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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, som e tfiesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter tace, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the autiior did not send UMl a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will t>e noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t)e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawirtgs, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, t>eginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t)een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMl directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0000 UMl LEARNING LINGUISTIC POLITENESS: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Carol Ann Hart, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Daniel E. Collins, Adviser CJZ. Professor Sara Dickinson Adviser Department of Slavic and East European Professor Eve Levin Languages and Literatures Professor Anelya Rugaleva UMl Number 9971561 Copyright 2000 by Hart, Carol Ann All rights reserved. UMl UMl Microform9971561 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This study is a synchronic investigation of a pragmatic aspect of the normative language behavior in eighteenth-century Russia. Although it draws on the discipline of historical pragmatics it does not attempt to draw conclusions about the evolution of the language; rather, its goal is to examine the state of the language at a given point of time, the second-half of the eighteenth century. The study is a analysis of eighteenth-century Russian language behavior and writes a chapter in the social history of the Russian language through an investigation of a little-studied genre, the conversation book. In addition to a purely linguistic analysis of the texts, the dissertation also investigates the social and educational environment that produced the conversation books. This examination includes an overview of areas affected by the use and production of the new genre of conversation books - contemporary pedagogical ideology and goals, especially in the matter of language acquisition as well as publishing in the context of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The work draws on Brown and Levinson’s theory of linguistic politeness (1987), which claims universality in the strategies that speakers use in their interactions; this dissertation tests the validity of the theory by applying it to eighteenth- century Russian texts. The data analysis demonstrates some problems with Brown and Levinson's theory of linguistic politeness, specifically in regard to the claimed universality of the strategies, the sentence-level approach to data, and the lack of a neutral baseline against which to measure imposition levels. The use of address terms within the conversation books is evaluated as a potential signal of face-threatening acts. 11 A maxim of duty is proposed as a criterion in behavior guidance as reflected in the conversation books. Ill For Al and Oscar IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, Daniel Collins for his immeasurable role in bringing this dissertation into being. He literally put the project in my lap when he showed me a copy of the Domashnie Razgovory and introduced me to the field of historical pragmatics. His support has been constant and he has contributed to this work in more ways than I can mention. Thank you Dan. I thank my readers, Sara Dickinson, who introduced me to the Eighteenth Century Russian Studies Group and provided help and support for the eighteenth century and more; Eve Levin, for her historical perspective and insight; and Anelya Rugaleva, my Masters advisor, who has always had time to listen and give encouragement. I thank the participants of the Eighteenth Century Russian Studies Group Workshops at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1996 and 1997 for their helpful comments and encouragement. Thanks to the Russian and East European Center for research support at the Summer Research Laboratory on Russia and Eastern Europe at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1996 and 1997. I thank my family, especially my parents, Ann and Charles Hart for their lifelong support of all of my endeavors. Thanks to my husband, Alan Lewis for his love and faith. Thanks to Oscar for his, albeit unwitting, patience with his mother. This research was supported by a Graduate Student Alumni Research Award from the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. VTTA July 3, 1962 ........................................ Bom — Decatur, Illinois. 1984 B.A. German, University of Virginia 1991 ..................................................... M.A. Russian Language, Literature and Linguistics, The Ohio State University 1991 - 1999 ...................................... Graduate Teaching Associate and Research Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.............................................................................................................................ii Dedication .........................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................v Vita...................................................................................................................................vi Chapters: 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... I 1.1 Preliminary Remarks ................................................................................. ;.......... 1 1.2 A Social History of Russian ................................................................................. 2 1.3 The Literary Language .......................................................................................... 4 1.4 Historical Rragmatics as a Methodological Framework ......................................7 1.5 Backgroimd of the Texts Used in the Study ...................................................... 11 1.5.1 The Domashnie Razgovory ......................................................................... 12 1.5.2 Weguelin and the Novye Razgovory .......................................................... 17 1.5.3 Karzhavin and the Novye Frantsuzskie, Rossiiskie i Niemetskie Razgovory ............................................................19 2. THE GENRE OF CONVERSATION BOOKS AND THEIR ROLE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIAN BEHAVIOR................................................22 2.1 Preliminaty Remarks ..........................................................................................22 2.2 Behavior in Eighteenth-century Russia ................................................. 22 2.2.1 European Models .........................................................................................24 2.2.2 Russian Practices .........................................................................................25 2.2.3 New Behavioral Patterns.............................................................................29 2.3 Education in Russia .............................................................................................31 2.3.1 A Brief History ............................................................................................32 2.3.2 Policy and Practice under Catherine II ....................................................... 35 vii 2.3.2.1 Betskoi ..................................................................................................35 2.3.2.2 Jankovich de Mirievo ...........................................................................38 2.3.3 Language Instruction and Methodology .....................................................39 2.4 Book Publishing in Eighteenth-Century Russia. ..............................................43 2.4.1 The Academy of Sciences and its Press .....................................................44 2.4.1.1 Translators at the Academy of Sciences .............................................46 2.4.2 Other Presses: Academic and Private ......................................................... 48 2.5 Conversation Books ............................................................................................49 2.5.1 A Brief History of the Genre
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