently introduced in Sri Lanka and Southern India where it is causing considerable damage to coconut . Neoseiulus paspalivorus was found only on coconut in the area of production and on fruits, in association with A. guerreronis (93). It was also reported from palm trees at oases in Tunisia in association with eriophyids.

Previous Records: Africa, Gualeloupe (92), India and Sri Lanka (93), Jamaica, Philippines, USA (Florida) (94), and Cuba (25).

Specimens examined: Palmeraie M'Rah Lahouara, on C. dactylon , July 2000.

Paragigagnathus Amitai & Grinberg Paragigagnathus Amitai & Grinberg (2): 327; Chant & McMurtry (35): 39; (41): 31; Moraes et al. (95): 158. Pamiroseius Wainstein (135): 954 (synonymy, 35). Afrogigagnathus Yousef (141): 381 (synonymy, 35). Phytocerus Amitai & Swirski (3): 124 (synonymy, Chant & McMurtry, 2003a). Ansaria Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (48): 63 (synonymy, 35). Amblyseius (Pamiroseius ) Karg (74): 313. (35).

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 158 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 13. Paragigagnathus tamaricis Amitai & Grinberg Paragigagnathus tamaricis Amitai & Grinberg (2): 327.

The biology of this species remains unknown. It seems to be common on Tamarix sp. in Northern Africa, and Middle East (95).

Previous Records: Israel and Jordan (95).

Specimens examined: Chekmo oasis, on Tamarix sp., June 2005.

Tribe Phytoseiulini Chant & McMurtry Phytoseiulini Chant & McMurtry (40): 7; (41): 53.

Phytoseiulus Evans Phytoseiulus Evans (65): 397; Moraes et al. (41): 167; Chant & McMurtry (40): 17; (41): 53. Phytoseiulus (Phytoseiulus ), Wainstein (132): 18. Amblyseius (Phytoseiulus ), Pritchard & Baker (108): 294. Mesoseiulus Gonzalez & Schuster (70): 18 (95). Amblyseius (Mesoseiulus ), Van der Merwe (127): 172.

14. Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (6): 347; Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse (60): 48.

Phytoseiulus persimilis was first collected in Algeria in 1955. It is mainly known mainly from mediterranean climates around the world (121). Many studies deal with this specialist predator (91) because of its economic importance, especially in greenhouses to control T. urticae populations (128).

Previous Records: Algeria, Australia, Canary Islands, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Finland, France, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Lybia, Morocco, New Caledonia, Peru, Reunion Island, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Venezuela, and USA (California) (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region) , on L. esculentum and Cucumis sativus in greenhouses (but not introduced), April 2000; Hammamet, Menzel Bouzelfa and Mraïssa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., November 1994, October 1995, and July 2001; Metline (Bizerte region), on M. domestica , June 2000; Mraïssa, Soliman (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (orange and lemon), July 2006.

Sub-family Phytoseiinae Phytoseiini Berlese (21): 3. Phytoseiinae, Vitzthum (129): 768; Chant & McMurtry (34): 231; (41): 125. Chantiini Pritchard & Baker (108): 211. Chantiinae, Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (43): 2025.

Phytoseius Ribaga Phytoseius Ribaga (114): 177; Chant & McMurtry (34): 232; (41): 127.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 159 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Phytoseius (Phytoseius ), Wainstein (131): 1361. Phytoseius (Dubininellus ), Wainstein (131): 1361. Dubininellus , Muma (96): 293. Phytoseius (Pennaseius ) Pritchard & Baker (108): 223. Pennaseius , Schuster & Pritchard (108): 279. Typhlodromus (Phytoseius ), Van der Merwe (127): 100. Phytoseius (Euryseius ) Wainstein (133): 1726. horridus species group Denmark (54): 83. P. fotheringhamae species group Schicha (118): 35. P. hawaiiensis species group Schicha (118): 36. P. woolwichensis species group Schicha (118): 36. plumifer species group Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (46): 12. purseglovei species group Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (46): 12.

15. Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga (114): 178.

