UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

Date: 10-Dec-2009

I, Signe Barfoed , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts in Classics It is entitled: An Archaic Votive Deposit from Nemea - Ritual Behavior in a Sacred

Landscape

Student Signature: Signe Barfoed

This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Kathleen Lynch, PhD Kathleen Lynch, PhD

Jack Davis, PhD Jack Davis, PhD

2/2/2010 378

An Archaic Votive Deposit from Nemea

Ritual Behavior in a Sacred Landscape

A thesis submitted to the

Division of Research and Advanced Studies

of the University of Cincinnati

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

in the Department of Classics

of the College of Arts and Sciences

2009

by

Signe Barfoed

B.A., University of Copenhagen, 2007

Committee: Kathleen M. Lynch, Chair Jack L. Davis i

ABSTRACT

This thesis presents material from an unpublished votive deposit discovered in a field on a low hill ca. 700 m. east of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea. The deposit consists of about 1000 pieces of Archaic pottery mostly of Corinthian production. Different shapes of miniature vessels predominate, but the deposit also contains lamps and terracotta figurines. Even though no architectural remains were found, the miniature votive pottery and figurines indicate a shrine or small sanctuary in the area. Its location with a panoramic view of the Sanctuary of Zeus as well as close to a spring that provided water to the Sanctuary of Zeus, emphasizes the shrine’s connection to the sanctuary. The deity to whom this rural shrine might belong is difficult to identify. The generic assemblage of votive pottery and figurines does not contribute to identification. However, the location at a ravine next to a spring finds parallels in Etruria and

South Italy, and the deposit may reflect the discontinuation of a shrine possibly dedicated to the water nymph Nemea, who in myth and history is tightly connected to the area.

ii

An Archaic Votive Deposit from Nemea

Ritual Behavior in a Sacred Landscape

Signe Barfoed, M.A.

University of Cincinnati, 2009

Copyright © 2009 by Barfoed, Signe. All rights reserved.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost my deep-felt thanks go to Kathleen Lynch, who has been a wonderful supervisor. Steadily, friendly, and firmly has she guided me through unfamiliar waters. I would not be here if it was not for her, and words cannot express my gratitude. I am also grateful to Dr.

Jack L. Davis for providing me with the material to begin with as well as his help in trying to find the missing part of the deposit. I also want to thank Dr. Kim S. Shelton, the Director of the

Nemea Center of Classical Archaeology at Berkeley, for all her extraordinary help in Nemea; logistically this thesis could not have been done without her.

My gratitude also goes to John Wallrodt, who cheerfully answered all my various technical questions, Carol Hershenson for understanding, and to Laura Deller who was always most helpful.

I want to thank my family for their support despite the far distance, for sending Danish sweets, and letting me do what I needed to do. Thank you to my friends for being there, you know who you are. Lastly, without Søren, who helped in all the ways he possible could and his continuous belief in me, us and what we do, I would never have come this far – thank you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract______i Acknowledgements______iii Table of Contents ______1 List of Tables ______4 List of Figures ______5

Chapter 1. Introduction ______12

Research History ______12 History of the Deposit______15

Chapter 2. Deposit Summary and Chronology ______20

Missing and Available Material ______20

Regular-Sized Vessels ______21

Miniatures ______24

Miniature Hydriai and Kalathiskoi______26

Other Miniatures and Missing Material______28

Terracotta Figurines ______29

Chapter 3. Topography ______40 The Immediate Context of the Deposit ______40 The Sanctuary of Zeus ______43 Contemporary Features in the Sanctuary of Zeus ______44 The Shrine/Heroön of Opheltes ______49 Other Votive Deposits in the Sanctuary of Zeus ______50

1 Chapter 4. Interpretations ______54 Production: Workshops, Techniques, and Fabrics ______54 Workshops______54 Techniques ______56 Fabrics ______59 Corinthian Fabric ______59 Attic, Argive, and Local Fabrics______60

Ritual Behavior ______63 Gods, Goddesses, and their Places______65 The Depositional Event______67 Shapes and Functions ______70 Distribution of Shapes ______74

The Relation of the Shrine to Other Sanctuary Sites and the Question of the Deity ______80 Topographical Features and Assemblages______80 The Deity______87

Chapter 5. Conclusions______95

Catalogue ______100

Appendix ______188

Works Cited______195

2 Tables ______205

Figures ______208

3 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Rawson deposit, shapes, fabric, available, and missing material. Table 2. Conventionalizing decoration on kotylai/skyphoi, available portion of Rawson deposit. Table 3. Fabrics, after Jones 1986, p. 175. Table 4. Corinthian Conventionalizing decoration, Corinth VII.5, table 1.

4 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of the NE Peloponnese, Nemea Vallley highlighted. http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Index.htm#CONTENTS (December 7, 2009) Fig. 2. The Nemea Valley, Sanctuary of Zeus marked with star. http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Geog.htm (December 7, 2009) Fig. 3. Grid plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus and its surroundings, Miller 1976, p. 175, fig. 1 (Site of Rawson deposit marked with a star, PP 10). Fig. 4. Grid plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus, Bravo 2006, fig. 1 (Deposit in PP 10, 700 m east). Fig. 5. Map of PP 10, Google Earth, and gridplan, after Miller 1976, fig. 1. GPS Coordinates: 37°48'36.47"N - 22°43'3.08"E (PP 10 marked with star). Fig. 6. Area PP 10, June 2009, view toward south. Author. Fig. 7. Road between Corinth and Argos, no. 23 is the Sanctuary of Zeus, Marchand 2009, p. 139, fig. 11. Fig. 8. Plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus, loci of votive deposits marked in green, after Bravo 2006. Fig. 9. Map of sites 510 and 512 with kilns, Wright et al. 1990, p. 598, fig. 4. Fig. 10. Piet de Jong watercolor 26 (P951). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ514). Fig. 11. Piet de Jong watercolor 27 (P956). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ515). Fig. 12. Piet de Jong watercolor 74 (P1110). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ525). Fig. 13a-c. Piet de Jong watercolors 277, 231, and 42 (P1050, P1068, P970). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ522-23, UCPdJ517). Fig. 14. Piet de Jong watercolor 112 (P938). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ509). Fig. 15. Piet de Jong watercolor 77 (P940). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ510). Fig. 16. Vermicular Painter kotyle, Amyx and Lawrence 1996, no. 158, pl. 37. Fig. 17. Kotylai from Locri. http://www.archeocalabria.beniculturali.it/archeovirtualtour/calabriaweb/locriparapezza1. htm (December 7, 2009)

5 Fig. 18. Schalenturm, Walter 1957, p. 48, fig. 2, pl. 70. Fig. 19. Plan of Marzabotto, Bentz and Reusser 2007, p. 40, fig. 12 (Tinia Temple and spring sanctuary marked with stars). Fig. 20. Plan of Asine, Wells 2002, p. 96, fig. 1. Deposits marked. Fig. 21. Asine figurine of figure holding a bow, Wells 2002, p. 115, fig. 20. Fig. 22. Prosymna figurines, Blegen 1939, p. 422, fig. 10. Fig. 23. Graffito pieces from Nauplio Museum. Author. Fig. 24. Tegea figurine, Dugas 1921, p. 424, no. 346, fig. 63. Fig. 25. Perachora figurines, Perachora II, pp. 243-246, figs. 79, 243-255. Fig. 26. Archaic head of terracotta figurine from the Argolid, Jenkins 1934, pp. 39-40, fig. 5, pl. 16. Fig. 27. Miniature decorated hydria 121 (P998). Author Fig. 28. Metaponto. Satyr figurine from Pantanello, Carter 1994, p. 194, fig. 7.18. Fig. 29. Metaponto. Pottery from Pantanello, Carter 1994, p. 195, fig. 7.19. Fig. 30. Plan of Metaponto, Carter 1994, p. 163, fig. 7.1 (Pantanello Sanctuary and Metaponto marked with stars). Fig. 31. Aegina, Nemea?, and Zeus, LIMC I, no. 16, p. 283, s.v. Aigina. Fig. 32. Nemea, Herakles, and the Nemean lion, LIMC VI, no. 5, p. 430, s.v. Nemea. Fig. 33. Stelai from the Hill of the Nymphs, Athens, Daux 1958, p. 366, figs. 4-5. Fig. 34. Terracotta figurines 284-296. Film no. N-34-18. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 35. Kotylai from the Shrine of Opheltes, Bravo 2006, pp. 272-273, figs. 199-200. Fig. 36. Kalathiskos 168 (P1007). Author Fig. 37. Kalathiskos 174 (P1015). Author Fig. 38. Kotyle 75 (P937). Author Fig. 39. Kotyle 76 (P939). Author Fig. 40. Conventionalizing kotyle 92 (P963). Author Fig. 41. Conventionalizing skyphos, misfired orange-red 113 (P967). Author Fig. 42. Conventionalizing kotyle 81 (P973). Author

6 Fig. 43. Conventionalizing skyphos, misfired red on one side 84 (P988). Author. Fig. 44. Conventionalizing kotyle 78 (P1092). Author. Fig. 45. Conventionalizing kotyle 79 (P1095). Author. Fig. 46. Conventionalizing kotyle, misfired red 80 (P1096). Author. Fig. 47. Conventionalizing kotyle, misfired gray 82 (P1100). Author. Fig. 48. Conventionalizing kotyle 83 (P1101). Author. Fig. 49. Conventionalizing kotyle 85 (P1114). Author. Fig. 50. Kotyle 35 (P976), misfired red on one side. Author. Fig. 51. Kotyle 71 (P972), misfired red on rim. Author. Fig. 52. Kalathiskos 176 (P1009), misfired red on one side. Author. Fig. 53. Kotyle 102 (P974), misfired red on lower body. Author. Fig. 54. Kotyle 110 (P969), misfired red on body. Author. Fig. 55. Kotyle 52 (P987), misfired grayish-brown. Author. Fig. 56. Archaic head 295. Film no. N-34-19. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 57. Scoop shaped dishes 230, film no. N-34-11. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 58. White fabric hydria 255 (P1126). Author. Fig. 59. White fabric hydria 256 (P1117). Author. Fig. 60. White fabric hydria 257 (P1127). Author. Fig. 61. White fabric hydria 258 (P1125). Author. Fig. 62. Attic kylix 262 (P1022). Author. Fig. 63. Attic kylix 262, detail. (P1022). Author. Fig. 64. Attic rim fragment 263 (P1156). Author. Fig. 65. Attic rim fragment 264 (P1157). Author. Fig. 66. Attic base fragment 265 (P1158). Author. Fig. 67. Asine miniature cup 248 (P1070). Author. Fig. 68. Asine miniature amphora 252 (P1115). Author.

7 Fig. 69. Asine miniature hydria 253 (P1033). Author. Fig. 70. Argive imitation of Attic 238 (P1020). Author. Fig. 71. Argive imitation of Attic 239 (P1021). Author. Fig. 72. Cup from the Vrysoula deposit, Pemberton 1970, p. 297, no. 110, pl. 73. Fig. 73. 198. Film no. N-34-16. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 74. Attic palmette kylix, Corinth XIII, p. 221, no. 275-4, fig. 20, pl. 39. Fig. 75. Argive miniature hydria 232 (P990). Author. Fig. 76. Argive miniature hydria 234 (P991). Author. Fig. 77. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 270 (P1145). Author. Fig. 78. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 268 (P1146). Author. Fig. 79. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 269 (P1147). Author. Fig. 80. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 271 (P1148). Author. Fig. 81. Diminutive coarse hydria 161 (P999). Author. Fig. 82. Diminutive coarse hydria 165 (P1001). Author. Fig. 83. Diminutive coarse hydria 166 (P1002). Author. Fig. 84. Large skyphos 111 (P934). Author. Fig. 85. Kotyle 3 (P948). Author. Fig. 86. Kotyle 24 (P953). Author. Fig. 87. Kernoi 224. Film no. N-34-11. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 88. Kernoi 225. Film no. N-34-16. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati. Fig. 89. Missing and available material, percent, Rawson deposit. Fig. 90. Missing and available material, numbers, Rawson deposit. Fig. 91. Chart of distribution of miniature and regular sized vessels among the surving portion of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 92. Chart of similar decoration patterns, kotylai/skyphoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit.

8 Fig. 93. Chart of similar decoration patterns, kalathiskoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 94. Chart of similar decoration patterns, Conventionalizing kalathiskoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 95. Chart with distribution of misfirings of both missing and available material of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 96. Chart with distribution of misfirings, among miniatures of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 97. Distribution of fabrics in the available portion of the Rawson deposit. Fig. 98. Distribution of miniature shapes in percentage, Rawson deposit, Corinth, Perachora, Cyrene. After Corinth XVIII, i, Perachora I, and Kocybala 1999, p. 98. Fig. 99. 14 (P944), Søren Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 100. 16 (P945), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 101. 17 (P1077), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 102. 20 (P1082), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 103. 23 (P946), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 104. 26 (P951), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 105. 27 (P956), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 106. 35 (P976), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 107. 37 (P1107), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 108. 42 (P970), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 109. 44 (P977), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 110. 47 (P1104), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 111. 48 (P978), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 112. 58 (P1111), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 113. 73 (P989), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 114. 75 (P937), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 115. 77 (P940), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 116. 92 (P963), Author. Scale 1:2.

9 Fig. 117. 94 (P943), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 118. 102 (P974), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 119. 105 (P959), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 120. 111 (P934), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 121. 171 (P1016), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 122. 172 (P1010), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 123. 177 (P1013), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 124. 179 (P1012), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 125. 180 (P1008), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 126. 182 (P1006), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 127. 183 (P1017), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 128. 193 (P1025), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 129. 200 (P1018), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 130. 201 (P1019), S. Handberg . Scale 1:2. Fig. 131. 214 (P1150), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 132. 215 (P1023), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 133. 216 (P1024), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 134. 218 (P1152). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 135. 219 (P1153). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 136. 222. (P1155). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 137. 231 (P1068). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 138. 232 (P990). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 139. 234 (P991). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 140. 238 (P1020). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 141. 239 (P1021). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 142. 249 (P1071). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 143. 254 (P1130). Author. Scale 1:2.

