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Drought Planning and Adaptation

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Drought Planning and Adaptation Running Head: DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION Drought Disaster Planning and Adaptation in Rural British Columbia by Evan Lloyd A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Disaster and Emergency Management Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Professor Ann Dale June, 2017 Evan Lloyd, 2017 DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 2 COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Evan Lloyd’s Thesis Committee certify that they have read the thesis titled Drought Disaster Planning and Adaptation in Rural British Columbia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Disaster and Emergency Management: Dr. Ross Pink [signature on file] Dr. Julie Drolet [signature on file] Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon submission of the final copy of the thesis to Royal Roads University. The thesis supervisor confirms to have read this thesis and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements: Dr. Ann Dale [signature on file] DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 3 Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/. Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this licence: • Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. • Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 4 Abstract Drought is one of the more devastating climate-driven hazards across the world. Its impacts have long term impacts and can lead to degradation of access to sufficient water, food and other necessities for human life. British Columbia experiences drought on a regular basis and given the increasing impacts of global climate change on the province, it is crucial to understand how small municipalities are prepared for this hazard in the present, as well as how they intend to address the hazard in the future. This project is a multiple-case study applied methods examination of current drought preparedness and adaptation planning in the BC communities of Tofino, Merritt and Dawson Creek. Findings show that there are significant gaps in disaster and emergency plans to currently address this hazard at the municipal government level, with minimal adaptation plans for the future. Case study sites rely heavily on water restriction adherence by residents and commercial users to reduce demand in drought season. There is a universal expectation and reliance on the Provincial government to ‘save the day’ in the event of any major drought event, despite the Emergency Program Act which states that it is the responsibility of municipalities to identify and address their own hazards. DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 5 Table of Contents Creative Commons Statement ..................................................................................................... 3 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 6 Glossary of Disaster Management Terms................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Drought Context on the Global Scale ............................................................................................ 13 2.2 Scientific Context of Drought in Canada and BC ........................................................................ 14 2.3 Adaptation vs Mitigation ................................................................................................................ 17 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 19 3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Research Sites .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.4 Participant Selection ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Methods and Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 23 Case study description ................................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Case Study Introduction ................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Tofino ......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Merritt ........................................................................................................................................ 26 4.1.3 Dawson Creek ............................................................................................................................ 26 4.2 Current Drought Disaster Management Plans and Analysis ...................................................... 28 4.2.1 Tofino ......................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Merritt ........................................................................................................................................ 30 4.2.3 Dawson Creek ............................................................................................................................ 32 4.3 Adaptive Planning and Strategies .................................................................................................. 34 4.3.1 Tofino ......................................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.2 Merritt ........................................................................................................................................ 36 4.3.3 Dawson Creek ............................................................................................................................ 39 Discussion..................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 42 5.1.1 Tofino ......................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.2 Merritt ........................................................................................................................................ 44 5.1.3 Dawson Creek ............................................................................................................................ 46 5.2 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 48 References .................................................................................................................................... 53 DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 6 List of Figures FIGURE 1. KISKATINAW RIVER WATERSHED .............................................................................................. 27 FIGURE 2. MERRITT’S DROUGHT LEVEL SIGN............................................................................................. 37 DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 7 Glossary of Disaster Management Terms Adaptation: Efforts to reduce severity of climate change impacts (Burch, 2010). The adjustment of a system to changing climatic conditions and their effects, in order to alleviate adverse impacts (Papadaskalopoulou, et al., 2015, p.2; United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2009, pp.4). Disaster: Any event (natural or human caused) that produces adverse impacts on a population that exceeds that populations ability to respond and recover without external aid. A disaster event may cause immediate physical harm, and/or may significantly reduce quality of life over a long period (Coppola, 2011). Drought Disaster: Any
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