This species was confused with Phytoseius plumifer Canestrini & Fanzago for a long time but this question was solved by Duso & Fontana (61). Phytoseius finitimus feeds on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (62), various eriophyid mites (112), and pollen (113; 142). Climatical conditions in Corsica, i.e. high relative humidity and very hairy-leaved grapevine varieties, seem to be favorable for this species (62, 80, 112) .

Previous Records: Algeria, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Montenegro, Spain, Turkey, and USA (California) (95).

Specimens examined: several vineyards in Cap-Bon region, V. vinifera , July 1995; Tozeur palm grove, on F. carica , July 2000; Degache, on F. carica , July 2005; Degache, on V. vinifera , September 2006; Degache, on U. dioica , October 2005; Soliman, Hammamet, Beni Khalled and Grombalia (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (lemon and clementine), May 2006.

Sub-family Typhlodrominae Typhlodromus Scheuten, Evans (67): 223. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ) Scheuten, Chant (32): 531. Gigagnathinae Wainstein (135): 276. Gigagnathini Karg (74): 299. Cydnodromellinae Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (43): 2812. Typhlodrominae Wainstein, Chant & McMurtry (34): 235; 2007: 131.

Tribe Paraseiulini Wainstein Paraseiulini Wainstein (136): 697; Chant & McMurtry (34): 243; (41): 141.

Paraseiulus Muma Paraseiulus Muma (96): 299; Chant & McMurtry (34): 243; (41): 141. Melodromus Wainstein (132): 23. Berleseseiulus Arutunyan (5): 56.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 160 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Typhlodromus (Bawus ) Van der Merwe (127): 62. Paraseiulus (Paraseiulus ) Wainstein (136): 699. Paraseiulus (Bawus ) Wainstein (136): 699. T. soleiger group, Chant (33): 59. soleiger species group, Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (42): 3025.

16. Paraseiulus soleiger (Ribaga) Seiulus soleiger Ribaga (114): 176. Paraseiulus soleiger Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (42): 3027. Paraseiulus incognitus Wainstein & Arutunjan (139): 1768. Typhlodromus trimediosetus Xin, Liang & Ke (140): 469.

This species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions and could be considered a Laurasian species. Despite this wide distribution, knowledge of its biology is still very poor. Kropczynska et al. (82) investigated its development parameters. This species seems to be an arboreal, generalist predator, feeding preferentially on red spider mites. Kropczynska et al. (82) concluded that it was the only species that could control spider mite populations on lime trees in Poland.

Previous Records: Almost all countries of Europe, North America and Middle East, China, and Japan (95).

Specimens examined: Chott-Mariem (Sahel region), on Convolvulus arvensis , April 2000.

Tribe Typhlodromini Wainstein Typhlodromus Scheuten, Evans (66): 449. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ), Chant (32): 528. Typhlodromini Wainstein (132): 26; Chant & McMurtry (34): 246; (41): 144.

Neoseiulella Muma Neoseiulella Muma (96): 295; Denmark & Rather (58): 44; Chant & McMurtry (34): 247; (41): 145. Typhloctonus Muma (96): 299; Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool (47): 231; Denmark & Rather (57): 163 (synonymy according to 34). Typhlodromus (Nesbitteius ) section Nesbitteius Wainstein (132): 23 (synonymy according to 34). Typhlodromus (Nesbitteius ) section Kallistoseius Wainstein (132): 23 (synonymy according to 34). Shiehia Tseng (124): 48 (synonymy according to 34). Typhloctonus (Typhloctonus ) Muma, Wainstein (137): 1416. Typhloctonus (Neoseiulella ) Muma, Wainstein (137): 1416. Typhloctonus (Tasmanidromus ) Wainstein (137): 1416. Seiulus (Typhloctonus ) Muma, Beglyarov (19): 19; Karg (74): 322. Pegodromus Athias-Henriot & Fauvel (17): 71 (synonymy according to 34). Heteroseiulus Lehman (86): 236 (synonymy according to 34). Neoseiulella (Neoseiulella ) Denmark & Rather (58): 44. Neoseiulella (Typhloctona ) Denmark & Rather (58): 44.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 161 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 17. Neoseiulella perforata (Athias-Henriot) Typhlodromus perforatus Athias-Henriot (10): 72.

