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The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

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The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. VI1 THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF I THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY EDWARD GIBBON EDITED BY J. B. BURY, MA. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE RT. HON. W. E. H. LECKY VOL. VI1 NEW YORK FRED DE FAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT,1907. FRED DE FAU & COMPANY. CONTENTS OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME .AGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xi CHAPTER XL Elmalion of Justin the Elder - Reign of Justinian: - I. The Empress Theodora -II. Fations of the Circus, and Seddim oj Cmluntirw~le - III. Tradc and Manujmture of Silk - IV. Finances and Tms- V. Edi&es of Justinian - Church of St. Sophia - Forti$afions and Frontiers of the Ensterrz Empire - Aboldion of the Schools of Alhcm, and the Consulship of Rome LD. 481 or 483 Birth of the Emperor Justinian . I 518-527 Elevation and Reign of his Uncle Justin I. 3 520-527 Adoption and Succession of Justinian . 4 527-565 The Reign of Justinian . 7 Character and Histories of hocopius . 7 Division of the Reign of Justinian . g Birth and Vices of the Empress Theodora . IO Her Marriage with Justinian . ' 13 Her Tpnny . 15 Her V1rtue.s . 16 548 And Death . 18 The Factions of &e C&us . 18 At Rome . : . ao They distractConstantinople and the &st . 20 Justinian favours the Blues . .21 532 Sedition of Constantinople, surnamed Nika . * 23 The Distress of Justinian . 25 Finnness of Theodora . 27 The Sedition is suppressed . .28 Agriculture and Manufactures of ;he Eastern Empire . 29 The Use of Silk by the Romans . ....' 30 Jmportation from China by Land and -Sea . * 33 Introduction of Sa-worms intoGreece . ' 36 State of the Revenue . 39 Policy of Anastasius . 40 Avarice and Profusion of Justinian . 40 PerniciousSavings . 41 Remittances . 41 Taxes . 42 Monopdies . 43 Venalq . - . 44 Testaments . ........44 The Ministers of'Justihian . 46 v vi CONTENTS A.D. John of Cappadocia ........ His Edifices and Ar&& ........ Foundation of the Church of St . Sophia ..... Description ........... Marbles ........... Riches ......... Churches and Palaces ......... Fortihations of Europe ........ Security of Asia after the Con uest of Isauria . Fortitications of the Empire. %om the Eurine to the Pkhn Frontier .......... 488 Death of Perozes King of Persia ....... 502-505 The Persian War ......... Siege of Edessa .......... Fortifications of Dam ......... The Caspian or Iberian Gates ....... The Schools of Athens ........ They are suppressed by Justinian ...... Produs ........... 485-529 His Successors ......... The last of the Philosophers ..... 541 The Roman Consulship extinguished by Justinian ... CHAPTER XLI Conquests of /ustimian in the West- Char& and *si Campaigns of ,? Belisarius .He invades and subdues the VandaE Kingdom of A jh. His triumph .The Gothic War .He recmns Sicizy, Naples. ad * Rome .Siege of Rome by the Goths .Their Rctred and Losses .Sur- rersdn of Ramm .Gby of Bdiswiw .His Domedic Shw and MisjorLuncs 533 Justinian resolves to invade Africa . .....84 523-530 State of the Vandals . Hilderic . .....85 c 530- 3 Gelimer ......... 86 hebates on the incan war . .*j Character and Choice of Belisarius . .....sp .4 509-532 His Services in the Persian war . .....a9 . pr 533 Preparations for the African war . .....91 $ Departure of the Fleet ........ 94 Belisarius lands on the Coast of Africa .....961 Defeats the Vandals in a first battle . .....99 Reduction of Carthage .....IOI. Final Defeat of Gelimer and the Vandals .....104 534 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius . .....108 Distress and Captivity of Gelimer . .....111 Return and Triumph of Belisarius . .....114 535 His soleConsulship ........ 115 72€3 End of Gelimer and the Vandals . .....116 -* Manners and Defeat of the Moors . .....118 .G '% Neutmlity of the Visigoths . .....Iar "s '3- 550-6ao Conquests of the Romans in Spain .....122 CONTENTS vii Am. 534 Belisarius threatensthe Ostrogoths in Italy .... 522-534 Government and Death of Amalasontha. Queen of Italy . 535 Her Exile and Death ......... Belisarius invades and subdues Sicily .... 534-536 Reign and Weakness of Theodatus. the Gothic gihg 0; Italy ........... 537 Belisarius invades Italy and reduces Naples .... 536540 Vitiges. King of Italy ........ 536 Belisarius enters Rome ....... 537 Siege of Rome by the Go& ....... Valour of Belisarius ......... His Defence of Rome . ...... Repulses a general assault of the Goths ..... His Sallies ........... Distress of the City ......... Exile of Pope Sylverius ........ Deliverance of the City ........ Belisarius recovers many Cities of Italy ..... 538 The Goths raise the Siege of Rome ...... Lose Rimini .......... Retire to Ravenna ......... Jealousy of the Roman generals ....... Death of Constantine ......... The EunuchNarses ......... Firmness and Authority of Belisarius ...... 