10 Fig. 144. 262 (1022). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 145. 263 (P1156). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 146. 264 (P1157). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 147. 265 (P1158). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 148. 266 (P1159). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 149. 267 (P1160). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 150. 268 (P1146). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 151. 270 (P1145). Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 152. 271 (P1148). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 153. 277 (P1050). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 154. 280 (P1149). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 155. 282 (L164). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 156. 283 (L165). S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

11 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

In this thesis I present an unpublished Archaic votive deposit from outside the Sanctuary of Zeus in ancient Nemea. I will discuss how the deposit is related to the Sanctuary of Zeus and compare the assemblage of the votive deposit to other votive deposits. Parallels to similar sanctuary sites may contribute to an understanding of the significance of the votive deposit. I will also discuss the ritual behavior that took place near where the deposit was found. I will consider the production of the votive assemblage and question what it can tell us about regional diversity.

Finally I will argue that the deposit represents the remains of a small shrine, most likely a rural spring shrine. The topographical setting, as well as other evidence from the site and the deposit’s proximity to the larger sanctuary of Zeus finds clear parallels elsewhere in the ancient

Mediterranean world especially in southern Italy and Etruria.

RESEARCH HISTORY

The Nemea valley is located between two other fertile valleys, the Kleonai valley to the east, and the valley of Phlious to the west (Fig. 1).1 The high sea level and winds of the mountains keep the valley cool during the summer months, a factor that may have played a role in the ancient selection of the site for Pan-Hellenic festivals, which probably took place at the height of summer or in the spring.2 The Nemea plateau is close to the borders of Corinthia, the

Argolid, Achaia, and Arcadia, and its proximity to large urban centers gave Nemea the status of

1 Blegen 1925, p. 175. 2 Miller 2004, p. 17.

12 neutral territory, which also made the site suitable for the Pan-Hellenic games.3 In modern times the valley has been exclusively agricultural since the 1880s when a French engineering team drained the valley.4 The village of Archaia Nemea arose shortly after 1880 and now has a population of 250 inhabitants. The town of Nea Nemea is about 5 km west in the valley of

Phlious, with a population of about 5000 people (Fig. 2).5

Ancient Nemea was a Pan-Hellenic site similar to Olympia, Delphi, and Isthmia, and according to ancient records of the festivals, the last to be founded. Nemea became the site of a

Pan-Hellenic festival in 573 B.C., instituted in honor to Opheltes.6 Compared to quadrennial events at Olympia and Delphi, the festivals at Nemea and Isthmia were biennial and probably took place in the spring or in the summer.7 According to Pindar, Kleonai controlled Nemea’s festivals in the 460s.8 However, Xenophon implies that the games had passed to Argos at some time before 388 B.C., and by the end of the 3rd century B.C. the games were certainly under

Argive control (Appendix).9 In ancient Greek myth, the water-nymph Nemea was tightly connected to her father Zeus and the history of the area, which shows in vase-paintings of Nemea and Herakles and Zeus and Aegina (Figs. 31-32).

The first excavation of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea took place in 1924. It was conducted by the University of Cincinnati under the auspices of the American School of

Classical Studies at Athens (Figs. 1-4). The Assistant Director of ASCSA at the time, Carl W.

3 Valavanis 2004, p. 305. 4 Miller 2004, pp. 21-22. 5 Miller 2004, p. 21. 6 Miller 2004, p. 12; Miller 1977, p. 20, n. 42; for a list of Opheltes’ connection to the Nemean Games, see Roller 1981, p. 107, n. 5. 7 Miller 2004, p. 12; Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 115; for a recent discussion of the date of the Nemean games, see Lambert 2002, pp. 72-74. 8 Miller 1988, p. 144. 9 Xen. Hell. IV.7.2; Miller 1982, p. 106; Miller 1982, p. 107; see Miller 1988, p. 144, n. 25 for a bibliography of the full discussion.

13 Blegen, directed the excavations, which went on for three seasons in the years 1924-1926. Oscar

T. Broneer conducted a small excavation of an Archaic deposit in an area not far from the

Sanctuary of Zeus in December 1925. The deposit was found in a field 700 m east of the Temple of Zeus in the area designated PP 10 on the overall grid plan of the sanctuary and the immediate surroundings (Figs. 3, 5). The excavation and the material were mentioned briefly by Blegen in an article in Art and Archaeology from 1926 and by Stephen G. Miller in his guidebook to

Nemea. Miller suggests the deposit could be an attempt to hide votive offerings from the sanctuary of Zeus, because there is no sign of the deity to whom they had been dedicated.10 The assemblage of objects from the deposit consisted of about 1000 vessels mostly of Corinthian manufacture, including skyphoi, kotylai (mostly miniature), kalathiskoi, miniature hydriai, some coarseware vessels, a few Attic imports, a couple of lamps, some terracotta figurines, and a bronze pin. The vessels were found neatly packed in a hollow in the ground, which, in combination with the miniature shapes, indicates that it was a votive deposit. No architectural

Archaic features were found in the surrounding area in 1925 or in later surveys by the Nemea

Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP).11 The chronological range of the objects from the deposit covers the period from roughly the end of the 7th century to the middle to late 5th century

B.C. The deposit has a complicated history of study, and three-quarters of the material from the deposit is currently missing, including the only bronze object in the deposit.12

Excavations in Nemea were put on hold after 1926. There were some publications in between, until 1973 when the University of California at Berkeley took over the excavations,

10 Blegen 1926, pp. 131-133; .Miller 2004, pp. 39-40. 11 Unpublished catalogue of NVAP Sites, s.v., Site 600, “Blegen’s lack of success in locating Archaic structures in this area was echoed by our own results…” 12 Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, 1925, p. 12 in added red, “This is pomegranate pin head B-62-6.”

14 which continued almost without break until 1986.13 In the summer of 2010 University of

Berkeley will once again excavate in Nemea, under the director of the Nemea Center for

Classical Archaeology, Kim S. Shelton, but the main focus of the excavations will this time be on the prehistoric remains within the Sanctuary of Zeus.14

The purpose of this thesis is to present the deposit in full for the first time to the extent it is possible even though part of the material remains missing. I will discuss the deposit’s relationship to the main sanctuary and consider the votive and ritual behavior it might represent.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEPOSIT

The discovery of the deposit is described in Nemea Excavation Notebook No. 6 from

1925. A woman in the village of Archaia Nemea, the wife of Spiros Peppa, Broneer’s landlord when he worked in Nemea, came to Broneer in December 1925 with a broken figurine.

“Spirina,” as she is called in the notebook, said the figurine came from a field belonging to the

Peppa family. At 2:30 in the afternoon Broneer and a couple of workmen went with the landlord

Spiros and his wife to the place where the figurine was found and “began to dig.”

The following description is included as it is written in the notebook to give a picture of the excavation:

Immediately we found an early deposit of pottery right under the ploughed earth. Early Corinthian skyphoi all more common, some very tiny cups and some shallow saucers with three very small cups inside much like those found at

13 The Temple of Zeus was published in 1966 by Williams and Hodge Hill, see Hodge Hill 1966; for excavation reports see Miller 1975-1984 and 1988; for publications see Nemea I-III. In 1988-1990 a clearing of the modern road through the stadium took place, but this has not been reported in detail, see Nemea I, p. xxix. 14 Kim S. Shelton, director of the Nemea Center for Classical Archaeology, Berkeley (pers. comm.). June 2009.

15 Eleusis. After we had found the place with tools four of our workmen including Spiro and began to clear off a little area as to find the extent of the deposit. Some of the grain had to be destroyed where we were digging. Mr. Day and I were digging with knives all afternoon. Spirina, very proud of the discovery, requested that she might help. She came with a bread knife and proved a very good digger. A great number of sherds were found and some whole pots. In one case four skyphoi were put the one inside the other and found all together all faintly broken. Another figurine like the first, and broken, was found by Spirina.

I have cited this passage in the notebook in full to document the method (or lack thereof) and stratigraphy of the excavation. Broneer does, however, mention, despite the lack of exact measurement and early 20th century stratigraphical methods, that they dug circa 90 cm deep and covered an area of 34.45 m2.15

The history of the study of the deposit is still somewhat unclear, but can be partly reconstructed. Marion Rawson was, in 1933, the first person to study the assemblage after it was excavated.16 John L. Caskey took photographs of a portion of the objects in the deposit assemblage, which together with Rawson’s original manuscript of 40 pages is today kept in the

University of Cincinnati Classics Department’s Archives. Piet de Jong, who at the time was working as an illustrator for the Athenian Agora at Athens, must have visited Rawson in Nemea in 1933 because he made 16 beautiful watercolors of different vessels from the deposit (Figs. 10-

15).17 Rawson might also have filmed the deposit, as she did later both at Troy and Pylos, because there are film numbers on the inventory cards of the deposit, but the films or prints thereof are currently missing. Rawson got involved with the University of Cincinnati Classics

Department’s expedition to Troy in 1932; it was interrupted by the Second World War, and

15 Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, 1925, p. 29. 16 Rawson worked with the material in Nemea from 1933-1934 based on the Nemea Excavation Notebook where she made lists and comments about the material, Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, 1925, p. i. 17 The originals are in the Archives of the Classics Department, University of Cincinnati, Inv. Nos. UCPdJ509, UCPdJ510, UCPdJ514, UCPdJ515, UCPdJ517, UCPdJ522-23, UCPdJ525.

16 picked up again in 1945. Blegen, Caskey, and Rawson collaborated on publishing the settlements discovered in the expeditions in the following years.18 The first Troy volume was published in

1950; therefore, it seems likely that her work on the Archaic votive deposit from Nemea was interrupted by her work at Troy.

J. Robert Guy was invited to publish the deposit after Rawson, sometime before August

21, 1975. 19 In 2008 Shelton found a note signed by Guy with this date along with the inventory cards of the pottery from the deposit.20 Guy is probably the last person to have seen and studied the deposit in its entirety; 600-700 pieces of objects are now missing.21 The objects from the excavations at Nemea, as well as Kleonai and Tsoungiza, were kept in Corinth from the 1970s to

1984 when a new museum was built at Nemea, but at some point, probably during the move, about three-quarters of the material from this deposit appears to have gone missing (Figs. 89-

90).22 It has been confirmed that the missing material is not available in Corinth today.23 The

Nemea museum was finished in 1984, and the objects stored temporarily at Corinth were returned to Nemea. Robert F. Sutton Jr. studied the material in Nemea in the 1980s, but part of the material might have already been missing at that time, since Sutton never saw the 13 terracotta figurine fragments from the deposit.24 Today 229 objects from the deposit are kept in

18 Troy I-IV. 19 J.L. Davis (pers. comm.). 20 K.S. Shelton. June 2008. (pers. comm.). 21 It is difficult to know exactly how many vessels there were originally since Rawson only included restored and inventoried vessels in her manuscript and not fragments. She numbers fineware base and rim fragments, but regarding the coarseware, she only mentions a basket of coarseware and is not more specific than that. The number of 1000 vessels is an estimate based on Rawson’s manuscript, the inventoried vessels, the fragments she numbers, and the estimated number of vessels in the coarseware basket. 22 Table 2 and Figs. 89-94, 96 are based on the material available in Nemea, in total 229 vessels, and does not include any missing material. 23 Email correspondence, Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst, June 2009. 24 Email correspondence, J. Davis, K. Lynch, R. Sutton, S. Sutton, K. Shelton, and N. Vogeikoff, June 2008.

17 the storerooms or are on display in the Nemea Museum.25 Shelton discovered in the Nemea museum a box of inventory cards for the missing part of the deposit, together with a note saying,

“returned from Corinth,” but the material was not in the Nemea storeroom.26 The number of vessels and distribution can however be somewhat reconstructed with the help of Rawson’s manuscript, and the inventory cards (Table 1). The material was never published, although the preliminary manuscript composed by Rawson from 1933 has been preserved in the Archives of the University of Cincinnati, Department of Classics. Today, almost 85 years after its excavation, the Archaic votive deposit will finally be published. The present thesis aims to present it as fully as possible, although portions remain missing. The deposit will from this point on be referred to by the name “the Rawson deposit” because Rawson did the most extensive work on the deposit to date. The aim of the study of this deposit is to consider questions of production, the relation of the deposit to the Sanctuary of Zeus, the deity of the proposed shrine, and ritual behavior based on the votive assemblage.

25 Case 5, 1, 19, 20, 26, 28, 39, 58, 76, 94, 130, 140, 159, 162, 167, 173, 177, 178, 232, 238, 239, 249, 262, and 283, for a description see Miller 2004, pp. 39-40. 26 K.S. Shelton (pers. comm.). June 6, 2009.

18 CHAPTER 2. DEPOSIT SUMMARY AND CHRONOLOGY

MISSING AND AVAILABLE MATERIAL

The Archaic votive deposit from Nemea, the Rawson deposit, originally consisted of more than 1000 vessels, which becomes apparent from Rawson’s original manuscript.27 She lists fineware base- and rim-fragments and mentions a basket of an unknown number of coarseware sherds of handles, bodies, and rims of jugs, basins, and dishes. The estimated number of vessels she refers to, as well as the material available in Nemea today, is nearly 1000 vessels in total. In addition to the 1000 vessels, of mostly miniature shapes, the votive deposit also consisted of 13 fragmentary terracotta figurines, two terracotta lamps, and one bronze pin.

In total, the missing portion amounts to three-quarters of the deposit (Figs. 89-90, Table

1). The 13 fragmentary terracotta figurines, 163 restored vessels, 533 base fragments and an unknown number of body, rim, and handle fragments of fineware are missing. The missing base fragments may go with some of the missing rim fragments, but this is not clear from Rawson’s manuscript.

Currently, available in Nemea are 229 whole or restored vessels and the two lamps. In

Nemea 23 items are on display in the museum.28 This study and discussion is primarily based on

27 The deposit summary is based on the 229 vessels still present in Nemea and Rawson’s 40 page preliminary manuscript. Blegen, in the first mention of the deposit in 1926, states that, “The deposit comprised several hundred small vases, cups, skyphoi, jugs, aryballoi, dishes etc.; and a number of figurines of terracotta….The pottery includes a few specimens of the Geometric style, though the bulk of the vases seem to be Proto-Corinthian and Corinthian fabrics…,” Blegen 1926, p. 132. Rawson does not mention any Geometric pieces or aryballoi; she studied the material in 1933-1934, so unless some vessels had already gone missing, we must assume that Blegen was wrong or misinformed. 28 1, 19, 20, 26, 28, 39, 58, 76, 94, 130, 140, 159, 162, 167, 173, 177, 178, 238, 239, 249, 250, 262, and 283.