Biological characteristics of this species remain unknown.

Previous Records: Algeria (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region), on M. domestica , July 2000.

18. Neoseiulella tiliarum (Oudemans) Typhlodromus tiliarum Oudemans, 1930: 51-52. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ) tiliarum Chant (33): 65. Typhloctonus tiliarum Muma (96): 299. Typhlodromus (Nesbitteius ) tiliarum Wainstein (132): 23. Seiulus tiliarum Abbasova (1): 21; Karg (73): 205. Seiulus (Typhloctonus ) tiliarum Beglyarov (19): 19. Neoseiulella (Typhloctona ) tiliarum Denmark & Rather (58): 58-59.

This species occurs worldwide, and is also commonly encountered in Mediterranean countries.

Previous Records: Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Moldavia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and USA (Massachusetts) (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region), on M. domestica , July 2000.

Typhlodromus Scheuten Typhlodromus Scheuten (116): 111; Chant & McMurtry (34): 249; (41): 147; Moraes et al . (95): 307. Kampimodromus Nesbitt (102): 52 (in part). Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ), Chant (32): 528 (in part). Typhlodromus rhenanus group, Chant (33): 62. Typhlodromus barkeri group, Chant (33): 60. Anthoseius De Leon (50): 258. Amblydromella Muma (96): 294. Clavidromus Muma (96): 296. Typhlodromella Muma (96): 299. Chanteius (Colchodromus ) Wainstein (132): 19. Typhlodromus (Neoseiulus ), Wainstein (132): 21 (in part). Mumaseius De Leon (51): 23. Orientiseius Muma & Denmark (99): 238. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) Van der Merwe (127): 20. Indodromus Ghai & Menon (69): 348. Wainsteinius Arutunjan (4): 180; Karg (74): 300. Anthoseius (Amblydromellus ) Wainstein (134): 1477; Karg (74): 323 (in part).

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 162 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Anthoseius (Anthoseius ) Wainstein (134): 1477. Anthoseius (Aphanoseius ) Wainstein (134): 1478; Karg (74): 323. Anthoseius (Indodromus ) Wainstein (134): 1477. Berethria Tuttle & Muma (125): 35. Vittoseius Kolodochka (75): 42; Kolodochka (77): 60. Typhlodromus (Trionus ) Denmark (55): 32. Typhlodromus (Oudemanus ) Denmark (55): 34. Anthoseius (Litoseius ) Kolodochka (76): 22.

Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) De Leon Anthoseius De Leon (50): 257; Muma (96): 296; Muma et al . (101): 140; Kolodochka (77): 61; Denmark & Welbourn (59): 305. Typhlodromus rhenanus group Chant (33): 62. Typhlodromus barkeri group Chant (33): 60. Amblydromella Muma (96): 294; Muma (98): 276; Denmark & Muma (56): 269; Chaudhri et al . (47): 208; Denmark & Welbourn (59): 293. Clavidromus Muma (96): 296. Typhlodromella Muma (96): 299. Chanteius (Colchodromus ) Wainstein (134): 19. Mumaseius De Leon (51): 23. Orientiseius Muma & Denmark (99): 238; Muma et al . (101): 141. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) Van der Merwe (127): 20; Karg (73): 194; Chant & McMurtry (34): 250; Moraes et al . (95): 307; Chant & McMurtry (41): 149. Indodromus Ghai & Menon (69): 348. Anthoseius (Amblydromellus ) Wainstein (134): 1477; Karg (74): 323. Anthoseius (Anthoseius ) Wainstein (134): 1477; Karg (74): 322. Anthoseius (Aphanoseius ) Wainstein (134): 1478. Berethria Tuttle & Muma (125): 35. Vittoseius Kolodochka (75): 42 (synonymy by Chant & McMurtry [34]). Anthoseius (Litoseius ) Kolodochka (76): 22. Anthoseius (Amblydromella ), Denmark & Welbourn (59): 305.

19. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) athenas Swirski & Ragusa Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) athenas Swirski & Ragusa (120): 111.

Previous Records: Greece, Israel, Italy, and Morocco (95).

