DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of the Influence of Nonstationary Climate on Extreme Hydrology of Southwestern Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of the Influence of Nonstationary Climate on Extreme Hydrology of Southwestern Canada ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF NONSTATIONARY CLIMATE ON EXTREME HYDROLOGY OF SOUTHWESTERN CANADA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research For the Degree of Special Case Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of Regina By Sunil Gurrapu Regina, Saskatchewan January 2020 Copyright 2020: S. Gurrapu UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Sunil Gurrapu, candidate for the degree of Special Case Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, has presented a thesis titled, Assessment of the Influence of Nonstationary Climate on Extreme Hydrology in Southwestern Canada, in an oral examination held on November 7, 2019. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: *Dr. Stephen Jacques Dery, University of Northern British Columbia Co-Supervisor: Dr. David Sauchyn, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Co-Supervisor: *Dr. Kyle Hodder, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Committee Member: *Dr. Jeannine St. Jacques, Adjunct Committee Member: Dr. Peng Wu, Environmental System Engineering Committee Member: Dr. Ulrike Hardenbicker, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Chair of Defense: Dr. Fanhua Zeng, Faculty of Graduate Studies & Research *Via ZOOM conferencing ABSTRACT The demand for water supplies across southwestern Canada has increased substantially over the past century with growing population and economic activities. At the same time, the region’s resilience to the impacts of hydrological extremes, floods and droughts is challenged by the increasing frequency of these extreme events. In addition, increased winter temperatures over the past century have led to declines in winter snowpack and caused earlier snowmelt, leading in some years to a substantial shortage of water during late summer and fall seasons. This calls for a better understanding of the flood and drought characteristics in addition to the information on water availability for effective water management and to design infrastructure resilient to such extreme conditions. The objective of this thesis is to examine the spatial and temporal variability of available water in the naturally flowing watersheds of southwestern Canada and evaluate various regional hydroclimatic and large-scale climatic indices in representing the regional hydrology and hydrological extremes. To do so, I first examined the empirical relationships between historically observed streamflow in 24 naturally flowing watersheds across southwestern Canada and the associated watershed’s hydroclimate, represented by the watershed averaged Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The hydroclimate of all the selected watersheds is assumed to be represented by the second version of the NRCAN gridded climate dataset. These empirical relationships indicate that the water availability can be represented by the watershed averaged SPEI. I then developed SPEI-based principle component regression (PCR) equations and found them to be very efficient in representing the variability in historically observed monthly and annual streamflow. These equations are simpler to build than calibrating a numerical hydrological model S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | ii and can be applied over large areas and many sub-basins with minimal data requirements to estimate streamflow. I then analysed the annual peak flows in 119 naturally flowing watersheds and 8 regulated watersheds, but with naturalized streamflow datasets, across southwestern Canada to examine the impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on annual flood risk. Using Spearman’s rank correlation ρ and permutation tests on quantile-quantile plots, I found that higher magnitude floods are more likely during the negative phase of the PDO than during the positive phase. In addition, the flood frequency analysis (FFA) stratified according to PDO phase suggests that higher magnitude floods may also occur more frequently during the negative PDO phase than during the positive phase. These results question the validity of the stationarity assumption made in FFA and suggest that the knowledge of large-scale climate state should be considered prior to the design and construction of key infrastructure. The results indicate that the stationarity assumption is not tenable in the watersheds of southwestern Canada. To demonstrate the invalidity of the stationarity assumption, I evaluated the variability in drought characteristics, i.e. severity, duration and frequency as applied to the City of Calgary, as a case study. The drought characteristics are defined by the historic (100 years of observed) and prehistoric (900 years of stochastically generated from tree-ring reconstructions of annual streamflow) weekly streamflow datasets. The results indicate that the severity and duration of hydrological drought with the same frequency is substantially larger and longer in the prehistoric period than that observed over the historical period. The results also indicate that varying lengths of data used in determining characteristics of extreme events produce varying results, which indicate that the stationarity assumption could be deceptive. Overall, the results demonstrate the implications of the non-stationary climate. in the analysis of hydrological extremes. S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to everyone that supported and guided