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Les Sols À Accumulation Calcaire De La Tunisie Centrale Et Septentrionnale

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Les Sols À Accumulation Calcaire De La Tunisie Centrale Et Septentrionnale REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire de pédologie pour le Developpement en coopération Faculté des Sciences ( Q.R.S.T.Q.M ) Université de TUNIS LES SOLS A ACCUMULATION CAL C AIRE DE LA TUNISIE C EN TR ALE E T SEPTENTRION ALE ( NO I ~~ ! 1 CH _E AU 1/500.000 ) 19 89 Ph. BLANCANEAUX , pé dologue à i '0RSTOI/ République Tunisienne INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE LABORATOIRE DE PEDOLOGIE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPERATION Faculté des Sciences (0 RS TOM) Université de Tunis Mission en Tunisie <NOTICE ET CARTE AU 1/500.000) Philippe BLANCANEAUX Tunis. 1989 2 RBSUIIB En Tunisie centrale et septentrionale, les sols à accumulation et/ou redistribution de calcaire sont abondamment représentés. Dans cette étude une r~partition g~ographique de ces sols est présentée dans une carte de synth~se au 1/500 000, en utilisant la classification française des' sols (C.P.C.S., 1967). Un essai de corr~lation taxonomique entre les différents systèmes de classifications françaises et américaine (U. S .D.A. , Soil Taxonomy, 1975) est tenté. Des propositions sont faites pour une am~lioration de ces dernières en ce qui concerne les ~ols à accumulation calcaire. Au niveau des Sous-groupes des principales classes de sols où se manifestent ces concentrations en calcaire, l'extension et la r~partition géographique de ces sols, les relations Sols/Roches-m~res, les caractères généraux, les caractéristiques physico-chimiques, les organisations morphologiques verticales et latérales, et l'analyse micromorpho10gique des différents faciès d'accumulations calcaires sont décrits. Un essai de chronologie quaternaire des accumulations calcaires en Tunisie Centrale et septentrionale est tenté en se calant sur les exemples des domaines c6tiers,· des plaines ou des massifs montagneux. Un essai de reconsti tution de la mise en place des matériaux, du façonnement des piedmonts, des glacis et ) des embottements glacis/terrasses encroOt~s est approché, en î tenant compte de l'alternance des cycles climatiques r quaternaires et en s'appuyant sur les données acquises dans les ,\ autres pays du pourtour de la Méditerranée et principalement au Maroc. La gen~se de ces différentes accumulations calcaires au sein des matériaux variés est proposée en tenant compte des particularités géographiques régionales puis locales, géolo­ giques et litho10giques, sédimento10giques, et pédo10giques du l milieu. Les analyses morphologiques détaillées des différents faciès ! d'accumulation au sein des grandes classes de sols inventoriés i 1 1 font ressortir l'aspect polymorphe de l'encroOtement calcaire dans les sols de Tunisie. 3 HOTS-CLES : Tunisie centrale et septentrionale -Sols à accumu­ lation et/ou redistribution calcaire -Répartition géographique - carte au 1/500.000 - Corrélation taxonomique - Propositions - Amélioration - Relations Sols - Roches­ mères Caractères généraux Caractéristiques physico­ chimiques Organisations morphologiques Analyses micromorphologiques - Faciès d'accumulations calcaires Chronologie quaternaire - Essai de reconstitution - Mise en place - Façonnement - Piedmonts - Glacis - Glacis-Terrasses encroQtés - Alternance cycles climatiques· quaternaires ­ Genèse Particularités Géographiques, Géologiques, Lithologiques, Sédimentologiques, Pédologiques Aspect polymorphe de l'encroQtement calcaire. 1 4 SUIIIIARY In Central and Northern Tunisia, the soils "ith calcareous accumulation and/or redistribution are widely represented. In this study a geographic distribution of these soils is attempted in a map· of systhesis at a 1/500 000 ·scale, using the French Classification of soils <C.P.C.S., 1967). A test on Taxonomie correlation between the various systems of French and American <U.S.D.A., Soil Taxonomy, 1975) classifications is tried. Some proposals are made for an improvement of the latter concerning 80ils with a calcareous accumulation. On level under Great Groups in the main orders of calcareous encrusted soils, extension and geographic distribution of these soils, relations Soi1s/Parent materia1s, General characteristics, physico-chemica1 properties, morpho1ogical vertical and 1atera1 