19 the 229 vessels still available for study today, but information regarding the missing portion gained from Rawson’s manuscript and de Jong’s watercolors has been added to the catalogue where possible.

REGULAR-SIZED VESSELS

In the catalogue kotylai have been distinguished from skyphoi by their feet. The kotyle is a deep drinking vessel with a flaring ring foot and two horizontal loop handles attached below the rim. The skyphos has the Attic-type torus ring foot or a foot imitating the Attic type.

However, both shapes are decorated the same way. The main decorated area is usually the handle zone, where a wide range if motifs are seen.29 The 41 regular sized kotylai/skyphoi range in height from 6 – 12 cm (1-27, 75-77, 93-99, 111-113), and the miniatures and diminutives from

1.5 – 6 cm (28-74, 78-92, 100-110, 114-115).

One very large skyphos or kotyle was found in the Rawson deposit, its estimated diameter is 18.6 and the preserved height is 9 cm. (Only fragments of the upper half of the vessel are preserved and restored 111, Figs. 84, 120). The skyphoi from the Athenian Agora (Agora

XII) vary in height from 6-14.2 cm and in diameter 8.8-17.8 cm, so 111 is unusually large.

Similar large kotylai have been discovered in Corinth. The shape was so large that it would have been difficult to use it as a drinking cup, and 111 was more likely used as a bowl, perhaps as a container or mixer for wine or other liquids.30 Martha K. Risser dates all three examples from

Corinth to the third quarter of the 6th century B.C.31 A standard large kotyle 77, dates to the first quarter of the 5th century B.C. 77 has an unusual decoration of ivy with heart-shaped leaves

29 Corinth VII.5, p. 54. 30 Corinth VII.5, p. 67. 31 Corinth VII.5, pp. 60, 67, nos. 124, 182-183, pls. 10, 12.

20 attached to a main stem (Fig. 15).32 Another large kotyle 14, can be dated to the late 5th century based on its bulbous shape (Fig. 99). 14 is the only example in the Rawson deposit with this shape. It is decorated with semi-black glazed and has thin vertical black lines projecting from the base. Compared to similar examples from the North Cemetery at Corinth, 14 dates to the last quarter of the 5th century B.C.33 Three kotylai and two skyphoi might date even later (23-25, 104-

105, Figs. 86, 119). They have an unusual decoration, a combination of vertical squiggles in the handle zone and lotus buds on the lower body. All five examples are different, especially 25 which has more triangular buds that are connected to the borderline below. The bodies of these kotylai/skyphoi all narrow towards the base, which makes the shape rather triangular compared to the other kotylai and skyphoi in the deposit (Cf. Figs. 103-104 to Fig. 119). Interestingly, the only parallel found is a kotyle from Corinth, the Terracotta Factory Deposit 2, which Agnes N.

Stillwell described in the unpublished Corinth excavation notebook.34 This specific kotyle was found together with other kotylai, but more interestingly the cups were found along the east side of a wall, and some of the cups were found inside others, a characteristic shared with the Rawson deposit. Based on this context 23-25, and 104-105 might date as late as the second half of the 4th century B.C. However, the sparse parallels to this particular shape and decoration make the late date ambiguous.

A few other regular-sized shapes are found in the deposit: Two lamps 282-283 (Figs.

155-156), a one-handled cup 198 (Fig. 129), restored fragments of a large pyxis 214, and four oinochoai 222-223 (Figs. 136, 153), which might have been used for pouring liquid despite their relatively small size of 5 – 11.8 cm. Both of the lamps can be dated to the late 6th century B.C.

32 Corinth VII.5, pp. 67-68, no. 186, table 1. 33 Corinth XIII, pp. 268-269, 272, nos. 415-13, 422-1, 422-2, pls. 68, 70, 97. 34 For a description of the context, see Corinth VII.5, p. 17.

21 282-283, based on parallels from both Corinth and the Athenian Agora.35 In the Corinth volume on Greek lamps 282 and 283, belong to Type 1, and in the Athenian Agora 282 and 283 have been grouped as Type 12A. Both lamps are described as Corinthian lamps with flat rims, central cones, and flat bases.36 A parallel to the one-handled cup 200 is found at Corinth, the Potters’

Quarter, but the Corinthian example is described as a one-handled shallow bowl with slightly incurved rim. However, the two examples are very similar, except from the fact that 200 is slightly taller. They both appear to have been dipped in black glaze and probably date to a little after the middle of the 5th century B.C. based on the context in Corinth.37

The imported Attic pieces are all regular sized vessels: an Attic kylix (262, Figs. 62-63,

144), three base sherds, and two rim sherds (263-267, Figs. 64-66, 144-149). The kylix is a

“palmette” kylix, especially found at the North Cemetery at Corinth, but the best description of the shape comes from the Athenian Agora. The shape of the only Attic kylix in the Rawson deposit, is similar to a “Type C Cup” with a concave lip.38 The stem of the Type C Cup has a fillet at its junction with the foot, which 262 is lacking, but the other features of the shape fits with 262. However, 262 is not black-glazed as the Attic examples are. The decoration is that of a

“palmette kylix,” although 262 has no incision on the palmette decoration as most Corinth examples have, but it is uncertain from the publication if the incision can be used as a chronological marker.39 Two examples from the Stoa Gutter Well in Athens are very similar to

35 Type 1, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 31-35, 131, nos. 23, 29, pl. 1; Type 12A, see Agora IV, pp. 25-26, nos. 74-75, pls. 3, 31. 36 Agora IV, p. 25. 37 Corinth XV.3, p. 206. 38 Agora XII, pp. 91-92, 264, no. 413, pl. 19, fig. 4. 39 Corinth XIII, pp. 158-160, no. D 9-g, pl. 43; Corinth XIII, pp. 158-160, no. 262, fig. 9, pl. 36; Vanderpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220, pl. 62, Vanderpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220, pl. 62, 262 is slightly larger.

22 262 and are about the same height, but both examples have incision.40 Based on the parallels from the Athenian Agora and Corinth, 262 should be dated to the early 5th century B.C.

263 is the rim fragment of an Attic black-figured cup-skyphos. The decoration depicts branches and two thin straight black lines crossing each other, and there is trace of an object at the lower left at the break. Perhaps the decoration belongs to the CHC group and depicts

Dionysus sitting in a mule-cart.41 264 is also an Attic rim-fragment of a black-figured cup- skyphos, and depicts men flanked by sphinxes. The two Attic rim fragments and one of the

Corinthian Type skyphos base fragments date to about 490 – 480 B.C. 263-264, 267. In addition, the two Attic base fragments, one of a Attic Type skyphos, the other of a Corinthian Type skyphos 265-266, both date to about 470 – 460 B.C. The shape of the Corinthian Type skyphos is a direct borrowing from Corinth, and while it was never very popular in Attic black-figure, in

Attic red-figure and in black glazed ware it continues into the 4th century B.C. The Corinthian

Type skyphos has very thin walls that curve inward slightly at the rim, it has narrow handles and a ring foot.42 The shape of the Attic-type skyphos is also adopted from the Corinthian repertoire, but has a thicker wall, heavier handles, and a strong torus foot (266, Fig. 148). The chief difference, however, is the outturned rim. The type begins about the middle of the 6th century

B.C., but undergoes a long period of experiment before attaining its established shape in the early 5th century B.C. Throughout the history of the shape, the profile and the scheme of decoration may vary considerably from workshop to workshop or from potter to potter.43 It is interesting that all of the Attic pieces found in the deposit are of regular-sized vessels (Not

40 Roberts 1986, p. 22, nos. 32-33, pl. 7, the Agora examples date to about 520 - 480 B.C.; See also Vanderpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220, pl. 62. 41 Agora XXIII, pp. 281, no. 1498, pl. 102. 42 Agora XXIII, pp. 58-59. 43 Agora XXIII, p. 59.

23 counting the missing Corinthian? coarseware). Perhaps the Attic wares were dedicated not because of their use, but rather because they were deemed more suitable for the gods than local fineware of regular size. Thus, the Corinthian and regional miniatures appear to be more symbolic than functional.

MINIATURES

The miniature vessels make up 77% of the assemblage available at Nemea (Fig. 91).

Regarding the distribution of the shapes, most are kotylai/skyphoi (41%), miniature hydriai constitute the second largest group (29%), and kalathiskoi the third largest group (10%). I will discuss the miniatures in terms of fabric beginning with the Corinthian vessels, then the Argive and lastly the miniature vessels of other fabric groups.

Regarding the decoration of the miniature kotylai/skyphoi most have petals (lotus buds) in the handle zone, either alternating black and red, or only black (1-9, 28-41, 99, 106-107). This type of decoration seems to date to the late 6th century B.C. based on parallels from the Potters’

Quarter in Corinth.44 The second most often used decoration on the miniature kotylai in the

Rawson deposit is vertical black squiggles (10, 42-63, 108-109, 115), and the third is the

Conventionalizing black zigzag decoration (78-91, 114, Figs. 44-49). Based on Risser’s work on

Corinthian Conventionalizing decoration, the zigzag on the miniature kotylai from the Rawson deposit span chronologically from the first to the last quarter of the 5th century B.C. (Table 4).45

Other kotylai have semi-black glazed decoration, either with 11, 13-16, 19, 93, 97, or without

44 Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1718, pl. 67. 45 Corinth VII.5, table 1.

24 projecting rays on the lower body 12, 17-18, 20-22, 71-73, 96, 98, 100-103. 46 This type of decoration originates in Sub-Geometric and Geometric predecessors. Based on the contexts of the Corinthian parallels, the examples from the Rawson deposit can be dated to the first to last quarter of the 6th century B.C. As is common in Corinth, semi-black glazed decoration appears both on skyphoi (93, 97) and kotylai (13-16).47 A couple of miniature kotylai are completely black-glazed (64-66, 110) and date to the middle of the 6th – beginning of the 5th century B.C.

The few diminutive kotylai of the Rawson deposit have black bands in the handle zone (67-70) and date to second quarter to late 6th century B.C. The diminutive are distiguished from the miniature kotylai by their very small size; they range in height from 1-5 – 4 cm.

Out of the 146 kotylai/skyphoi in the deposit only two have black-figured decoration 26-

27, but interestingly they are from the same painter: the Vermicular Painter of the Late

Corinthian period, as determined by Darrell A. Amyx (Figs. 10-11, 104-105).48 Similarities include the crude execution of the sirens on the vessels and the filling ornaments such as the squiggles and blobs.49 26-27 are respectively 1-2 cm smaller than the Amyx example and do not have tall thin rays on the lower body; instead the figurative scenes on 26-27 cover the entire vessel (Figs. 10-11, 16). According to Amyx, the Vermicular Painter descended from the

Chaironeia Group, which worked in the Late Corinthian period.50 The work of the Vermicular

Painter has been found in Corinth, Rhitsona, Chassiai (Boeotia), Agrigento (Sicily), Comiso

46 For a discussion of “ray kotylai,” see Corinth XV.3, pp. 188-189. 47 Corinth XV.3, p. 188. 48 Prior to Amyx’s study the painter was named “The Quarter Moon Painter,” see Benson 1983, pp. 316; Smith 2003, p. 350; Amyx 1996, pp. 46-47; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 46-47; for a full list of possible attributions to the Vermicular Painter see Neeft 1991, pp. 74-75. 49 Amyx 1988, p. 249. 50 Amyx 1988, pp. 250-251, nos. 13-16, 18; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, p. 47.

25 (Sicily), Ierissos (ancient Akanthos in Northern Greece), and now Nemea.51 It is difficult to deduce anything of the distribution of the work of the Vermicular Painter. It could be that the sherds from Sicily and northern Greece are the result of direct trade from Corinth, but they could also have arrived there through intermediary routes. The rim fragment of the kotylai of the

Vermicular Painter from Agrigento and the kotyle from Rhitsona were found in graves, which could indicate that they were treasured belongings.52 The precise date of the Agrigento fragment is somewhat uncertain, but it belongs to the Late Corinthian period, and the grave from Rhitsona has been dated to about 550 B.C. The two cups provide a good indication of the date of the

Rawson deposit spanning from the late 6th to the early 5th century B.C.53

Miniature Hydriai and Kalathiskoi

The Corinthian miniature hydriai are the second largest group of miniature shapes from the deposit. They are very similar to the examples from both Cyrene and Perachora 118-125,

127-128, 116-117, 130, 166, and date from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 5th but were also produced in later periods down to the 4th century B.C.54 At Cyrene the excavators roughly divided the miniature hydriai into two groups, Archaic and Classical, primarily based on

51 For the examples in Corinth, see Campbell 1938, p. 591, fig. 17; Williams 1973, p. 14, no. 15, pl. 8; Amyx 1988, p. 249, A1-A3; Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, p. 46; for the example in Rhitsona, see Thebes 51.33, Ure 1910, p. 337, fig. 2, left; Payne 1931, p. 323, no. 1335; Amyx 1988, p. 249, A4; Amyx 1996, p. 46; Corinth VII.2, p. 57; for the examples in Chassiai, see Athens, British School A-31, Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322, pl. 67:C; Smith 2003, p. 364, no. 48, pl. 66 e-f; for the example in Agrigento, see Amyx 1988, p. 249, A5; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 47, 412, pl. 131, fig. 8; for the example in Comiso, see Di Vita 1951, p. 347, fig. 13; for the example in Ierissos, see Polygiros Mus. No. 333-Λ18-Λ2; Aupert 1976, pp. 676, 679, fig. 216; Amyx 1988, pp. 326, 351, Α6; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, p. 47; for the Nemea examples, see Amyx and Lawrence 1996, p. 47. 52 Agrigento S/2121, Montelusa cemetery, Amyx 1988, p. 249, A5; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 47, 412, pl. 131, fig. 8; Thebes 51.33, Ure 1910, p. 337, fig. 2, left; Payne 1931, p. 323, no. 1335; Amyx 1988, p. 249, A4; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, p. 46; Corinth VII.2, p. 57. 53 Aupert 1976, pp. 676, 679; Corinth VII.2, p. 57. 54 Kocybala 1999, pp. 87-93, see especially the Classical miniature hydriai, nos. 374-388, pls. 60-62.