Specimens examined: Gafsa, on O. europea , March 2004 and March 2007; Segdoud, on P. dactylifera cv. Alig, November 2005, October 2006 and October 2007; Segdoud, on P. dactylifera cv. Deglet Noor, November2005, October 2006; Segdoud, on the trunk of P. dactylifera cv. Deglet Noor, November 2005; on Segdoud, on Solanum melongena , April 2006.

20. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) foenilis Oudemans Typhlodromus foenilis Oudemans (105): 70; senior synonym of Typhlodromus cryptus Athias-Henriot (10): 89.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 163 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Previous Records: Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, England, France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, and Norway (95).

Specimens examined: Degache, on P. granatum , May 2005; Cap-Bon, on Citrus spp., June 2005.

21. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) kazachstanicus Wainstein Typhlodromus kazachstanicus Wainstein (130): 203.

The biology of this species remains unknown. It seems common on various trees (Moraes et al. , 1986), especially vines and Rosaceae in Eastern Europe.

Previous Records: Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (95).

Specimens examined: Palmeraie Ibn Chabbat, on F. carica , July 2000; Tozeur palm grove, on V. vinifera , July 2000.

22. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) rhenanoides Athias-Henriot Typhlodromus rhenanoides Athias-Henriot (10): 85; McMurtry & Bounfour (90): 16. Neoseiulus rhenanoides Schuster & Pritchard (119): 205.

This species was described in Algeria (9, 10). Knowledge of its biology is still fragmentary. It seems to be polliniphagous (110) but specific diets have not yet been documented.

Previous Records: Algeria, Canary Islands, France, Hawaii, Italy, Les Saintes, Morocco, Spain, and USA (California) (95).

Specimens examined: Hammamet (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., November 1994; Bou Argoub (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., October 1995; Chekmo oasis, on Tamarix sp., June 2005.

23. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) rhenanus Oudemans Typhlodromus rhenanus Oudemans (104): 128.

This species was found in Israel on Citrus sp. (107) and on grapevines in France (80). The biology of this species remains unknown.

Previous Records: Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Byelorussia, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Madeira Island, Moldavia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and USA (California) (95).

Specimens examined: Mateur (North region) and Sousse (Sahel region), on M. domestica , July 2000; Tunis (INAT, North region), on U. dioica , June 2000; Mraïssa, Grombalia, Soliman (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp. (clementine, orange, and lemon), July 2006.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 164 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 24. Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) recki Wainstein Typhlodromus recki Wainstein (130): 203.

The biology of this species has not been investigated yet.

Previous Records: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus Region, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Moldavia, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (95).

Specimens examined: several vineyards in Cap-Bon region, V. vinifera , July 1995.

Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ) Scheuten Typhlodromus Scheuten (116): 111. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ), Chant (32): 528; Chant & McMurtry (34): 255; (41): 157; Moraes et al . (95): 360. Wainsteinius Arutunjan (4): 180 (synonym by Chant & McMurtry [34]). Typhlodromus (Trionus ) Denmark (55): 32 (synonym by Chant & McMurtry [34]). Typhlodromus (Oudemanus ) Denmark (55): 34 (synonym by Chant & McMurtry [34]). pyri species group Chant & Yoshida-Shaul (44): 1771.

25. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) exhilaratus Ragusa Typhlodromus exhilaratus Ragusa (109): 380.

Several studies were carried out on this species in Italy because of its dominance in several Italian vineyards (27, 28, 87).

Previous Records: France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Morocco, and USA (95).

Specimens examined: Sousse (Sahel region), on M. domestica , July 2000; Cap-Bon region: Hammamet, Tekilsa, Beni Khalled, on Citrus spp. (orange and lemon), May 2006; Gafsa, on O. europea , March 2007.

26. Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) phialatus Athias-Henriot Typhlodromus phialatus Athias-Henriot (10): 100.

This species is known to feed on red spider mites and to consume pollen (68).

Previous Records: Algeria, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Moldavia, Morocco, Norway, Russia, Spain, and Ukraine (95).