538-539 Invasion of Italy by the Franks ...... Destruction of Milan ......... Belisarius besieges Ravenna ....... 539 Subdues the Gothic Kingdom of Italy ...... Captivity of Vitiges ....... 540 Return and Glory of B&arius ....... Secret History of his Wife Antonina ...... Her Lover Theodosius. ....... Resentment of Belisarius and her Son Photius .... Persecution of her Son ....... 3 Disgrace and Submission of 'Belisarius ..... CHAPTER XLII Stale of the Barbaric World .Establishment of thc LutubaA on the Danube .Tribes and Inroads of the Sdavoniuns- Origin. Empire. and Embassies of th.e Turks .The FligM of thc Avars .Chosroes I . or Nushirvan King of Persia .His prospero~cReign and Wars wirh the Romans .Thc Cokhiun 01 Laeic Wor .The Athiopiuns 527-565 Weakness of the Empire of Justinian .... 174 State of the Barbarians ...... I77 TheGepih ..........177 TheLombards ..........178 The Sdavonians ..........I& Their Inroads .....183 545 Origin and Mo&y of the Turks in'Asia ....185 ... Vlll CONTENTS A.D. The Avars fly before the Turks. and approach the Empire . 558 Their Embassy to Constantinople ...... 569-582 Embassies of the Turks and Romans ..... pc-530 State of Persia ......... 531-5751 Reign of Nushirvan. or Chosroes ...... His Love of Learning ......... 533-539 Peace and War with the Romans ..... 540 He invades Syria .......... And ruins Antioch ......... 541 Defence of the East by Belisarius ...... Descnption of Colchos. Lazica. or Mingrelia .... Manners of the Natives ........ Revolutions of Colchos ........ Under the Persians. before Christ 500 ...... Under the Romans. before Christ 60 ...... 130 Visit of Arrian .......... 522 Conversion of the Lazi ........ 542-549 Revolt and Repentance of the Colchians .... 549-551 Siege of Petra ....... 549-556 The Colchian or Lzic War ....... 540-5151 Negotiations and Treaties between Justinian and Chosroes . 522 Conquest of the Abyssinians ....... 533 Their Alliance with Justinian ....... CHAPTER XLIII RLbeUwns of Africa .Resloratiun of the Gothu Kingdom by Totila .Loss and Recouery of Rome .Final Conquest of Ikdy by Narses .Extindim of the Ostrogoths .Defed of the Franks and Akmunni .Last Viclory, Disgrace, and Dedh of Belisarius .Death and Char& of Justkiam .Comets, hthquukes, and Plugyc 535-545 The Troubles of Africa ...... * 235 543-558 Rebellion of the Moon ...... 240 540 Revolt of the Goths ....... 243 541-544 Victories of Totila. King of Italy .... 244 Contrast of Greek Vice and Gothic Viue ... 246 544-548 SecondCommand of Belisarius in Italy . 248 546 Rome besieged by the Goths ...... 250 Attempt of Belisarius ...... 252 Rometaken by the Goths ....... * 2.53 547 Recovered by Belisarius ....... 256 548 Final Recall of Belisarius ....... 258 549 Rome again taken by the Goths . .... 261 54~551Preparations of Justinian for the Gothic War . 263 552 Character and Expedition of the Eunuch Narses . 265 Defeat and Death of Totila ....... 169 Conquest of Rome by Narses . 271 553 Defeat and Death of Teias. the last King of the && . 273 Invasion of Italy by the Franksand Alemanni . '75 554 Defeat of the Franks and Alemanniby Nms . 277 554-568 Settlement of Italy ...... a80 CONTENTS ix AD. 559 Invasion of the Bulgarians . ...... Last Victory of Belisarius . ...... 561 HisDisgrace and Death . ...... 565 Death and Character of Justinian ...... 531-539 Comets .......... Earthquakes .... ...... 542 Plague -its Origin and Nature . ...... 542-594 Extent and Duration . ...... CHAPTER XLIV Idea of the Roman Jurispruahce .Tlcc Laws of the Kings .The Twelve Tabks of the Deumwirs .The Laws of the Pc0p.k .The Decrees of the Sen& .The Ed& of the Magklrates and Empnors .AJkmiIy of the Civilians .C&, Pandects, Novels, and Zmtith of Justinian: .I . Ri@ of Persons .ZI . Rights of Things .IZZ . Pfivaie Znjwics and Actks .IV . C?imes and Punishmcnts The Civil or Roman Law ........ 301 Lawsof the Kingsof Rome ....... 303 The Twelve Tables of the Decemvirs . ....305 Their Character and Influence ....... 307 Laws of the People ......... 309 Decrees of the Senate ......... 310 Edicts of the Praetors ......... 311 The PerpetualEdict ......... 312 Constitutions of the Emperors ... ....313 Their Legislative Power ........ 314 Their Rescripts ...... ....315 Forms of the Roman Law ........ 316 Succession of the Civil Lawyers ....... 318 303648 The first Period ......... 319 648-988 Second Period ......... 319 988-1230 Third Period ..... ....320 Their Philosophy ...... ....321 Authority ....... ....323 Sects ........ ....324 527 Reformation of the Roman Law by Justinian ....326 527-546 Tribonian .......... 327 528-529 The Code of Justinian ........ 329 530-533 The Pandects or Digest ....... 330 Praise and Censure of the Code and Pandects ....331 Loss of theancient Jurisprudence . ....333 Legal Inconstancy of Justinian ....... 336 534 Second Edition of the
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