me in completing my research work and putting this thesis together. I owe a many thanks to my co-supervisors Dr. David J Sauchyn and Dr. Kyle R Hodder, for their constant support, patience and belief in me. I could not have completed this thesis without their guidance and continuous feedback. Their encouraging and supporting words have reassured me and helped me to work harder in completing the research work. I also would like to thank all of my committee members for their advice and encouragement in many meetings we have had. My rationale thinking has evolved over the past few years from all the critical suggestions and comments from the committee members, which has helped me in making relevant conclusions from my research work. A very special thanks to Dr. Jeannine St. Jacques for the encouragement she gave me in accomplishing all the objectives of my research work. Her encouraging words have always helped me boost up my confidence and inspired me to work harder in putting this thesis together. I sincerely appreciate her constant support and advice in correcting my English grammar and writing skills. This has helped me substantially in preparing the manuscripts and this thesis. I also would like to acknowledge the constant support I received from my family and friends. Their encouragement has helped me to pursue and accomplish one of the major objectives of my career. Long conversations with my friends Solomon Yadessa Kenno and Vikas Methre have helped me rebuild my confidence and work towards my goals. I can never forget the comforting words from all my other friends. A very special thanks to the God-given sister Dr. Meena Pole for her constant support every time I needed. S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | iv DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to all the members of my family whose love and support over many years have laid foundation for the discipline and dedication necessary in completion of this work. S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv DEDICATION v CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review 1.1. Overview 1 1.2. Objectives 5 CHAPTER 2 Abstract 7 Keywords 7 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. Data and Study Region 10 2.3. Methods 12 2.4. Results 16 2.5. Discussion 21 2.6. Conclusions 24 2.7. Figures 25 2.8. Tables 34 Appendix 38 CHAPTER 3 Abstract 39 Key Terms 39 3.1. Introduction 40 3.2. Study Area and Data 42 3.3. Methods 44 3.4. Results and Discussion 47 3.5. Conclusion 53 3.6. Figures 55 3.7. Tables 64 Supplementary Figures 70 S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | vi Supplementary Tables 74 Supplementary Text 88 CHAPTER 4 Abstract 97 Key Points 97 4.1. Introduction 98 4.2. Study Region and Data 100 4.3. Methods of Analysis 103 4.4. Results and Discussion 108 4.5. Conclusions 114 4.6. Figures 118 4.7. Tables 128 CHAPTER 5: Conclusions 5.1. Summary 130 5.2. Assessment of Regional Hydroclimate for Streamflow Prediction 130 5.3. Influence of Non-stationary climate on Hydrological Extremes 131 5.4. Reliability of Current Water Supply and Management Systems 132 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 APPENDIX Statement of Co-Authorship 151 S. Gurrapu, 2020 P a g e | vii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review 1.1. Overview A growing population and economic activities across southwestern Canada have increased the demand for water supplies and at the same time increased the region’s vulnerability to extreme hydrological events, floods and droughts (e.g. Schindler & Donahue, 2006; Horbulyk, 2014; Sauchyn et al., 2015; Hurlbert and Gupta, 2017). Therefore, the planning and design of water resources (e.g. dams, canal systems) and transportation (e.g. roads, bridges) infrastructure for efficient distribution and management of the available water in this region requires a depth of knowledge on the magnitude, duration, and frequency of regional hydrological extremes, in addition to information on water availability. The majority of the watersheds across southwestern Canada are snow- dominated; and winter snowpack is the primary reservoir
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Drought Planning and Adaptation
    Running Head: DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION Drought Disaster Planning and Adaptation in Rural British Columbia by Evan Lloyd A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Disaster and Emergency Management Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Professor Ann Dale June, 2017 Evan Lloyd, 2017 DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 2 COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Evan Lloyd’s Thesis Committee certify that they have read the thesis titled Drought Disaster Planning and Adaptation in Rural British Columbia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Disaster and Emergency Management: Dr. Ross Pink [signature on file] Dr. Julie Drolet [signature on file] Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon submission of the final copy of the thesis to Royal Roads University. The thesis supervisor confirms to have read this thesis and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements: Dr. Ann Dale [signature on file] DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 3 Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/. Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this licence: • Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. • Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. DROUGHT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION 4 Abstract Drought is one of the more devastating climate-driven hazards across the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Lhtako Dene First Nation