Specimens examined: El Gobba and Hammamet (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus spp., June 1994; Monastir (Sahel region), on Citrus spp., November 1994; several vineyards in Cap- Bon region, on V. vinifera , July 1995; Slimane (Cap-Bon region) and Sousse (Sahel region), on M. domestica , July 2000; Grombalia, Takilsa, Menzel Bou Zelfa (Cap-Bon region), on Citrus sp. (orange), September 2006.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 165 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 Tribe Typhloseiopsini Chant & McMurtry Typhloseiopsini Chant & McMurtry (34): 255; (41): 158.

Africoseiulella Kreiter Africoseiulella Kreiter, 2006, in Kreiter & Tixier (79): 5.

27. Africoseiulella flechtmanni Kreiter Africoseiulella flechtmanni Kreiter, 2006, in Kreiter & Tixier (79): 5-12.

The biology of this species remains unknown. It seems abundant on small weed plants at oases, but these plants seem to be present only for short periods during the year. This mite lives in a habitat submitted to extreme environmental conditions (high temperature, very dry conditions).

Specimens examined: Chekmo oasis, on an unknown small weed, July 2000.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYTOSEIID MITES OF TUNISIA (Figs. 1 & 2)

Keys of identification are based on characters of females. Males, when present, give complementary characters only but are not sufficient for accurate identification. We provide here two figures of an example of the morphology of the female (Fig. 1) and of the male (Fig. 2). All characters vary on each species and not all drawings for all species are provided here. Users of the key must examine adequate literature concerning descriptions of each species.

1. Podonotal region of the dorsal shield (anterior to setae R1) of the female (Fig. 1A) with 5 or 6 pairs of “lateral” setae : j3, z2, z4 and s4 always present and z3 and/or s6 present 2

1’. Podonotal region of the dorsal shield (anterior to setae R1) of the female (Fig. 1A) with 4 pairs of “lateral” setae : j3, z2, z4 and s4 present, z3 and s6 absent Amblyseiinae: 3

2 (1). Posterior “lateral” setae Z1, S2, S4 and S5 absent. Setae r3 usually inserted on the dorsal shield (Fig. 1A) Phytoseiinae : Phytoseius finitimus

2’ (1). At least one of setae Z1, S2, S4 and S5 present. Setae r3 usually in soft cuticule next to dorsal shield (rarely on shield) (Fig. 1A) Typhlodominae: 16

3 (1’). Macrosetae usually present only on leg IV (rarely missing on this leg) but sometimes also on leg III. Lateral dorsal setae except Z5 usually subequal. J2, Z1, S2, S4 and S5 always present. Sternal shield usually with concave or straight posterior margin. Ventrianal shield usually longer than wide, often pentagonal. Line between JV1 and JV2 subparallel to main idiosomal axis. Internal margin of fixed cheliceral digit never markedly concave (Fig. 1A-D) 4

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 166 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010

Fig. 1. An example of the morphology of the female of phytoseiid mites (here, Euseius gallicus Kreiter and Tixier, 2010), A: Dorsal idiosoma, B: Ventral idiosoma, C: Leg IV, D: Chelicera, E: Spermatheca.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 167 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010

Fig. 2. An example of the morphology of the male of phytoseiid mites (here, Euseius gallicus Kreiter and Tixier, 2010), A: Dorsal idiosoma, B: Ventral idiosoma, C: Spermatodactyl.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 168 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 3’ (1’). Macrosetae usually present on legs II, III and IV, and sometimes also on leg I. Lateral dorsal setae often of quite different lengths. J2, Z1, S2, S4 or S5 may be missing. Sternal shield sometimes with a lobe on posterior margin. Ventrianal shield may be wider than long, often not pentagonal. Line between JV1 and JV2 may not be subparallel to main idiosomal axis. Internal margin of fixed cheliceral digit may be markedly concave (Fig. 1A- D) 9

4 (3). Female ventrianal shield reduced and/or markedly wider at anus level, with a marked waist. Movable and fixed cheliceral digits with 1 and 1-3 distal teeth, respectively (Fig. 1B, D) Paragigagnathus tamaricis