26 the shapes.55 Compared to Cyrene 118, 121, 124, 126, and 136 are Late Archaic and 138 is

Classical (Fig. 27).56

The kalathiskoi date from the early 5th to the late 5th century B.C. Based on shape and decoration 175 and 180 both date to the early 5th century, whereas 176, 179, and 183 can be dated to the late 5th century B.C. (Figs. 37-38, 52, 121-127). The kalathiskos shapes in the

Rawson deposit all seem to be of Type 3 according to Elizabeth G. Pemberton’s typology. Type

3 was introduced around the end of the 6th century and continued to the earlier 4th century B.C.

The resting surface and bevel are reserved. At the top of the bevel or directly above it is a black band, and above that and below the handle zone is a red band. The handle zone is decorated with sigmas, zetas, zigzags, or maeanders.57 A couple of examples are probably slightly later. The late-5th and 4th century examples may have rounded bevels and either a sharp contraction of the wall or a loss of concavity (176, 179, and 183, Cf. Figs. 121-127). The minimum diameter is under the rim, and the rim may not be offset from the wall, as it is on earlier examples.58 In conclusion, the miniature hydriai and kalathiskoi can be dated to the end of the 6th century to late

5th century B.C.

Regarding the Argive material from the deposit, a miniature Argive hydria 234, dates to the second quarter of 6th century B.C. based on comparanda from the Argive Heraion (Figs. 75-

76, 138-139).59 234 is a small hydria with rounded body, sloping to a low flat ring base. It has a tall neck and two vertical lug-like handles rising from the shoulder. It is very similar to two

55 Kocybala 1999, pp. 87-88. 56 For the similar examples from Cyrene, see Kocybala 1999, pp. 89, 91, 93-94, nos. 343, 357, 385, pls. 56, 58, 61. 57 Pemberton divided the kalathiskoi found in the Demeter sanctuary at Corinth into four chronological groups, the first three of which are Conventionalizing, see Corinth VII.5, pp. 71-72. 58 Corinth VII.5, p. 72. 59 Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 197-199, nos. 215-216, pl. 54.

27 examples from the Argive Heraion published by Caskey and Pierre Amandry, who determine the shape and fabric to be Argive.60

Other Miniatures and Missing Material

All of the exaleiptra 217-219, and the (missing) flaring kalathoi date to the late 6th to early 5th century B.C. 184-185. Exaleiptra are characterized by deep, incurving rims, designed as barriers against spillage (Figs. 134-135). The Corinthian exaleiptron, often a grave offering elsewhere, is found almost exclusively in domestic deposits in Corinth. The shape typically has

Conventionalizing decoration, and the main decorative zone is the shoulder.61 217-219 have decorations of lines in black and red, and a row of black dots.62 Flaring kalathoi are small cups with flaring sides and no handles. The missing examples from the Rawson deposit resemble

Corinthian examples both in shape and linear decoration.63 Two miniature cylindrical powder pyxides are found in the Rawson deposit 215-216. Both pyxides have a thickened rim, high base, and slightly convex underside (Figs. 131-133). A couple of vessels (two koylai 14, 75, and a miniature jug 231) can be dated to the end of the 5th century B.C. and provides - together with the Attic pieces 262-267 - a suggestion for the lower date of the deposit. Whole shape groups of miniatures are currently missing from the Rawson deposit, such as the kernoi (224-225, Figs. 87-

88), phialai (211-212), krateriskoi (186-191), bowls (192-199), saucers (204-207), dishes (228-

60 Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 193-198. 61 Corinth VII.5, p. 97. 62 Corinth VII.5, pp. 99-100, nos. 371-372, 379, pls. 21-22. 63 For parallels, see Corinth XV.3, pp. 338, 341, nos. 2054, 2096, pls. 73-74.

28 230), flaring kalathiskoi (184-185), kothons (220-221), and kana (226-227). Based on parallels from Corinth they range in date from the beginning of 6th to beginning of 5th century B.C.64

In conclusion, the pottery in the Rawson deposit ranges from the end of the 7th century

(249, 268-269) to the middle or late 5th century B.C. (6, 115, 262-267). However, the early date in the end of the 7th century B.C. is based on one coarse miniature amphora, possible from Asine and two local or Argive imitations of a Lakonian shape, the Lakainai. Three examples are not very firm evidence for dating a deposit of possibly more than 1000 vessels (Figs. 77-80, 150-

152). Since, however, all the well-dated material from the Rawson deposit span in date from the beginning of the 6th to the beginning of the 5th century B.C. that provides a more firm date for the

Rawson deposit.

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES (MISSING)

Ten of the terracotta figurines represent seated females of the “Argive Tirynthian” type with bird-like faces 284-293 (Fig. 34). There is also a standing female figure 294, a small

Archaic terracotta head 295, and one fragment of a terracotta animal, probably a dove, found in the deposit 296. The “Argive Tirynthian“ type figurine is very widespread and found at many sites in the Peloponnese, for instance Asine, Argos, Tiryns, Tegea, Mycenae, Phlious, the Argive

64 For parallels to kernoi, see Corinth XV.3, pp. 332-333, nos. 1985-1989, pl. 72; for phialai, see Corinth XV.3, p. 335, nos. 2020-2021, pls. 73, 118; for krateriskoi, see Corinth XVIII.1, p. 169, no. 511, pl. 50, Corinth XV.3, p. 315, no. 1767, pl. 68 and Corinth XV.3, p. 313, no. 1731, pl. 67; for bowls, see Corinth XV.3, p. 328, nos. 1917 or 1926, pls. 71, 111, 117; for saucers, see Corinth XV.3, pp. 327, 329, nos. 1911, 1929, pl. 71; for dishes, see Corinth XV.3, p. 333, no. 1983, pl. 72; for kothons, see Corinth XV.3, p. 337, nos. 2037, 2038, pl. 73; and for kana, see Corinth XV.3, p. 326, nos. 1900, 1902, pl. 70; Corinth VII.5, p. 131, no. 568, fig. 25.

29 Heraion, and it may be a strictly Peloponnesian phenomenon.65 A possible production center for these figurines has been located in Argos where both terracotta figurines and molds were discovered (for the later figurines).66 The excavators of the Argive Heraion once dated the terracotta figurines to the “Pre-Archaic” period, but the date has now been refined to the early 6th to mid 5th century B.C. The “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine is a handmade terracotta figurine, which is mostly depicted seated, and sometimes a throne is preserved (Fig. 34). The excavators of the Argive Heraion dubbed this type of figure “Argive Tirynthian” mainly on the fact that a large number of similar figurines were found at Tiryns.67 Some of the well-preserved examples of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurines still have traces of applied colors on them. Often the whole figurine seems to have been covered by a white wash; the head and breast-bands often preserve traces of added red, and the skirt/dress/peplos red or green lines.68 The figurines also wear a kind of crown, or polos, their faces are birdlike, pinched into shape, and the eyes consist of applied round pellets of clay. Examples in the British Museum show that the type probably advanced over time gradually attaining more elaborate decoration and details such as a more naturalistic rendering of the faces, more bands across the chest, and more ornate decoration such as flowers attached at the breast-bands.69 The widespread occurrence of the figurine speaks for a large production of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine and this figurine becomes a generic type, which complicates the determination of which goddess it represents.70

65 Asine I, p. 334, figs. 3-5; Guggisberg 1988a; Guggisberg 1988b; Tiryns I, pp. 59- 61; Jantzen 1975, pp. 170-174; Dugas 1921, p. 424, fig. 346; AH I, p. 44, fig. 18; AH II, pp. 17-22; Cook 1953, pp. 30-68, figs. I:1-5, pl. 22; Wright et al. 1990, pp. 647-679. 66 Guggisberg 1988, p. 229; there is also evidence for both Geometric and Hellenistic kilns in Argos, see Cook 1961, pp. 64-67; for kilns in Athens, see Papadopoulos 2003; for Greek kilns of all periods, see Hasaki 2002. 67 AH II, p. 5. 68 Jantzen 1975, p. 170; Wells 2002, pp. 109-110, no. 15, fig. 15. 69 From Argos, see Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 268-271, nos. 980-986, pl. 138; Jantzen 1975, pp. 170-172, figs. 78-79; from Tegea, see Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 272-276, nos. 991, 993, pls. 139-140. 70 Wells 2002, p. 110.

30 I will evaluate the occurrence of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurines in topographical order beginning with the area closest to Nemea and then move further away to Arcadia and

Perachora in order to compare the differences and similarities of their contexts and recipients of dedication. With regards to Asine, it was for a long time thought that the site was deserted for four hundred years between 700 and 300 B.C.71 In an important article from 2002, Berit Wells presented the evidence for cult activity on the acropolis in Asine from the late Geometric through

Classical times (Figs. 20-21).72 Wells examined three assemblages from Asine, two deposits and an assemblage of pottery found at the so-called Geometric Terrace.73 Wells published 10 fragments from the Geometric Terrace assemblages including a fragment of a torso of an

“Argive Tirynthian” figurine.74 Wells supports the idea that this type of figurine is handmade.

Material from the excavation on the Geometric Terrace was originally presented in the publication according to chronological periods and not their original contexts, which blurs the contextual information. Wells evaluated the material and dated the figurine fragment to the

Archaic period.75 The other two Archaic deposits from Asine also lack clear contextual information, but according to the publication from 1938, one deposit was found above the entrance of the Acropolis in a crevice of a rock. The second deposit was also found in a crevice in the rock, but on the western slope of the Acropolis.76 The excavators dated both of the deposits to the early Archaic period.77 Today the two deposits are unfortunately mostly lost except for some Archaic and Classical figurines and some pottery ranging from the Mycenaean through the

71 Asine I, p. 437. 72 Wells 2002. 73 Wells 2002, pp. 96-97, fig. 1. The Geometric Terrace was excavated in 1922, 1926, and 1938, Wells 2002, p. 98. 74 Wells 2002, pp. 101-103, nos. 1-10, fig. 2-10. 75 Wells 2002, pp. 99, 104. 76 Both deposits were found in 1922, see Asine I, p. 32, n. 1; Wells 2002, pp. 104-105. 77 Asine I, p. 32, n. 1; Wells 2002, pp. 104-105.

31 Hellenistic periods.78 According to Wells, it is impossible to determine which of the objects belonged to which deposit, especially since the excavation diaries are not useful.79 In total there are 102 figurines, 39 of which are published in Wells’ article.80

The pottery from the two Asine deposits is not very similar to the Rawson deposit. The distribution of the miniature pottery consists of 60 kalathoi, 23 kantharoi, 21 phialai, and fragments of 10 other shapes, among them two fragments of regular-sized vessels.81 Axel W.

Persson, who excavated the deposits in 1922, suggested that the material belonged to a cult of

Demeter, based on the enthroned figurines. Some standing figurines were also found in the Asine deposits, and one is carrying a piglet; therefore, it has been interpreted to represent Demeter.82

One of the standing figurines resembles the fragmentary standing figurine from the Rawson deposit 294; however, the Nemea figurine is too fragmentary to tell if it is carrying something since most of the arms are not preserved (Fig. 34). Fragments of mounted warriors were found in the deposits as well, so Persson also suggests that the deity could have been Apollo.83 However, the presence of a fragmented figurine carrying a bow and a fragment of a dove suggests the deity could also be Artemis or Aphrodite (Fig. 21).84 Wells did not specify a date other than to say the figurines are Archaic; however, the standing figurines could be dated somewhat later on style, perhaps to the early Classical period. Wells concluded that both cults to Demeter and to Artemis in Asine are possible.85 Comparing the evidence from Asine to the Rawson deposit, we do not

78 Wells 2002, p. 105. 79 The deposits probably got mixed up during WWII since the material was stored at different locations and moved around. After the war in the early 1950s Åke Åkerström salvaged as much as he could from the Swedish excavations: see Wells 2002, p. 105. 80 Wells 2002, pp. 106-120, nos. 11-50, figs. 12-23. 81 25 out of 114 of which Wells published, Wells 2002, pp. 120-125, nos. 51-76, figs. 25-29. 82 Wells 2002, p. 131. 83 Wells 2002, pp. 130-131. 84 Wells 2002, p. 131. 85 Wells 2002, p. 131.

32 attain an identification of the deity of the Nemea shrine, but the Asine material does support the

Archaic to Classical date of the Rawson deposit. The occurance of both female seated and standing figurines found together with nounted (male) warrior figurines is not unusual. Brita

Alroth, who has done a study on “visiting gods,” i.e., figurines representing one deity which have been dedicated to another, determine this behavior to be common.86 Alroth presents figurines from the Geometric to Classical period from sites mostly in the Peloponnese.87 Her study shows that it was general practice to dedicate figurines that represented one god or goddess to another deity, both in the 6th and especially in the 5th century B.C.88 This point is important to keep in mind when evaluating the occurence of the terracotta figurines found at the sites mentioned below.

At Prosymna, near the Argive Heraion, Blegen excavated a shrine of the 7th century B.C. where he found seven fragments of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine.89 The shrine consists of a retaining wall of a terrace or platform, but no trace of an actual building was found. A very thick layer of deposited ash was excavated on the terrace and this ash-altar itself could constitute the shrine.90 Blegen does not mention whether the figurines had preserved colors on them, but from the photo it looks as if blobs of white paint have been preserved. Blegen did not suggest a deity to which the Prosymna shrine could have belonged. The figurines from the Rawson deposit all have either one or two strips of clay as breast-ornaments or pieces of cloth, whereas the

Prosymna examples have two or three (Cf. Figs. 22 and 34). It is uncertain if the number of

86 Alroth 1989; Alroth 1989-1990, pp. 301-310. 87 Alroth 1989-1990, table 1a. 88 Alroth 1989-1990, , p. 303, table 1a-b. 89 Blegen 1939, pp. 420-423, nos. 1251-1253, 1255-1258, fig. 10. 90 Blegen 1939, pp. 410-411.