    northern health the northern way of caring ABORIGINAL RESOURCE GUIDE 2019 Artwork on cover by Artist Curtis Boyd northern health TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................... 4 Ndazkoh First Nation ......................................... 6 Dene First Nation............................................. 10 ?Esdilagh First Nation ..................................... 14 Lhoosk’uz Dene First Nation ........................... 18 Additional Resources ....................................... 21 Medicine Wheel ............................................... 29 Quesnel Health Services Contact Numbers ..... 31 Southern Carrier Terminology ......................... 32 Hospital Terminology ...................................... 34 Footprints in Stone.......................................... 37 Contacts .......................................................... 48 ABORIGINAL 2 RESOURCE GUIDE 3 northern health INTRODUCTION Quesnel Health Services provides services to four local bands: Ndazkoh First Nations (Nazko), Lhoosk’uz Dene Nation (Kluskus), ?Esdilagh First Nation (Alexandria) and Lhtako Dene Nation (Red Bluff), as well as to the urban population of local First Nation, Inuit and Metis people. This Guide will provide information on our local First Nations, community resources, culture and history. A Quick Overview Nazko, Kluskus and Red Bluff are all Southern Carrier Nations. Their traditional language is Carrier, which is part of the northern Athabaskan language family which is spoken throughout Northern
    [Show full text]
  • Information Package Watercourse
    Information Package Watercourse Crossing Management Directive June 2019 Disclaimer The information contained in this information package is provided for general information only and is in no way legal advice. It is not a substitute for knowing the AER requirements contained in the applicable legislation, including directives and manuals and how they apply in your particular situation. You should consider obtaining independent legal and other professional advice to properly understand your options and obligations. Despite the care taken in preparing this information package, the AER makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and does not assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information provided. For the most up-to-date versions of the documents contained in the appendices, use the links provided throughout this document. Printed versions are uncontrolled. Revision History Name Date Changes Made Jody Foster enter a date. Finalized document. enter a date. enter a date. enter a date. enter a date. Alberta Energy Regulator | Information Package 1 Alberta Energy Regulator Content Watercourse Crossing Remediation Directive ......................................................................................... 4 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4 How the Program Works .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Techniques for Flood Quantile Estimation in Canada
    Evaluation of Techniques for Flood Quantile Estimation in Canada by Shabnam Mostofi Zadeh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 ©Shabnam Mostofi Zadeh 2019 Examining Committee Membership The following are the members who served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Veronica Webster Associate Professor Supervisor Donald H. Burn Professor Internal Member William K. Annable Associate Professor Internal Member Liping Fu Professor Internal-External Member Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam Professor ii Author’s Declaration This thesis consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Statement of Contributions Chapter 2 was produced by Shabnam Mostofi Zadeh in collaboration with Donald Burn. Shabnam Mostofi Zadeh conceived of the presented idea, developed the models, carried out the experiments, and performed the computations under the supervision of Donald Burn. Donald Burn contributed to the interpretation of the results and provided input on the written manuscript. Chapter 3 was completed in collaboration with Martin Durocher, Postdoctoral Fellow of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Donald Burn of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, and Fahim Ashkar, of University of Moncton. The original ideas in this work were jointly conceived by the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) River and Lake Data Collection Program
    Alberta Conservation Association 2008/09 Project Summary Report Project name: Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) River and Lake Data Collection Program Fisheries and Aquatic Program Manager: Peter Aku Project leader: Tyler Johns Primary ACA staff on this project (including seasonals): Tyler Johns, Nathan Carruthers, Chad Lyttle, Clayton James, Jason Leathem and Kris Maier. Partnerships: This program was completely funded by the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute. Key findings: • We conducted fish and invertebrate community surveys on eight lakes and eight rivers distributed across the province of Alberta. • Limnological and aquatic habitat data were collected at all sampling sites. • A complete listing of results is available at the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute website (www.abmi.ca). Introduction This program is a partnership between the Alberta Conservation Association (ACA) and the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI), developed in 2007 under which the ACA Fisheries Program manages and delivers the rivers and lakes sampling component of the ABMI aquatic program. Data collected as part of this program will be used to describe the state of Alberta’s biodiversity and will facilitate the responsible management of our resources. A more detailed description of the program can be found on ABMI’s website at www.abmi.ca. Methods We sampled eight lakes and eight rivers distributed across the province of Alberta (Table 1, Figure 1) following methods described in the River and Lake Data Collection Protocols developed by ABMI (2007 a, b). Fish were collected using electrofishing, gill netting and seining. We also collected data on water quality, aquatic invertebrates and a variety of other limnological and aquatic habitat variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Effects on Watershed Processes in British Columbia