4’ (3). Female ventrianal shield not reduced and/or markedly wider at anus level, without a marked waist. Movable and fixed cheliceral digits with larger number of teeth, which are not confined to apical region (Fig. 1B, D) Neoseiulus : 5

5 (4’). Spermatheca with atrium forked for at least half its length at juncture with major duct, or atrium appearing thick-walled, vacuolated (Fig. 1E) Neoseiulus barkeri

5’ (4’). Spermatheca with atrium not deeply forked at juncture with major duct, nor appearing thick-walled, vacuolated (Fig. 1E) 6

6 (5’). Female ventrianal shield large, square or rectangular, rounded posteriorly (L/W ratio: 1.0-1.3:1.O). Dorsal shield with marked “shoulder”at level of seta r3 (Fig. 1A, B) paspalivorus species group: 7

6’ (5’). Female ventrianal shield pentagonal or with lateral margins slightly rounded. Dorsal shield without marked “shoulder”at level of seta r3 (Fig. 1A, B) cucumeris species group: 8

7 (6). Seta ZV1 absent (Fig. 1B) Neoseiulus mumai

7’ (6). Seta ZV1 present (Fig. 1B) Neoseiulus paspalivorus

8 (6'). Ventrianal shield with large prominent crescentic preanal pores close to the central part. Setae Z4 longer than S4. Cervix of the spermatheca cup-shaped and short (Fig. 1A, B, E) Neoseiulus californicus

8’ (6'). Ventrianal shield with small punctiform preanal pores close to JV2. Setae S4 and Z4 of almost the same size. Cervix of the spermatheca bell-shaped and long (Fig. 1A, B, E) Neoseiulus cucumeris

9 (3’). Setae j6 2-3 times longer than the distance between their bases. Ventrianal shield with 0-1 pair of preanal setae (Fig. 1A, B) Phytoseiulus persimilis

9’ (3’). Setae j6 less than twice as long as the distance between their bases. Ventrianal shield with one (rare), 2 or 3 pairs of preanal setae (Fig. 1A, B) 10

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 169 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 10 (9’). Heavily sclerotised, brown, with separate anal shield and subrectangular ventral shield (Fig. 1B) Iphiseius degenerans

10’ (9’). Lightly sclerotised and ventrianal shield entire (Fig. 1B) 11

11 (10’). Sternal shield sometimes indistinct, always with a median lobe on posterior margin. Preanal setae of the ventrianal shield of the female transversely aligned (Fig. 1B) 12 11’ (10’). Sternal shield distinct. Posterior margin always without a median lobe, usually straight or concave medially. Preanal setae never transversely aligned. Setae Z2 present or absent (Fig. 1A, B) 14

12 (11). Peritreme long, extending to level of j3 or between j3 and z2. Macrosetae relatively short (54 µm). Spermatheca tubular with a long cervix of 20 to 25 µm long (Fig. 1A, C, E) Euseius stipulatus

12’ (11). Peritreme short, extending at maximum to level of z2 (Fig. 1A) 13

13 (12’). Peritreme short, extending to level of z4 or between z2 and z4. Dorsal setae long. Macrosetae of leg IV long (77 µm). Cervix of spermatheca tubular, thin, long and sinuous (43 µm) and atrium globular (Fig. 1A, E) Euseius scutalis

13’ (12’). Peritreme short, extending to level of z2. Dorsal setae short. Macrosetae of leg IV short (59 µm). Cervix of spermatheca tubular and thin (16 µm) and atrium globular. Dorsum reticulated (Fig. 1A, E) Euseius gallicus

14 (11’). Setae Z2 present, Ventrianal shield reduced (Fig. 1A, B) Typhloseiella isotricha

14’ (11’). Setae Z2 absent, S4 absent or present (Fig. 1A, B) 15

15 (14’) S4 absent . Setae long and serrated. Dorsum reticulated (Fig. 1A) Kampimodromus aberrans

15’ (14’). S4 present, Ventrianal shield not reduced. Setae short to long and smooth. Dorsum smooth (Fig. 1A, B) Graminaseius graminis