33 breast bands is a chronological indication or is an indication of the production site.91 Regarding the pottery from Prosymna, 15 baskets of pottery were found, but only a few vases could be reconstructed. Most of the pottery dates to the final quarter of the 8th to the first half of the 7th century B.C.92 However, the context of the two deposits from Asine as well as the Rawson deposit could indicate a date slightly later than 675 to 650 B.C., which Blegen proposed.

A large number of terracotta figurines come from the Argive Heraion: 2865 pieces not including animal figurines.93 The grouping of the Argive Heraion terracottas is, however, somewhat confusing and rarely based on stratigraphy or context.94 The chronology of the figurines from the Heraion has been a topic of debate. Charles Waldstein, who excavated and published the terracotta figurines, dated the “crudest” examples, i.e., the “Argive Tirynthian” types, to the pre-Archaic period, as mentioned above.95 Waldstein suggested that the female figurines represent Hera, the chief goddess of Argos. His argument is based on the fact that

Pausanias and other ancient authors often described Hera as seated, and since the majority of the figurines are seated they could represent Hera. Also the headdress, whether it is a polos, crown, or stephanos, belongs to the wardrobe of Hera.96 However, as Waldstein also mentions, the presence of the same kind of figurines in Athena sanctuaries such as in Tegea makes the figurines hard to associate with a single goddess.97

At Tiryns over 500 handmade terracotta figurines were found, and 40 of them have been published, but only three of these examples are distinguished as belonging to the “Argive

91 Discoveries in Phlious of pottery and 11 fragmentary “Argive Tirynthian” figurines, as well as other figurines, strengthens the case for local production, see Wright et al. 1990, p. 647. 92 Blegen 1939, pp. 423-427, fig. 12. 93 AH II, p. 9. 94 AH II, p. 3, Jenkins 1934, pp. 23-24. 95 AH II, pp. 3-5; for a run-through of the discussion of chronology, see Jenkins 1934, p. 36. 96 For a more recent discussion of the evidence from the Argive Heraion, see Baumbach 2004, pp. 74-104. 97 AH II, pp.13-14.

34 Tirynthian” type.98 August H. Frickenhaus, who published the terracotta figurines in Tiryns I, did not provide an interpretation based on these figurines alone, and unfortunately contexts and stratigraphic evidence are also lacking from Tiryns. Frickenhaus dated most of the figurines to the 7th century, which Romilly J.H. Jenkins later criticized.99 Jenkins only dated a couple of fragments to the last quarter of the 8th century, and it was a strictly stylistically assignment based on similarities in early Proto-Corinthian vase-painting, which is problematic, since vase painting and terracotta figurines are not the same medium.100 The examples Jenkins examined, which date to the 6th century B.C., include elaborate examples of the “Argive Tirynthian” figurines, but none of the examples resembled the simpler figurines from the Rawson deposit.101 In the guidebook to

Tiryns, Ulf Jantzen suggested that the figurines are from a Hera sanctuary since the figurines (on a throne, with poloi) were discovered together with a lot of miniature pottery, but that more contextualized scholarly work has to be done to determine this suggestion.102 Pindar says, “γαίᾳ

δὲ καυθείσᾳ πυρὶ καρπὸς ἐλαίας ἔµολεν Ἥρας τὸν εὐάνορα λαὸν ἐν ἀγγέων ἕρκεσιν

παµποικίλοις,” and call Tiryns, “the city of Hera,” which has lead to the conclusion that Hera was the city-goddess and protectoress there (Appendix).103

Some evidence as to which deity the figurines represent and to whom they are typically offered comes from an assemblage on display in the Nauplio museum, where several of the

98 Tiryns I, pp. 59-61; for a more recent study of the evidence from Tiryns, see Baumbach 2004, pp. 50-73, however, Baumbach still dates the ”Argive Tirynthian” figurines to the 7th century B.C. 99 Jenkins 1934, pp. 36-37. 100 The examples are from the Argive Heraion, see Jenkins 1934, p. 37, nos. A1-A2, fig. 1, pl. 12 and pp. 24-25, fig. 1. 101 Classes B-G, Jenkins 1934, pp. 27-35; similar terracotta figurines (about 50) are found at the Agamemnoneion, Mycenae, but Cook who published them refers to Jenkins’ chronology and states that no interpretation can be based on the figurines, Cook 1953, pp. 34, 62. 102 Jantzen 1975, p. 170. 103 ”And in earth baked by fire olive oil came to the fine men of Hera's city in jars with richly painted sides,” Pindar Nem. X.30-40, trans. Race 1997; Tiryns I, p. 19.

35 “Argive Tirynthian” type figurines from the upper citadel in Tiryns are exhibited.104 The assemblage comes from a bothros and consists of terracotta figurines, both standing and enthroned, mounted warrior figurines, dancing figurines, votive terracotta cakes, and more than

30 miniature vessels, most of them kalathoi. The material was found together with a base fragment of an Attic skyphos with the graffito, “ΗΡΑ,” “Hera” (Fig. 23). This inscription clearly speaks for a Hera cult at the upper citadel of Tiryns, and it is the best evidence so far that connects the “Argive Tirynthian” figurines with a specific goddess. However, another assemblage is on display right next to the Hera assemblage from a bothros on the upper citadel.

The labels at the Nauplio Museum say, “Tiryns, citadel, cult of Athena,” and on display are seven items: one fragment of a terracotta figurine, few pieces of bronze including a miniature bronze helmet, and most interestingly, two Attic black-glazed rim fragments of kraters. Both krater fragments have a graffito on them, one says, “ΑΘΑΝΑΙΑΣ ΕΜΙ,” “I belong to Athena.”105

The other says, “ΑΘΑN,” and could be a less well-preserved example of a similar graffito (Fig.

23). These two examples of deposits with “Argive Tirynthian” terracotta figurines demonstrate that the same figure type could be offered to different deities.106 However, we may conclude with some caution that the type is most at home in shrines to goddesses.

As mentioned above, the “Argive Tirynthian” type of figurine was widely distributed. As we move further away from the Argos area, the occurrence of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine become sparser, and regional differences becomes apparent. In the Sanctuary of Athena

Alea at Tegea two fragments of the “Argive Tirynthian” type were found (Fig. 24). As in Asine

104 It is uncertain if the material on display at the Nauplio museum is only a selection of the excavated material. Unfortunately I have not been able to examine the two assemblages in detail. 105 The material is not published yet, the information is from personal observation and photos from the Nauplio Museum, see also Alroth 1989, pp. 32-34. 106 Alroth 1989, pp. 65-105, 108-113, especially pp. 80-81.

36 and Tiryns, a fragment of a horse and rider was also found.107 Charles Dugas stated that with regards to these ex-voti it is impossible to conclude much about their usage.108 Dugas only presents a selection of fragmentary figurines, and only depicted one example. It is, therefore uncertain how many “Argive Tirynthian” figurines are present in Tegea. Compared to the Argive

Heraion, the number is certainly more limited. Dugas dated them very tentatively to the 6th century B.C., but seemed to be in favor of a date before the Archaic period.109 Mary E. Voyatzis, who also worked with material from Tegea, did not present any figurines comparable to the ones from Nemea.110

Only a few of the more than 1000 terracotta figurines from the Hera sanctuary in

Perachora can securely be classified as the “Argive Tirynthian” type.111 However, Jenkins, who published the terracottas from Perachora in Perachora I, stated that they can be dated to the second half of the 6th century B.C.112 Interestingly the examples from Perachora that most resemble the “Argive Tirynthian” type all have more elaborately executed faces. The bodies are almost identical to the “Argive Tirynthian” type, with the two coils of clay forming a cloth carried in the goddess’ arms, and all wear some kind of crown, but the faces are remarkably different. The faces are not pinched into a birdlike shape, but are naturalistically rendered (Fig.

25).113 The single Archaic looking head from the Rawson deposit 295, is quite similar to an example from Perachora, which Jenkins dated to the last quarter of the 6th century, a date that fits

107 Dugas 1921, p. 424, nos. 346-348, fig. 63. 108 Dugas 1921, p. 423. 109 “Comme les vases de technique très primitive que nous avons signalés ce sont bien plutôt des survivances qui doivent remonter à l’èpoque gèomètrique et peut-être seulement au VIe siècle,” Dugas 1921, p. 423, trans. Author. 110 Voyatzis 1990, pp. 239-242. 111 Perachora I, p. 241. 112 Perachora I, p. 241. 113 Perachora I, pp. 243-246, nos. 244-250, pl. 110.

37 well within the date-range of the Rawson deposit.114 The crowns on the two figurines are quite different, but the facial expression is rather similar. The closest parallel, however, is from the

Argolid, presented by Jenkins (Cf. Figs. 26, 56). Both the crown and the parting of the hair are very similar on the two fragmentary heads, but the hair is different and the Argolid head has something different around the neck. Jenkins dated the group to 545-525 B.C.115 A few examples of figurines with pinched bird-like faces are also found in Perachora, but of the presumably early type with no throne, feet, or elaborate dress, but often with indication of a headdress, which is perhaps a polos.116

It is very interesting how the distribution of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurines seems to center around Argos. In comparison, some of the figurines from Arcadia, Tegea, Corinth, and

Perachora seem to be a hybrid type of figurine not made in Argive clay but in Corinthian clay as the example from Perachora mentioned above (Fig. 25). It is possible that production of “Argive

Tirynthian” figurines took place in Argos because of the discovery of kilns, molds (for the later types of figurines), the number of figurines from the Argive Heraion, and the distinctive orange- red fabric of the figurines, which several scholars have determined to be Argive.117 The “Argive

Tirynthian” type figurines appear to be a strictly regional phenomenon that spread out and even became so popular that they influenced Corinthian terracotta production. Voyatzis states that the terracotta figurines from the areas around Tegea, for example at Lousoi and Bassai, are

114 Perachora I, pp. 245-246, no. 252, pls. 109, 110. 115 Group F, see Jenkins 1934, pp. 31-33, 39-40, no. 5, pl. 16. 116 A good example is no 263, which dates to the last quarter of 6th century B.C., see Perachora I, pp. 247-248, no. 263, pl. 111; Corinthian clay: Perachora I, pp. 226-227, nos. 144, 148, pl. 99; Argive: Perachora I, pp. 247-248, no. 263, pl. 111. 117 It is possible that the handmade figurines was produced at the same time as the mold-made seated figurines which normally are dated later, see Alroth 1989, pp. 33-34. The “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine has also been found at a number of other sites such as the Aspis, Argos, see Vollgraff 1906, p. 37, figs. 63, 65; at Mycenae, Hermione, Kalauria, Aegina, and in Troizen, see Tiryns I, pp. 52-53 for a bibliography for the different locations.

38 remarkably different, and could indicate diversity in cult.118 Leslie Hammond’s study of

Arcadian miniatures supports this theory, however, more contextual and comparative regional studies need to be done in order to make substantial conclusions on regional ritual behavior.119 It appears that none of the sites discussed above provide firm contextual evidence that can be connected to the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine, thus they do not provide a satisfactory parallel to the figurines from the Rawson deposit. The “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine appears to be a generic type of figurine, which could be dedicated to various female deities.

The dating of the pottery from the Rawson deposit as well as the revised date of the terracotta figurines gives a chronological range of the cult: thus it appears that the date of the

Rawson deposit spans from the late 6th century to late 5th century B.C., which indicates that the shrine was in use for roughly 100 years. This relatively short period of use could be associated with the access of water for the Sanctuary of Zeus. It is possible that the spring near the small shrine provided water to the sanctuary, and when wells were constructed in the sanctuary in the

5th century B.C., the small shrine fell out of use. It is certain that when the Sanctuary of Zeus experienced its peak of prosperity in the 4th century B.C. with a newly built temple to Zeus, the small shrine had long lost its significance and importance.120

118 Voyatzis 1990, pp. 239-245. 119 Hammond 2005, pp. 417-427. 120 Miller 2004, p. 153-177. It is also a possibility that a deposit with 5th to 4th century B.C. material just was not discovered.

39 CHAPTER 3. TOPOGRAPHY

THE IMMEDIATE CONTEXT OF THE DEPOSIT

The deposit was discovered ca 700 m east of the Temple of Zeus, in the area PP 10 on the grid plan (Figs. 3, 5). There is a Turkish fountain nearby, about 500 m from the Sanctuary of

Zeus, with two ways to reach it: an old path leading east from the sanctuary through a field of vines, or the modern road, which runs past the ancient stadium. There is a modern cemetery on the left, and walking up the hill you come to the Turkish fountain on your left dedicated to a mayor of the village of Nemea, Konstantinos Peppas.121 The modern name of the area near the

Turkish fountain house is Pezoulia.122 The place where the deposit was discovered is about 170 m northeast of the fountain house, on a ridge of a field where olive trees are grown today. The location of the deposit is described in the notebook as “a theater-like hollow,” but today the location of the deposit is difficult to pinpoint exactly (Figs. 5-6). The “theater-like hollow” grove is rather large, but no exact measurements were made either in 1925 when the deposit was excavated or in 1964 when a spring nearby was discovered.123 The natural spring is located about

170 m northeast of the Turkish fountain house. The location where the deposit was discovered gives a panoramic view to the Sanctuary of Zeus, and a small shrine situated here would have overlooked the Sanctuary of Zeus below (Fig. 6). However, there are no ancient architectural

121 Miller 2004, p. 117. 122 Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, 1925, p. 12. 123 Nemea I, pp. 221-232; No exact measurements are given in the publication, other than that the spring is located 170 m NE from the Turkish Fountain house. I presume that the spring is in the immidiate surrounding of where the deposit was discovered.

40 remains in this area, thus, both the exact location and the physical appearance of the shrine continues to be unknown.