    Chapter 9 Climate Change Effects on Watershed Processes in British Columbia Robin G. Pike, Katrina E. Bennett, Todd E. Redding, Arelia T. Werner, David L. Spittlehouse, R.D. (Dan) Moore, Trevor Q. Murdock, Jos Beckers, Brian D. Smerdon, Kevin D. Bladon, Vanessa N. Foord, David A. Campbell, and Peter J. Tschaplinski INTRODUCTION A changing climate in British Columbia is expected and possible future climate scenarios. We then dis- to have many important effects on watershed pro- cuss how watershed processes may be affected by cli- cesses that in turn will affect values such as water mate change, and the implications of these changes quality, water supplies, slope stability, and terres- to hydrology, geomorphology, and aquatic ecology in trial and aquatic habitats. In many parts of British British Columbia. We conclude with a discussion of Columbia, the effects of too much or too little water requirements for incorporating climate change– have already been observed and it is possible that affected watershed processes into hydrologic models an increased probability of droughts, floods, and used at the forest management scale. landslides will result in considerable socio-eco- This chapter does not provide an overview of nomic, biological, and (or) physical changes in the the causes of climate change, global climate model future (Spittlehouse and Stewart 2004; Walker and projections, downscaling models, or the key issues Sydneysmith 2007). The influence of climate change surrounding them. Further information on these on watershed processes is critically important to un- topics can be found in Barrow et al. (editors, 2004), derstand and to manage for now and in the future, as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), these functions directly determine human well-being Parry et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonality of the Water Balance of the Sooke Reservoir, BC, Canada
    Seasonality of the Water Balance of the Sooke Reservoir, BC, Canada by Arelia Taymen Werner B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2000 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Geography Arelia Taymen Werner, 2007 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Terry D. Prowse, Co-Supervisor (Department of Geography) _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. John J. Gibson, Co-Supervisor (Department of Geography) _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Dan L. Peters, Departmental Member (Department of Geography) _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Barrie R. Bonsal, Departmental Member (Department of Geography) Examining Committee All members of the Supervisory Committee and _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Garth van der Kamp, External Examiner (University of Saskatchewan) iii Supervisory Committee Dr. Terry D. Prowse, Co-Supervisor (Department of Geography) Dr. John J. Gibson, Co-Supervisor (Department of Geography) Dr. Dan L. Peters, Departmental Member (Department of Geography) Dr. Barrie R. Bonsal, Departmental Member (Department of Geography) Abstract Climate change and population growth is putting
    [Show full text]
  • Fraser River Basin Strategic Water Quality Plan
    Fraser River Basin Strategic Water Quality Plan Chilcotin Region: Seton-Bridge, Chilcotin, and West Road Habitat Management Areas by J.C. Nener1 and B.G. Wernick1 1 Fraser River Action Plan Habitat and Enhancement Branch Fisheries and Oceans Canada Suite 320-555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Nener, Jennifer C. (Jennifer C.), 1961- Fraser River Basin Strategic Water Quality Plan, Chilcotin Region: Seton-Bridge, Chilcotin, and West Road habitat management areas (Fisheries and Oceans Canada - Fraser River Action Plan Water Quality Series: 02) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-662-26887-3 Cat. no. Fs22-2/3E 1. Water quality -- British Columbia -- Fraser River Watershed. 2. Water quality bioassay -- British Columbia -- Fraser River Watershed. 3. Salmon -- Effect of water quality on -- British Columbia -- Fraser River Watershed. 4. Environmental monitoring -- British Columbia -- Fraser River Watershed. I. Wernick, B. G. (Barbara G.), 1969- II. Fraser River Action Plan (Canada) III. Title. IV. Series TD387.B7N46 1998 553.7’8’0971137 C98-980244-2 Executive Summary The Seton-Bridge, Chilcotin, and West Road Habitat working to attain compliance with the Code of Agricul- Management Areas collectively provide habitat for large tural Practices for Waste Management, but in general runs of sockeye and chinook, and smaller runs of coho, there is still room for improvement. Information specific and pink salmon. These HMAs support a relatively small to agricultural practices in the Seton-Bridge, Chilcotin, number of salmon-bearing watersheds, however, the and West Road HMAs was limited for many of the water- watersheds are quite large and support significant sheds.