16 (2’). Setae z6 present. Ventrianal shield sole-shaped, with 2 pairs of preanal setae. Setae Z1 and JV2 absent and setae R1 present (Fig. 1A, B) Paraseiulus soleiger

16’ (2’). Setae z6 absent (Fig. 1A) 17

17 (16’). Most species with both S4 and JV4 present (Fig. 1A, B) Tribe Typhlodromini: 18

17’ (16’). Both setae S4 and JV4 absent (Fig. 1A, B) Africoseiulella flechtmanni

18 (17). Setae Z1 present (Fig. 1A) Neoseiulella : 19

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 170 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 18’ (17). Setae Z1 absent (Fig. 1A) Typhlodromus : 20

19 (18). Four large and one small solenostomes on the dorsal shield (gd1, gd2, gd6, gd8, gd9). Ventrianal shield not reduced, with 4 pairs of preanal setae and without solenostomes. Dorsal setae mostly slender and almost of the same medium size. Peritreme short, extending anteriorly between z3 and z4. Cervix of spermatheca saccular. Leg IV without macroseta (Fig. 1) Neoseiulella tiliarum

19' (18). Six small round solenostomes on the dorsal shield (gd1, gd2, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9). Ventrianal shield reduced, with 4 pairs of preanal setae and without solenostomes. Dorsal setae also slender, but short and not of the same size. Peritreme long, extending anteriorly to z2. Cervix of spermatheca saccular. Leg IV with a macroseta (Fig. 1) Neoseiulella perforata

20 (18’). Seta S5 present (Fig. 1A) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ): 21

20’ (18’). Seta S5 absent (Fig. 1A) Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ): 26

21 (20). Presence of 3 pairs (gd2, gd6, gd9) of solenostomes on a strongly reticulated dorsal shield (Fig. 1A) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) recki

21’ (20). Presence of 5 pairs of solenostomes on a less reticulate dorsal shields (Fig. 1A) 22

22 (21'). Leg IV with a long knobbed macroseta (54-57 µm). Two teeth on the digitus mobilis. Dorsal shield not strongly reticulated (Fig. 1A, C, D) 23

22' (21'). Leg IV with a shorter macroseta, not knobbed. One tooth on the digitus mobilis (Fig. 1C, D) 24

23 (22). Spermatheca with a long narrow cervix (25 µm) (Fig. 1E) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) rhenanoides

23' (22). Spermatheca with a shorter cervix (< 20 µm) (Fig. 1E) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) foenilis

24 (22'). Macroseta of leg IV short, < 30 µm (Fig. 1C) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) rhenanus

24' (22'). Macroseta 40-45 µm and knobbed (Fig. 1C) 25

25 (24'). Spermatheca with a globulous atrium, sometimes with a thick neck between it and cervix. Ventrianal shield elongate and not pentagonal (Fig. 1B, E) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) kazachstanicus

25' (24'). Spermatheca without a neck between atrium and cervix and a long major duct. Ventrianal shield subpentagonal and large (Fig. 1B, E) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius ) athenas

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 171 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 26 (20’). Cervix of the spermatheca squared basally, with a short neck (Fig. 1E) Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ) exhilaratus

26’(20’). Cervix of the spermatheca rounded basally, without neck (Fig. 1E) Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus ) phialatus

CONCLUSION investigate uncultivated areas. A new Twenty-five species in total were genus and a new species were found in found during the different surveys, with a the palm tree growing area of Tozeur, in new genus and a new species. Among the South of Tunisia. Oases are probably them, twenty one species are new to the habitats with high endemism. New fauna of Tunisia and two are new to the surveys would consequently be needed. A fauna of Africa. stronger effort should be made in the The number of known species of Southern and Western parts of Tunisia; in phytoseiid mites for the Tunisian fauna is this latter case along the Algerian border now 25, which is very low for a country and the East and North Mediterranean (but only one was known before 2002). Coasts. The number of species is probably underestimated if compared to the fauna ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of Algeria (53 species) and Morocco (47 These surveys were only possible with the help of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, of species). Most of the species found are the Tunisian Ministries of Agriculture and Foreign common Mediterranean or palaearctic Affairs, of Institut Supérieur Agronomique de species. However, N. mumai and N. Chott-Mariem, previously Ecole Supérieure paspalivorus are reported for the first d’Horticulure et d’Elevage in 1994, 1995, 1999 and 2000, INAT in 2005 and of Olive Tree Institute in time from North Africa, on coconuts, 2004 and 2007. We are grateful to all people who these two species being mainly reported assisted us with the organization of surveys. Many from Nearctic and Neotropical regions. thanks are due to P. Auger, D. Barthes, M. Dali and Surveys were carried out mainly in C. Rault who have helped to collect phytoseiid mites, to P. Auger, D. Barthes, B. Cheval and M. crops and in the surrounding areas which Laporte for mounting most of the specimens and to probably explains the very low diversity C. Rault for plant identifications. found. It is thus now important to also ______