A spring is located near the find place of the deposit near the head of a ravine, which may indicate that the material from the deposit is from a small rural spring sanctuary.124 It has been discussed whether the spring, which provides water for the Turkish fountain as well as the

Sanctuary of Zeus, was the Spring of Adrasteia which Pausanias mentions (Appendix).125

Pausanias does not describe the exact location of the Adrasteia spring; he mentions it after commenting on the tomb of Lycurgus. The tomb of Lycurgus is believed to have been placed near the tomb of Opheltes in the Sanctuary of Zeus (700 m west of the deposit and spring). The name “Adrasteia” most likely originates from Adrastos, the leader of the Seven Against Thebes, who founded the Nemean Games.126 The spring near the ravine was tapped by a tunnel with a vaulted ceiling, cut back to about 16.40 m into the bedrock; unfortunately it has not been possible yet to establish a firm date for the tunnel.127 Orthostates from a later aqueduct were found about 100 m west of the spring and possibly date to the late 4th century B.C., i.e., contemporary with the standing Temple of Zeus.128 Miller has suggested that the aqueduct was built at the same time as the bath complex in the sanctuary.129 More important is the existence of the spring in the area near the deposit, which was exploited from the Classical period onwards, if not earlier. It is possible that a cult was associated with the spring as at the Peirene fountain or

124 No exact measurements have been made or indicated in the Nemea publications, I presume the distance is of a couple hundred meters. 125 The spring is about 170 m northeast of the Turkish fountain, unfortunately it has not been measured or added to the gridplan of the Sanctuary of Zeus; Nemea I, p. 223; Paus. Per. II.15.3. 126 Paus. Per. II.15.3. 127 Nemea I, pp. 220-232. 128 Nemea I, pp. 220-232. 129 Nemea I, p. 223.

41 the Sacred Spring in Corinth.130 It can be difficult to compare the two since the material from

Corinth comes not from sealed and limited contexts, but from large dumped fills with a broad chronological span.131

From Pausanias it is clear that the ancient Greek countryside was full of small rural shrines connected to springs, groves, and caves, so it seems possible that the deposit could have belonged to such a shrine. For example in Pausanias’ Book II he describes the stream

Eleutherion where, “The women of the holy place use it for purifications…”132 This is a typical description of a shrine connected to water in the Periegesis. In Book III in Lakonia, where

Pausanias is going from Zarax near Epidaurus to Brasiai, he states,

Going on from Zarax beside the sea for about a hundred furlongs, and then turning inland, and going up country for about ten furlongs, you come to the ruins of Cyphanta. Among the ruins is a grotto sacred to Asklepius: the image is of stone. There is also a spring of cold water gushing from a rock. They say that Atalanta was hunting here, and that, being tormented with thirst, she struck the rock with her spear, and so the water flowed out.133

Here we see an example of Pausanias describing a spring connected to a grotto combined with a depiction of the myth attached to the sacred place. Pausanias’ Periegesis is full of such examples, and it is very likely that the Rawson deposit was connected to a rural spring shrine.

Pausanias does not mention a shrine next to the Adrasteia, but he does say that, “They say the

Nemea who gave the country its name was another daughter of Asopos.”134 Asopos, according to

Pausanias, was the famous son of Poseidon and Kelouse, a river-god who had several

130 Corinth I.6. 131 Corinth XVIII.1, p. 2. 132 Paus. Per. II.17.1. 133 Paus. Per. III.24.2. 134 Paus. Per. II.15.2.

42 daughters.135 They were water-nymphs, Naiads, including Aegina and Nemea.136 NVAP has – using survery methods - attested another possible rural shrine in the Nemea area, which dates to the Late Geometric through Classical period.137 A votive deposit has been discovered at Phlious also by NVAP, which contained a few “Arigive Tirynthian” figurines, and it has been suggested that the material comes from a small extramural shrine.138 To sum up, based on this evidence it is therefore plausible that the Rawson deposit came from a small rural shrine, perhaps dedicated to the water-nymph Nemea.

THE SANCTUARY OF ZEUS

The sanctuary of Zeus is situated 700 m west of the find spot of the deposit in the center of the Nemea valley about 333 m above sea level in the eastern foothills of the Arkadian

Mountains.139 The considerable distance between the Sanctuary of Zeus and the deposit makes it unlikely that the deposit is a simple dump from the Sanctuary of Zeus, although this is what

Miller has suggested. The place of the deposit is also quite a climb up the ravine, a fact that makes it unlikely, if not impossible, to carry 1000 whole vases of different sizes up a hill to dump it. Even with a cart, the journey would be difficult, and it would be easier to dump waste material closer to the sanctuary, and votives must stay within their sanctuary even when discarded.

135 Paus. Per II.12.5. 136 Morford and Lenardon 2007, p. 354. 137 The site, 204, is located in the Tretos Pass, and the pottery assemblage contained miniature Corinthian votive cups, Attic black- and red-figured and black-glaze wares, pithoi with impressed decorative bands and, in one case, a dipinto, and a Late Classical molded figurere presenting a bearded male. For a description of site 204, see Wright et al. 1990, p. 611; NVAP also found evidence of farmsteads in the area of Nemea, see Alcock, Cherry, and Davis 1994, pp. 157-170. 138 Wright et al. 1990, pp. 613-614. 139 Miller 2004, p. 17; Nemea I, p. xxvii.

43 Contemporary Features in the Sanctuary of Zeus

I will focus mainly on the Archaic-Classical structures within the Sanctuary of Zeus that are contemporary with the deposit and therefore relevant for the understanding of the contextual setting of the deposit.140 There are only a few structural remains preserved from the periods before the Archaic era, such as a 7th century B.C. wall, and the evidence for cult before the foundation of the games is very scant, but some evidence for Mycenaean and Geometric activities has been attested for by the Berkeley excavations, mostly as scatters of pottery.141 The contexts associated with the structures of the 6th century B.C. phase of the temple are not fully published yet.142 The largest structures of the Archaic period were the early Temple of Zeus and the Heroön of Opheltes (Fig. 4).

Evidence of an earlier temple has been found below the present foundations of the 4th century B.C. temple of Zeus, mostly defined by debris, rubble, and unpublished pottery; but no synthesis on the early evidence has yet been made.143 In the crypt in the west end of the temple a few blocks of the early temple have been preserved, but the subsequent temple has obliterated most of the early structure.144 The dating of the early temple is very problematic; it is plausible that the early foundations existed in the 6th century B.C. when the inauguration of the games took place in 573 B.C., and the architectural remains may date to the 7th century B.C.145 Several fills and deposits have been excavated near the temple, but consensus on the date of the early temple

140 For the newest and fullest overview of the excavation history of the Sanctuary of Zeus see the guidebook to the site and museum, Miller 2004, pp. 23-25. 141 Miller 1979, p. 82; for Geometric and earlier evidence by the altar of Zeus see Miller 1976, pp. 179-180; by the NU-Structure see Miller 1977, p. 8 (Pottery lots M 14: 19 -22); for M 15 see Miller 1977, pp. 10-11; at the southwest corner of the temple see Miller 1979, p. 82; north of the temple see Miller 1981, p. 55 and Miller 1982, p. 23; for P 14 see Miller 1983, p. 82; for I 14 see Miller 1980, pp. 189-190. 142 Some contexts are published with the architecture, see Nemea I, pp. 250-261. 143 Nemea I, pp. 23-24. 144 Miller 2004, p. 155. 145 Miller 1981, p. 54; Miller 2004, p. 50; Miller 1980, p. 187,

44 still needs to be reached.146 The early temple, whether it dates to the 7th or 6th century B.C., seems to have been destroyed in the late 5th century in a violent destruction determined by the heavy deposit of ash and carbon amid debris of the temple.147 The debris include many arrowheads and badly burnt architectural elements now on display at the Nemea museum.148

Several wells have been found in the area of the Sanctuary, but only preliminary reports of the findings exist, and most of the material dates later than the deposit in question here.149

However, three wells with 5th century B.C. material have been discovered in L17; one of them also contained 6th century B.C. pottery (Fig. 4).150 All three were used initially in the 5th century

B.C., and then left unused until the late 4th century B.C.151 Two other wells with 5th century B.C. material were discovered in areas M17 and K17, but publications of these wells are still forthcoming.152 There is no trace of activity during the late 5th and the first half and more of the

4th century B.C. within the sanctuary. Therefore the hypothesis that the Nemean Games had been moved to Argos during that time gains support.153

In the 1920s when Blegen worked at the site to the east of the temple in M11-M13 a long altar, with two construction phases, was discovered and excavated.154 At the time he offered no date, and the time of construction remains ambiguous. All that Miller states in the 2004 guidebook is that it must have been in use in the 4th century when the sanctuary was at its

146 Pottery lots M 14: 88-92, Miller 1978, p. 63; Miller 1979, p. 82. 147 Miller 1979, p. 81. 148 Miller 2004, pp. 153-154; Nemea I, p. 23; Miller 1979, p. 81; Miller 1980, pp. 183-187; and Miller 1981, p. 51. 149 Miller 1978. 150 Miller 1977, pp. 82-84. 151 Miller 1978, p. 90. 152 Miller 1978, pp. 87-89; Blegen 1926, p. 429; Miller 1978, pp. 81-82; and Miller 1984, p. 178. 153 Miller 1977, p. 90. 154 Blegen 1926, pp. 128-129.

45 heyday.155 In the publication however, pottery found in trenches next to the altar dates from the

Mycenaean and Geometric period, and it is suggested that the northern part of the altar was constructed in the middle of the 6th century B.C.156 It is possible that the northern part was associated with the early temple of Zeus and the southern part of the altar was added during the period of reconstruction in the 4th century B.C.157

A row of nine poorly preserved oikoi was built south of the Temple of Zeus in the first half of the 5th century B.C., dated by dedicatory inscriptions and the pottery (Fig. 4).158 Two reused building blocks found in 1964 with inscriptions, “of the Rhodians,” and the other one, “of the Epidaurians” were found in two of the oikoi, which could indicate that the oikoi were dedications of the city-states and belonged to the Rhodians, and the Epidaurians respectively.159

Although the oikoi are larger and have a different design than the treasuries in Olympia, they could be treasuries, storerooms, or maybe meeting places for pilgrims travelling to the site.160

Based on the date of the inscriptions and the unpublished pottery lots, the oikoi are not necessary contemporary with the Archaic votive deposit.

West of the oikoi a large circular structure/tholos was constructed in the second quarter of the 5th century B.C. and destroyed already during the fourth quarter of the same century (Fig. 4).

According to Miller, it is not entirely certain that the tholos was a victim of the late 5th century

B.C. destruction that claimed so much of the rest of the Sanctuary of Zeus, but the discovery of arrowheads and spear points in an Early Christian disturbed fill over and around the building

155 Miller 2004, p. 181. 156 Nemea I, pp. 22-23, Pottery lots M 9, 12:31, 33 and 12:45; Nemea I, pp. 26-27. 157 Nemea I, p. 27. 158 Pottery lots O16: 45, 46, 54, Miller 1977, p. 19; Miller 2004, p. 139. 159 Miller 2004, pp. 136-137. 160 Valavanis 2004, p. 315.

46 makes such a conclusion probable.161 The function of Circular structure A, as it is called, is still unknown, but it could have served as a base for a statue or an altar.162

A trial trench brought to light evidence of an Archaic road in area C14 north of the Zeus temple in 1973 (Fig. 3).163 The road seems to run in a north-south direction and apparently fell out of use in the Hellenistic period since coins and pottery were discovered at the uppermost road surface. This section of a road could tentatively be connected to the road metaling found in area

F4 the same year, which Miller suggested is a part of the ancient road to Corinth (Appendix).164

According to Miller, the road in area F4 also has north-south direction, and it does make sense that the road would run north south past the sanctuary, perhaps with a smaller road leading into the sanctuary from the west. 165 In 1981 a test trench in area K19 determined that the east-west road discovered in 1964, which ran south of the Xenon and north of the Classical-Hellenistic houses, was constructed in the 6th century B.C. (Fig. 4).166 Graveled layers indicate heavy traffic in the late Archaic period and throughout the 5th century B.C.167 The road seems to fall out of use in the 4th century B.C., but was in use again in the 3rd century B.C., a pattern that fits well with the history of the sanctuary.168 The discoveries go well together with a recent study by Jeannette

C. Marchand, who claims that the most direct and easiest route from northern Greece via the

Isthmus and Corinth into the central and southern Peloponnese passed through the plain of

Kleonai (Fig. 7). From Kleonai, the traveler could branch off to head west via Nemea and

Phlious to Elis or Sparta, or continue south directly to Argos, a route that is well attested in the

161 Miller 1980, p. 193. 162 Miller 2004, p. 152. 163 Dated by the pottery, see Miller 1975, p. 153. 164 Plutarch, Per, XIX, 2. 165 Miller 1975, pp. 154-155. 166 Williams 1965, p. 154. 167 Pottery lots K 19:84-92, Miller 1988, p. 8; Miller 1981, pp. 57-58. 168 Miller 1988, p. 8.

47 ancient sources from the Archaic period.169 By the Roman period both Strabo and Pausanias confirm that Kleonai was a main stop on the road from Corinth to Argos, thereby making a visit to Nemea very easy (Appendix).170

In 1924 Blegen excavated a bath building west of the Xenon (Fig. 4).171 The direct evidence for the date of the construction of the bath is very slight. Miller mentions a terminus post quem of the fourth quarter of the 5th century based on traces of earlier buildings.172 The latest suggestion of a date based on scraps of pottery is the second half of the 4th century, supported by the date of the aqueduct south of the Xenon, which has been dated to the second half of the 4th century B.C.173 The Bath and the Xenon are precisely the same width and have the same alignment, which indicate that the two buildings were part of the same building program and therefore roughly belong to the same period.174

The archaeological evidence from the periods 410 – 340 B.C. is very sparse, but by the end of the 4th century there is more building activity in the sanctuary, probably owing to the return of the games to Nemea. The existing temple of Zeus is from this period (330 B.C.) as are the guesthouse/Xenon, the Bath, as well as the Stadium and the changing rooms.175

169 Marchand 2009, p. 109; for example Stesichoros Thebaid of the Archaic period, see Marchand 2009, p. 109, n.5. 170 Strabo Geo. 8.6.19; Paus. Per. II.15.1. 171 Blegen dated the bath complex to the 4th century B.C., Blegen 1925, p. 179. 172 Nemea I, p. 236. 173 Nemea I, p. 237. 174 Miller 2004, p. 117. 175 Valavanis 2004, p. 317.