    [Show full text]
  • Bchn 2000 Spring.Pdf
    British Columbia Historical News British Columbia Historical Federation Journal of the P0 Box 5254, STATIoN B., VICT01UA BC V8R 6N4 British Columbia Historical Federation A CHARITABLE SOCIETY UNDER THE INCOME TAX ACT Published Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. ExECuTIvE EDIToR: Fred Braches HoNoisssY PATRON: HIS HONOUR, THE HoNOlLE GARDE B. GARD0M, Q.C. P0 Box 130 HoNO1sY PRESIDENT: LEONARD MCCAI’SN Whonnock BC, V2W 1V9 C/O VANCOUVER MARITIME MUSEUM Phone (604) 462-8942 1905 OGDEN AVE., VANCOUVER BC V6J 1A3 [email protected] OFFICERs Book REvIEw EDIToR: PRESIDENT: RON WELw00D Anne Yandle R.R. # I,S-22 C-i, NELSON BC VIL 5P4 3450 West 20th Avenue PHONE (250) 825-4743 [email protected] Vancouver BC, V6S 1E4 FIRST VICE PRESIDENT: WAYNE DESR0CHERS Phone (604) 733-6484 #2 - 6712 BARER Ro, DELTA BC V4E 2V3 [email protected] PHONE (604) 599-4206 FAX. (604)507-4202 SECOND VICE PRESIDENT: MELVA DwYER SUBSCRIPTION SEcREmISY: 2976 MCBRIDEAVE., SURREY BC V4A 3G6 JoelVinge PHONE! FAX (604) 535-3041 561 Woodland Drive SECRETARY:ARN0LD RANNERIS Cranbrook BC V1C 6V2 1898 QuAMICTIAN STREEVIcToR,A BC V8S 2B9 Phone (250) 489-2490 PHONE (250) 598-3035 [email protected] [email protected] REC0pr)ING SEcRETARY: ELIz.EETH (BETTY) BROWN TRANSIT Ro.D,ViCToRIA BC 4Z PUBLISHING C0MMIrrEE: 473 V8S Tony Farr PHONE (250) 598-1171 125 Castle Cross Road, TRRAsUIsER: RON GREENE Salt Spring Island BC V8K 2G1 P0 Box 1351,VICTORIA BC V8W 2W7 Phone (250) 537-1123 PHONE (250) 598-1835 FAX (250) 598-5539 [email protected] MEMBER AT LARGE: Ro J.V PALLANT LAYOUT AND PRODUCTION: Fred Braches 1541 MERLYNN CRESCENT, N0RTHVANC0UvER BC V7J 2X9 PHONE (604) 986-8969 [email protected] Subscriptions MErmER AT LARGE: ROBERT J.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2009/2010 Annual Report 2009/2010
    Annual Report 2009/2010 Annual Report 2009/2010 For copies of this document, contact: Alberta Conservation Association 101 – 9 Chippewa Road Sherwood Park, AB T8A 6J7 Tel: (780) 410-1999 Fax: (780) 464-0990 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ab-conservation.com Our Mission ACA conserves, protects and enhances fish, wildlife and habitat for all Albertans to enjoy, value and use. Our Vision An Alberta with an abundance and diversity of fish, wildlife and their habitat; where future generations continue to use, enjoy and value our rich outdoor heritage. TM Charitable Registration Number: 88994 6141 RR0001 Cover Photo: Marco Fontana, Biologist, ACA is conducting Bull Trout stock assessments. Our fisheries studies on the Upper Oldman River and North Saskatchewan River systems have resulted in the protection and conservation of key spawning and rearing habitat in both watersheds. Contents About Us ................................................5 Chairman’s Report .................................6 President and CEO’s Message ..............7 Conservation Milestones .......................8 Our People Our Culture .........................9 Health and Safety ...........................10 Human Resources ..........................11 Information Technology ..................11 10 Years with ACA ..........................12 Conservation Programs .......................15 Communications ............................16 Wildlife ............................................18 Fisheries .........................................28 Land Management
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Rivers: Central British Columbia