RESUME Kreiter S., Tixier M.-S., Sahraoui H., Lebdi-Grissa K., Ben Chabaan S., Chatti A., Chermiti B., Khoualdia O. et Ksantini M. 2010. Acariens phytoseiides ( Acari : Mesostigmata ) de la Tunisie: Catalogue, biogéographie et clé d’identification. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 5: 151-178.

Le présent travail a porté sur l’identification d’acariens Phytoseiidae associés aux principales cultures et à la végétation spontanée qui leur est attenante. Les collectes ont été réalisées durant la période 1994- 2008 dans quelques régions de Tunisie. Toutes les espèces collectées et identifiées ont fait l’objet d’un catalogue renfermant des données - lorsqu’elles existent - sur leur biologie et leur distribution géographique. La grande majorité des espèces récoltées sont nouvelles pour la faune tunisienne et deux pour la faune africaine. Parmi elles figurent un genre et une espèce nouveaux pour la Science et décrits par ailleurs. Les résultats obtenus sont analysés et discutés. Une clé de détermination est également fournie.

Mots clés : Acariens phytoseiides , clef, collectes, systématique, Tunisie ______

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 172 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 ______

آر،رجوري نيوهاويوآي ﭬوحنوألواه ون ا و ا . 2010 . اآروت ا ( Acari: Mesostigmata) : سو اوح . Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 5: 151-178 م ها ا اً ت ا ا ا ف اآروت، ااواءااياواة 1994و 2008 ، ا ا . ودأاعاآروتا ا اوت،ات / هااعا هوآتا . ود آهااعاً اواو ا ا . آّار وّلّةواوعواا ا وً . وّم اّنً ااعاو .

آت : أآروتا،،،،ح ______

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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 177 Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010 136. Wainstein, B.A. 1976. A new tribe of the 140. Xin, J.L., Liang, L.R., and Ke, L.S. 1980. family Phytoseiidae (Parasitiformes). Zool. Zh. Three new species of the genus Typhlodromus 55: 696-700 [In Russian]. Scheuten. Fudan J. (Natur. Sc.) 19: 468-472. 137. Wainstein, B.A. 1977. A contribution to the 141. Yousef, A.T.A. 1974. A new genus of the fauna of the family Phytoseiidae family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Parasitoidea). (Parasitiformes) in Australia. Zool. Zh. 56: Bull. Soc. Entomol. Egypte 58: 381-383. 1413-1416 [In Russian]. 142. Zaher, M.A., Wafa, A.K., and Shehata, K.K. 138. Wainstein, B.A. 1980. A new species and 1969. Life history of the predatory mite genus of mites of the family Phytoseiidae Phytoseius plumifer and the effect of nutrition (Parasitiformes). Zool. Zh. 59: 149-151 [In on its biology (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Russian]. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 12: 383-388. 139. Wainstein, B.A. and Arutunjan, E.S. 1967. 143. Zilahi-Balogh, G.M.G., Shipp, J.L., Cloutier, New species of predaceous mites of the genera C., and Brodeur, J. 2007. Predation by Typhlodromus Scheuten and Paraseiulus Neoseiulus cucumeris on western flower thrips, Muma. Zool. Zh. 46: 1764-1770 [In Russian]. and its oviposition on greenhouse cucumber under winter vs. summer conditions in a temperate climate. Biol. Cont. 40: 160-167.

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