48 The Shrine/Heroön of Opheltes

Southwest of the Temple of Zeus and west of the bath the hero shrine of Opheltes was discovered and excavated in 1979-1980, 1983, and 1997-2001 (Fig. 4).176 The recent appearance of a dissertation on the Shrine of Opheltes includes the best-published assemblage of artifacts from the Sanctuary of Zeus.177 The identification of the Heroön of Opheltes relies on the testimony of Pausanias, who stated that he saw the tomb of Opheltes surrounded by a fence of stones (Appendix).178 There is evidence of Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Geometric material in the area, but nothing proves the existence of cult that can be regarded as the predecessor to the cult of Opheltes as it appeared from the Archaic period on.179 There are two phases to the heroön structure: Archaic and early Hellenistic.180 In the second quarter of the 6th century B.C. the shrine of Opheltes had the form of a vast earthen mound, but today what is left is the early Hellenistic stone structure of the enclosure wall in form of a lopsided pentagon.181

More than 40 votives were recovered from the perimeter of the shrine, most of them Archaic pottery such as Corinthian kotylai.182 (Cf. Fig. 35, examples of kotylai, which are similar to kotylai from the Rawson deposit.) The date of these votives provides a terminus post quem for the inauguration of the shrine.183 Based on shape and decoration, most of the vessels can be dated to the second quarter of the 6th century; the most securely datable piece is a “Chalkidian” type

Corinthian krater.184 The traditional date of the foundation of the Nemean Games is 573 B.C.,

176 Miller 2004, p. 124. 177 Bravo 2006. 178 Paus. Per. II.15.3. 179 Bravo 2006, pp. 3-5, 7; Only a fragment of a stone wall is preserved, but it does not certainly belong to a pre- Archaic phase of the Opheltes structure, Bravo 2006, pp. 6-8, 10. 180 Miller 2004, p. 124. 181 Miller 2004, pp. 126-127. 182 Miller 2004, p. 129. 183 Bravo 2006, p. 30. 184 Bravo 2006, pp. 30, 530-533, figs. 163-168; Amyx 1988, pp. 511-512.

49 and the ceramic evidence from the heroön suggests that the shrine of Opheltes was founded at the same time. The role of the myth of Opheltes in explaining the origin of the Nemean Games accounts for the building of the shrine at the same time as the founding of the games.185

Other Votive Deposits in the Sanctuary of Zeus

Several other Archaic-Classical votive deposits have been discovered within the

Sanctuary of Zeus, some of which are on display in the Nemea museum.186 In 1973 a votive deposit was excavated in K18 dating to the late 5th century B.C. (Fig. 8, the distribution of votive deposits).187 It consists of an informal pit with ashes possibly from a sacrifice. Small terracotta toys or animals were found in the pit along with 44 miniature vases. The only larger piece of pottery, a skyphos, has the name Aischylion incised on the underside, which could be the name of the dedicator.188

The Berkeley excavations in 1979 revealed a mound in J18, which was cut through on its south side at the foundations for the bath complex and disturbed on top by a later pit.189 A deposit appears to have been formed in two layers in a shallow pit. The upper, later level, contained such material as a mug and a red-figured palmette lekythos, dated to the later 5th century B.C.190 The lower and richer layer contained quantities of material datable to the first half of the 5th century

B.C. A great number of drinking cups, both one-handlers and skyphoi, miniature votives, and

185 Miller 2004, p. 129; Bravo 2006, p. 32. 186 Miller 2004, pp. 39-42. 187 Miller 1975, pp. 148-149. 188 Miller 2004, p. 39; In Athens similar phenomena took place, ”pyre” or ”pyre deposits,” which consists of miniature vessels and a few regular sized vessels were buried in ash filled with animal bones, see Jordan and Rotroff 1999. 189 Miller 1984, pp. 181-182. 190 P1321, see Miller 1984, p. 181.

50 other pottery shapes including a blisterware jug and a lekanis were among the finds in this lower layer.191 A particularly noteworthy phenomenon in this deposit was a half dozen or more skyphoi found right side up, each with a stone inside and the upper walls shattered all around; it is possible it is a sign of ritual behavior.192 According to Rawson there was a large blisterware jug, which is now missing, in the Rawson deposit as well as many kalathiskoi and two lamps, thus this ritual deposit from the sanctuary is the one that resembles the Rawson deposit best.193

In P19 another votive deposit was excavated in 1982 (Fig. 8).194 The soil that filled this pit contained carbon and ash, particularly dense in the northeastern part, in addition to animal bones and a number of olive pits. Pottery was discovered in the fill, and Corinthian skyphoi were particularly numerous.195 A small globular oinochoe and fragments of kraters and bowls were also found.196 Of special interest is a shoulder piece of a figured Corinthian krater of Late

Corinthian date.197 Smashed overturned vessels were also discovered in this deposit and chronologically, the date of the deposit, is in the third quarter of the 6th century B.C. Layers surrounding the pit, which presumably once covered it, produced pottery and coins of the late 5th century B.C., a lead jumping weight, and two iron javelins, which point to the athletic character of the deposit.198 The character of the pit with evidence of burning, animal bones, and smashed

191 One handlers: P1342, P1343 and P1293, skyphoi: P1338-P1341, miniature votives: P1268, P1269, P1274, P1318 and P1320, blisterware jug: P1315, lekanis: P1280 see Miller 1984, p. 181. 192 Miller 1984, p. 181. 193 “There is also the neck of a large jug with flat ribbon handle which would have been of rather good fabric had not some accident in firing ocured which made it break out with blisters,” Rawson 1934, p. 36; Miller 2004, p. 39. 194 Miller 1983, pp. 78-80. 195 e.g., P867-P870, Miller 1983, p. 79. 196 e.g., P866, see Miller 1983, p. 79. 197 P865, see Miller 1983, p. 79 198 C2254, C2255, see Miller 1983, p. 79; IL418 and IL420, see Miller 1983, p. 79.

51 overturned vessels indicates that it is a votive pit. The athletic nature of the metal finds points toward the dedication of votives by an athlete.199

In K14 a small Archaic looking terracotta head, possibly of Zeus, was found in a deposit in a layer of ash and bones. It also contained six early Classical coins from Sikyon, Athens,

Aegina, Phlious, and Corinth, as well as fragments of kylikes and skyphoi and a few red-figure fragments.200 The objects date to the third quarter of the 5th century B.C. Nearby a small mold- made lead kouros was found in a foundation deposit dating to the 6th century B.C.201 A similar lead kouros from Isthmia was made in the same mold, which is the proof of direct contact between the two Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries.202

In 1977 the excavation of a small pit north of the kiln complex (grid M17 and N17) revealed yet another deposit (Fig. 8). It measured 0.70 x 1.35 m., and was just over a meter deep.

The pit was lined with small stones; its upper part was packed with similar stones showing a deliberate closing and sealing. Below the stone packing the pit contained masses of ash and bones including the jawbone of a wild boar together with large quantities of pottery, especially drinking vessels. Thus, Miller declares that this pit can be generally characterized as sacrificial in nature.203 The lamps date the deposit in the second quarter of the 5th century B.C.204 The contents of the pit in M-N 17 might represent the remains of ritual dining, and since the doorway to a

199 Miller 1983, pp. 78-80. 200 Miller 1978, p. 64. 201 Miller 1978, p. 63. 202 Miller 2004, p. 41, fig. 22. 203 Miller 1978, p. 80. 204 Miller 1978, p. 80, n. 48.

52 smaller structure, the “Dining Establishment” south of Oikoi 7 and 8 is only some 6.50 m. east of this pit, its contents are perhaps to be associated with activities within the building.205

A more thorough study of the votive deposits is needed to gain a more precise understanding of the chronology and religious behavior within the Sanctuary of Zeus. It does seem that there was more activity in the 6th century B.C. than is immediately obvious from the publications. To sum up, the evidence of the sanctuary of Zeus in the Archaic period includes an early temple, a hero shrine to Opheltes, a road, and a number of votive deposits. These features continue throughout the Classical period when a Xenon, a Tholos, and the Oikoi are built, but with a 4th century B.C. hiatus. It is possible that other Archaic structures are to be discovered both beneath the ancient foundations standing today, but also in the unexcavated areas in the vicinity of the sanctuary. Several areas in the area of the Sanctuary of Zeus remain relatively unexplored: to the east of the sanctuary in the vineyards situated between the deposit and the sanctuary, the area to the south between the sanctuary and the stadium, as well as to the north of the Temple of Zeus.206 A structure in M5-M6 discovered in 1974 could be a small temple or shrine, but more excavation or survey must be done in the area to substantiate this suggestion.207

205 Miller 2004, p. 150; Miller 1978, p. 80. 206 Miller 1975, pp. 155-157. 207 Miller 1975, pp. 155-157.

53 CHAPTER 4. INTERPRETATIONS

PRODUCTION: WORKSHOPS, TECHNIQUES, AND FABRICS

In this section I will focus on production, identified workshops, techniques such as figured and decorated ware, as well as the different fabrics that occur in the deposit, in order to characterize the pottery assemblage.

WORKSHOPS

Only two of the 146 surviving skyphoi and kotylai have figurative decoration 26-27, which have been attributed to the Vermicular Painter of the Late Corinthian period as mentioned above (Figs. 10-11).208 We know little about the organization of the pottery industry in Corinth, but the similarities among the cups (kotylai/skyphoi) from this deposit suggest that they all originated in one production location, possibly associated with the workshop of the Vermicular

Painter. The Vermicular Painter or his workshop may also have worked in a linear style and in shapes other than kotylai.209 Risser has distinguished several Corinthian Conventionalizing workshops or groups, for example the BK Workshop that produced at least eight large lotus kotylai, which date to the third quarter of the 6th century B.C.210 Risser also identifies the Stele

Shrine A Workshop by the detailed painted underside of its miniature kotylai. Based on the

208 At first Benson named the painter “the Quarter Moon painter,” Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322, but he was later renamed “the Vermicular Painter,” Smith 2003, p. 350; Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 46-47. For a full list of possible attributions to “the Vermicular Painter,“ see Neeft 1991, pp. 74-75. 209 For a discussion of the historiography of Corinthian linear decoration, see Corinth VII.5, pp. 2-3. 210 The term “Conventionalizing” was coined by Stillwell and refined by Risser, the term is used in order to, “define Archaic and Classical finewares decorated predominantly with black and red painted bands, geometric and abstract patterns, and floral motifs,” see Corinth VII.5, pp. 1-2; for the BK Workshop, see Corinth VII.5, pp. 143-144.

54 shapes, Risser dates the miniature kotylai and their workshop to the first half of the 5th century

B.C.211 According to Risser it is uncommon for Conventionalizing pottery to be figured, but occasionally it happens.212 Unfortunately there is no way to determine whether or not the

Vermicular Painter had a similar workshop in which he produced linear or Conventionalizing pottery, but it is possible that a limited number of painters painted the vessels from the deposit, since a number of kalathiskoi, miniature kotylai, and skyphoi show very similarly executed decoration.213 When comparing, for example, the two kalathiskoi 168 and 174, the zigzag band in the handle zone might very well have been made by the same painter (Figs. 36-37). More hurried versions of the same decoration are found on the same shape. 169, 171, 172, and 173 also look very similar; however, one side of 173 is more hastily executed than its other. According to

Risser’s chronology, based on decoration 173, should date to about 500 B.C. (Table 4, no.

200).214 168 and 174, which also have zigzag decoration, on the other hand, are slightly later and date to about 490-480 B.C. The zigzag decoration on 170 is a little later and dates to about 480-

470 B.C. Three examples of the kalathiskoi with zeta-decoration are very similar 176, 178, and

179. Their shapes are also very similar although 176 is 0.5 cm taller than the two other examples, and 179 is secondarily burnt and completely gray. These similarities of decoration and shape indicate that the above-mentioned examples could have originated from the same workshop.

75 and 76 are large kotylai with very similar shape and decoration (Figs. 38-39). Apart from the interlaced lotus-bud decoration, which is strikingly similar, such details as the lines on the rim, the added red on the exterior base, the thin rays and the lines bordering the zones are also noticeably similar. Twenty-five of the miniature kotylai and skyphoi have

211 Corinth VII.5, pp. 144-146. 212 Corinth VII.5, p. 1. 213 For a discussion of the term “Conventionalizing,” see Corinth VII.5, pp. 1-7, 23-35. 214 Corinth VII.5, p. 24, table 1.

55 Conventionalizing decoration in the handle zone, but only 14 of them are accounted for in the part of the deposit stored in Nemea (Table 2). One has stepped triangles as decoration in the handle zone 92, another has a closed single meander pattern 113, and 24 examples have zigzag decoration in the handle zone, 16 examples of which are missing. The remaining 119 kotylai and skyphoi have either petals (lotus-bud decoration), vertical squiggles decoration, semi-black glazed or are black-glazed throughout. The stepped triangles on 92 are not well preserved, but appear to date to about 475 B.C. 113 dates to about 500 B.C. according to Risser’s examinations of the single meander decoration (Table 4, no. 231, Figs. 41, 116).215 The remaining eight kotylai with zigzag decoration in the handle zone can be dated to 500-475 B.C., and they could very well originate from the same workshop when comparing the details of the zigzag decoration, cf. 80 and 82 (Figs. 46-47). Compare also the bands and lines between the bands as they are surprisingly standardized. It is also common that the lowest band continues onto the exterior of the base, see for example 84 and 85 (Figs. 43, 49). See 79 for an example of a different, denser zigzag decoration (Fig. 45). From these examples of kalathiskoi, kotylai, and skyphoi it becomes apparent that several objects in the deposit could originate from the same workshop, and/or that the execution of the miniature kotylai and skyphoi are the work of a few painters only (Figs. 38-

54).