    Indian and Affaires indiennes Northern Affairs et du Nord Wild Rivers: Parks Canada Pares Canada Central British Columbia Published by Parks Canada under authority of the Hon. J. Hugh Faulkner, Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, 1978 QS-7064-000-EE-A1 Les releves de la serie «Les rivieres sauvages» sont egalement publies en francais. Canada Canada metric metrique Metric Commission Canada has granted use of the National Symbol for Metric Conversion. Wild Rivers: Central British Columbia Wild Rivers Survey Parks Canada ARC Branch Planning Division Ottawa, 1978 2 Cariboo and Quesnel rivers: Ishpa Moun­ tain from Sandy Lake 3 'It is difficult to find in life any event and water, taken in the abstract, fail as which so effectually condenses intense completely to convey any idea of their nervous sensation into the shortest fierce embracings in the throes of a possible space of time as does the rapid as the fire burning quietly in a work of shooting, or running an im­ drawing-room fireplace fails to convey mense rapid. There is no toil, no heart the idea of a house wrapped and breaking labour about it, but as much sheeted in flames." coolness, dexterity, and skill as man can throw into the work of hand, eye Sir William Francis Butler (1872) and head; knowledge of when to strike and how to do it; knowledge of water and rock, and of the one hundred com­ binations which rock and water can assume — for these two things, rock 4 ©Minister of Supply and Services Now available in the Wild River Metric symbols used in this book Canada 1978 series: mm — millimetre(s) Available by mail from Printing and Alberta m — metre(s) Publishing, Supply and Services Central British Columbia km — kilometre(s) Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0S9, or through James Bay/Hudson Bay km/h - kilometres per hour your bookseller.
    [Show full text]
  • Drought Preparedness
    -- CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY -- Statement by the Delegation of Canada to the Sixteenth Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development Wednesday, May 7 2008, 10:00 am – Drought Preparedness Mr/Madame Chairperson, Canada experienced serious land degradation and severe drought in the 1930s. In response, Canada developed soil and water conservation initiatives and converted fragile lands into grassland to inhibit land degradation. Despite these efforts drought can still cause loss of income and pose adaptation challenges. This was seen in the 2001 - 2002 drought, which affected regions not normally affected by drought such as parts of Eastern Canada and northern areas of Canada’s prairies. This drought cost an estimated $6 billion, in total, to the agriculture, forestry, petroleum and mining, hydro power, and water supply sectors. Climate change experts are anticipating greater variability and shifts in timing of available water supplies in the future, with a predicted increase in the frequency and duration of droughts. Because droughts are expensive, efforts are being applied to deal with drought proactively as a part of a comprehensive Canadian approach. Canada has established a range of drought identification activities. These activities require partnerships across jurisdictions and sectors. One example of drought monitoring and reporting is ‘Drought Watch’. This is a national program that provides timely information about climatic impacts on water supply and agriculture. Drought Watch products combine physical information, such as precipitation and soil moisture, with historic climate information to assess the status of drought in Canada’s agricultural regions. During each growing season, the Climate Production Risk Committee uses Drought Watch maps and regional information supplied by representatives from provinces and other government departments to assess drought impacts on soil conservation, crop and livestock management, and range, pest and water supply management.
    [Show full text]