organizations- and micromorphological ana1ysis of the various "facies" of ca1careous accumulations are described. A Quaternary chrono1ogy of these calcareous crusts in Central and Northern Tunisia is attempted, taking coastal lands, plains and mountains as an example. An approach of the reconstruction of these materials and of the piedmonts, piedmont slopes and piedmont slopes/Terraces shaping is tried, taking into account the al ternation of Quaternary climatic cycles and using the data available in others countries of the Mediterranean basin especially Morocco. The genesis of the various calcareous accumulations within several materials i8 proposed according to the regional, then local geographic particu1arities and the geo1ogica1, li tho1ogica1, sedimento1ogica1 and pedo1ogica1 characteristics of the environment. Morpho1ogica1 detai1ed ana1ysis of the various facies of calcareou8 accumulation within the main orders of the inventoried soils put forth the polymorphie aspect of the ca1careous encrusting in the tunisian soils. KEY-WORDS : ·Central and Northern Tunisia - Soils with calcareous accumulation and/or redistribution - Geographie distribution - Map of synthesis - Taxonomie correlation - Proposals ­ Amelioration - Relations soils/Parent materials - General characteristics Physico-chemical properties Morphological organizations - Micromorphological analysis ­ Facies of calcareous accumulations - Quaternary chronology ­ Approach of the reconstruction Piedmonts Piedmonts slopes -'. Piedmont slopes/Terraces Alternation of Quaternary climatic cycles Genesis Geographie particularities Geological, lithological, sedimento­ logic~l, pedological characteristics - Polymorphie aspect of the calcareous encrusting. 5 RBSUIIB. Estan frecuentes· en la Tunez central y septentrional, los suelos con acumulaci6n y/o redistribuci6n calcarea. Esta probada en este estudio una distribuci6n geogrâfica de _ estos suelos en un mapa de sintesis a 1/500.000, utilizando la clasificaci6n francesa de los suelos (C.P.C.S., 1967). Se trata un ensayo de correlaci6n taxon6mica entre los diferentes sistemas de clasificaciones francesas y americana (U.S.D.A., Soil Taxonomy, 1975) . Se hechan proposiciones para un mejoramiento de estas ultimas concerniente a los suelos con acumulaci6n calcarea. A nivel de subgrupos de las principales clases de suelos en los cuales se desarrollan concentraciones calcareas, se describen, la extensi6n y la distribuci6n geografica de los mismos, las relaciones Suelos/Rocas madres, las caracteristicas generales y fisico-quimicas, las organizaciones morfo16gicas verticales y laterales y el analisis micromorfo16gico de los diferentes facies de acumulaciones calcareas. Se intenta un ensayo de cronologia cuaternaria de las costras calcareas en la Tunez central y septentrional con referencia a ejemplos en las areas costeras, las llanuras y los macizos montaftosos. Se esbozan la reconstituci6n deI desarrollo y de la construcci6n de los piedemontes, glacis y glacis/terrazas encostradas, apoyandose sobre los datos obtenidos en otros paises de la cuenca mediterranea, especialmente Marruecos. Se propone la génesis de estas acumulaciones calcareas en varios materiales, tomando en cuenta, las especificidades geograficas regionales luego locales, geo16gicas, lito16gicas, sedimento16gicas y edafo16gicas deI medio. Los analisis morfo16gicos detallados en diferentes facies de acumulaciones de las grandes clases de los suelos reconocidos resaltan el aspecta polim6rfico deI "encostrado calcareo" en los suelos de Tunez. PALABRAS CLAVES : Tunez central y septentrional - Suelos con acumulaci6n y/o redistributi6n calcarea Distribuci6n geografica - Mapa de sintesis - Correlaci6n taxon6mica ­ Proposiciones-Mejoramiento - Relaciones Suelos/Rocas madres Caracteristicas generales Caracteristicas fisico- quimicas Organizaciones morfo16gicas Facies de acumulaciones calcareas Cronologia cuaternaria Reconstituci6n Construcci6n Piedemontes Glacis Glacis/terrazas encostradas Alternaci6n . de los ciclos climaticos cuaternarios Génesis Especificidades geograficas, geo16gicas, lito16gicas, sedimento16gicas y edafo16gicas Aspecto polim6rfico deI "encostrado calcareo" - oC trI t{{ 1.'.' r. :c.. C;. ~··C • • • ~ ~. ~ t l, • ·r l :E -[ l, t ..-'" - t ..... • • • ~ olt {t ~ s t.~ ~. ~ . ~ f. ~{. G ~ f l t ~ - t - [t·" .Lo(i t-, f.'-.l [- ~ ~ ~- ,,~ ~: ~ ~. 'f'" l' - 1 r; f - f. 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