TECHNIQUES

When examining the available part of the deposit in its entirety a relatively large number of the different vessels show signs of misfiring or are unevenly fired (Figs. 95-96, charts of the

215 Corinth VII.5, pp. 54-71 and Table 4.

56 distribution of misfirings).216 22 skyphoi/kotylai have very similar misfirings - a red misfiring on one side 35, 71, 84, 102 and 110 (Figs. 41, 43, 46, 50). Some of the kalathiskoi are also red only on one side 169, 174, 176, and 178. The kalathiskos 171, was misfired red throughout. Two kotylai have accidental red patches on different places, such as on 10 and 21. Two miniature kotylai are misfired brownish-gray 52 and 82 (Figs. 47, 55). The miniature jug 231, has a red misfired patch on the shoulder, almost as if it had leaned up against another vessel in the kiln

(Fig. 13b, 137). It is possible that the pottery was fired in smaller batches, which were then equally misfired. It is also very plausible that stacking shielded parts of some pots from even exposure to heat and oxygen.217 However, the number of misfirings among the assemblage, and the homogeneity of the misfirings, may indicate that batches of the pottery came from the same kiln batch. This may mean that they came from the same workshop and were imported to Nemea in batches. A similar example of pottery in batches can be seen in Cyrene in Libya, where a large number of imported Corinthian vessels have been found. The pottery from Cyrene was imported in batches from certain workshops and this interpretation is based on the painters of the black- figure kotylai, such as the plates of the Chimaera Group, the closed vases in the Circle of the

Dodwell Painter, as well as repetitive types among the linear style, the homogeneity of the miniatures, and the fact that the products of many other known Corinthian workshops are not present in Cyrene.218

Nearly all of the vessels including the lamps were wheelmade.219 The ten seated Argive figurines are all handmade; the standing figurine and the Archaic head were probably made in

216 For thorough explanation of the chemistry behind misfiring see Sparkes 1991, pp. 21-26. 217 Sparkes 1991, p. 25. 218 Kocybala 1999, p. 98. 219 For similar wheelmade lamps, see Corinth IV.2, p. 6; Agora IV, p. 4.

57 molds, as originally suggested by Rawson (Fig. 56).220 Regarding the few handmade vessels, four shallow and coarse miniature dishes were originally part of the deposit, but are missing today.221

The same goes for the miniature “scoop-shaped” dishes of which six examples are missing (Fig.

57).222 Two, possibly three, undecorated miniature hydriai might have been too small to have been made on the wheel 161, 165 and 166 (Figs. 81-83). The surfaces of these small vessels were burnished or polished and have tool or knife marks on their necks similar to Caskey and

Amandry’s examples from the Argive Heraion where both miniature bowls, and hydriai were found. Caskey and Amandry determined these miniature vessels to be handmade.223 At Isthmia similar handmade small plainware vessels (mostly jugs) with paring marks on their necks have been discovered.224 Karim Arafat evaluated the Isthmian plainwares from Deposit D in Isthmia, the Sanctuary of Poseidon, and dated the plainware to the 7th century B.C. based on contextual evidence.225 It must be kept in mind that plain wares do not change as rapidly or substantially as decorated ware, and the context of the Rawson deposit indicates a slightly later date, based on the other pottery within the deposit. However, studies on handmade ware are unfortunately a neglected aspect in Greek Archaic pottery studies which makes further conclusions moot.226

220 Rawson 1934, pp. 39-40. 221 Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 202. 221 I could not find any comparanda or discussion of handmade miniatures in the Corinth volumes. 222 Rawson 1934, pp. 18, 23. 223 Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 204. 224 IP 8316, IP 8318, IP 8319, IP 8327, IP 8288 A and B and several uninventoried examples see Arafat 2003, p. 27. 225 Gebhard 1998, pp. 96-98, 103, figs. 8a-c, n. 59, Gebhard dates the deposit to the Archaic period, pp. 98, 105, n. 64; Arafat 2003, p. 28. 226 In the Corinth volumes it is not mentioned whether the miniature kernoi and dishes were handmade, probably because it is assumed that they were wheelmade.

58 FABRICS

Corinthian Fabric

The majority of the vessels in the deposit are of Corinthian fabric. Corinthian fabric is often said to be easily recognized by its light color and soft texture.227 Different types of

Corinthian clays were used at different times in antiquity. The Corinthian fabric ranges in color from very light pinkish orange or what has been named “creamy buff” to a darker orange.228

Some are also pale green and yellowish, which is comparable to Richard E. Jones’ analyses of

Corinthian clay of the late 7th to early 6th centuries B.C.229 During the middle decades of the 6th century B.C. a shift from greenish to pinkish buff fabrics occurred as clay sources around the city were abandoned in favor of those on the slopes of Acrocorinth.230 Marie Farnsworth, who worked with the different Corinthian clays, distinguishes two main groups: a red and a white

Corinthian clay, which fits well with Jones’ description, although Jones categorizes the fabric chronologically (Table 3).231

These general remarks on Corinthian fabric correspond to the vessels of Corinthian fabric in the deposit. The Corinthian fabrics in the deposit range from 5YR 6/4, and 7.5YR 7/6 to 10YR

7/3, 10YR 7/4, and 10YR 8/4, 10YR 8/3 in the Munsell Color Chart. Five small hydriai from the deposit are a distinctive white and soft fabric. They might therefore have been made of the white

Acrocorinthian fabric (255-261, Figs. 58-61). In Phlious white fabric with either a gray or a

227 Kocybala 1999, pp. 2-3; Jones 1986, p. 175. 228 Farnsworth 1970, p. 10. 229 Cook also describe Corinthian fabric as being pale from the 8th century B.C. as well as having a pinkish, and greenish tinge by the late 7th century, Cook 1997, pp. 63-64; Farnsworth 1970, p. 11; Jones 1986, p. 175; see also Whitbread 1995, p. 308. 230 Corinth VII.5, p. 5, no. 5; for the argument that color differences in clay has no chronological significance see Blomberg 1983, pp. 69-70. 231 Farnsworth 1970, pp. 17-18; Jones 1986, pp. 175-176.

59 greenish tinge has been accounted for in the votive deposit from 1924.232 William R. Biers underlines how difficult it is to distinguish the fabric from Phlious to that of Argos, and states that, “It must be kept in mind, however, that many of the ‘Argive’ miniatures may represent only the common type of miniature made in many places and could indeed have been fabricated locally.“233 It is therefore a possibility that the small hydriai in white fabric from the deposit are either Argive, or locally produced in the area of Nemea, Phlious, or Kleonai.

Attic, Argive, and Local Fabrics

Fragments of one Attic kylix 262, restored, two different rim fragments 263-264, and three individual base fragments were found in the deposit 265-267 (Figs. 62-66, 144-149). The kylix as well as the sherds represent some the few regular size vessels of the deposit; the two rim fragments both come from black-figured cup-skyphoi. Two of the bases are Corinthian type skyphoi 265 and 267, and one belongs to an Attic type cup-skyphos 266.234 Only regular-sized

Attic vessels are present while larger Corinthian or Argive drinking vessels, which presumably were more easily accessible, are not found in the Rawson deposit.

Only limited studies of the local Peloponnesian clay and fabric exist, which complicates the question of the regional provenances of the vessels in the deposit (Fig. 97 for the distribution of fabrics in the deposit.). Fabric differences may be discerned visually, but contextual and thorough studies of the regional clays are much needed.235 Different scholars have individually

232 Biers 1971, pp. 402-409, nos. 9-12, 16, 19, 30-31. 233 Biers 1971, p. 402. 234 I am very grateful to Kathleen M. Lynch for her help in determining the shapes and providing information with regards to the Attic fragments. 235 Morgan and Whitelaw 1991, p. 92.

60 stressed the difficulties of distinguishing local pottery from that produced at Corinth and Argos, but recently, during the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project, two kilns were discovered, which proves that pottery was produced locally at least in the Roman and Byzantine periods (Fig. 9).236

A kiln complex with circular ovens dating to the 4th century B.C. was discovered at the

Sanctuary of Zeus near the Xenon (Gridplan M17-N17, Fig. 4).237 However, the excavators state that the main production in the kiln in M17 was Lakonian style roof tiles for the Xenon: the other kiln nearby in N17 has been interpreted to have been producing Corinthian style roof tiles.238 The tiles could also have been produced for the 4th century B.C. Temple of Zeus. Unfortunately the kiln complex was not fully excavated, and the material from the excavation still needs to be published; therefore, it is still uncertain whether or not ceramic production took place within the

Sanctuary of Zeus.239 Obviously, local pottery production was a much more common phenomenon than believed in earlier scholarship. Kilns built of mud brick, which easily deteriorate, are difficult to distinguish in excavations if only small parts of the kilns are preserved. Thus the task of determining local production-centers is a difficult one.

Regional fabric groups can also be determined in the Rawson deposit. Some of the miniature coarse ware vessels from the deposit seem to originate in Asine, where wares have a bright red fabric with a lighter slip 245-254 (Figs. 67-69).240 The lighter slip is apparent because it has begun to flake off on both vessels in certain places. Two small peculiar cups seems to be

Argive imitations of Attic pots 238 and 239 (Figs. 70-71, 140-141). The clay is dark orange,

236 Perachora II, pp. 291, 314; Biers 1971, pp. 401-402; Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 193-194; Jones 1986, pp. 170-206 ; Wright et al. 1990, p. 646; Morgan and Whitelaw 1991, p. 91; Bravo 2006, p. 26; At site 510 and 512 map: Wright et al. 1990, p. 598, fig. 4; Wright et al. 1990, pp. 609-610, 655; for other ancient kilns discovered in Greece see Cook 1961, pp. 65-67 and Hasaki 2002. 237 Nemea I, pp. 122-125. 238 Here “Corinthian” and “Lakonian” are not a fabric desciption, but style of the rooftiles, see Nemea I, p. 123. 239 No details are given by Miller regarding the pottery other than the lot numbers 29-35, 41, 52-53, see Miller 1976, pp. 188-189. 240 Morgan and Whitelaw 1991, p. 92.

61 whereas Attic clay is a darker reddish orange, and the black glaze is dull, and definitely not of the high quality of the thick Attic glaze. 239 is a possible Argive imitation of a small Attic black- figured Hermogenian Class skyphos.241 The decoration on 239 is similar to that of palmette kylikes; this example, however, has no incisions (Fig. 74). 238 on the other hand, has a bulbous shape with a straight, slightly flaring rim and has two unusual triangular wishbone handles that slope slightly upwards as seen on a cup from the Vrysoula deposit at Corinth dating to the 6th century B.C. (For comparison, Figs. 72-73).242 Another example of a cup with wishbone handles is found in the missing part of the Rawson deposit 198 (Fig. 73). Two small decorated hydriai from the deposit also stand out and seem to be Argive 232 and 234 (Figs. 75-76, 138-139). They have linear bands in black and purple and look very similar in shape to Caskey and Amandry’s nos. 215-216; all the examples have the same triangular horizontal handles and tall flaring neck.

The fabric it is more difficult to compare. Caskey and Amandry call it “tan” or “brownish buff” and say it is not slipped, whereas 234 seems to be of a light colored fabric and has a light slip.243

Other probable Argive undecorated miniature hydriai are 233, 235 – 244.

Four vessels appear to be of a local production, but whether this production occurred in

Nemea, Phlious, Argos, or Kleonai is impossible to say 268-271 (Figs. 77-80, 150-151). The fabric certainly differs from the rest of the vessels in the deposit. The fabric is orangish and has tiny specks of silver mica and small dark red and black inclusions. All of the vessels appear to have a slightly darker slip, which is especially apparent on 270 and 271 because the slip is flaking off, maybe due to salt contamination.244 The shapes of 268 and 269 resemble a Lakonian

241 Especially the shape of no. 1613 and 1620, see Agora XXIII, pp. 59-61, nos. 1472-1656, pls. 100-107. 242 Pemberton 1970, p. 297, no. 110, pl. 73. 243 Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 197. 244 I am grateful to Assistant Conservator Karen Lovén at the Athenian Agora for information and discussion of the nature of salt contamination; recrystallization causes the damage of salt contamination: when salt has been absorbed

62 shape, more precisely the lakainai, a drinking cup with two low set horizontal loop handles, which slope upwards.245 The most common type of Lakonian cup is decorated and some have the handles set on the middle of the body.246 The two examples from the deposit are undecorated miniatures and are therefore likely local imitations of the lakaina shape. According to Catherine

Morgan, Tirynthian fabrics are blonde in color compared to Argive, which is more orange, so it appears that these miniature cups are of a local production in the Nemea area.247 In conclusion, the preceeding discussion should be considered a preliminary classification of fabrics owing to the limited study of regional fabrics. When reading the catalogue text, understand that production attribution is not absolutely certain.

RITUAL BEHAVIOR

In this section I will discuss ritual behavior, votive offerings, miniature and regular-sized shapes, and the functions these vessels may have served in order to understand the ritual behavior reflected in the deposit. The ritual action itself is fairly intangible and can only be addressed to a limited extent with archaeological evidence and literary sources.248 Ritual behavior is unquestionably connected to ancient Greek religious mythology, an aspect I will include to the degree it is possibly within the limits of this thesis.249

by the vessel it dries out, and when it recrystallizes the newly formed crystals occupy a greater volume than the salt solution and exert enormous pressure on the fabric of the pottery, see Buys and Oakley 1993, p. 23. (The phenomenon is also commonly known as “crazing.”) 245 Stibbe 1993, p. 74. 246 Stibbe 1994, pp. 100, 124, no. A4, A5, A9, B2, pl. 3.3-3.6. 247 Morgan and Whitelaw 1991, p. 92. 248 It is not possible to review all the problems regarding ritual behaviour and votive offerings within this limited study. For a more anthropological viewpoint regarding ritual and myth, see Burkert 1983, pp. 22-34. 249 Zaidman and Pantel 1992, pp. 27-45; for an overview and discussion of the study of Greek mythology see Zaidman and Pantel 1992, pp. 143-175.

63 When discussing ritual behavior one of the first questions to ask may be: what constitutes a votive offering? Votive offerings represent, together with prayers and sacrifices, something given to the gods.250 Because of the great variety of such gifts, and the nature of perishable offerings, it is difficult to identify religious places as well as to put a name to the god or goddess worshipped, i.e., the recipient of the votive offerings, as this thesis clearly will show.251

Perishable offerings cannot be attested in the archaeological record, but an early 4th century B.C. inscription of perishable offerings has been discovered in Attica at Dekeleia. Theodoros, priest of

Zeus Phratios, put up the inscription, and he was careful to record the expected offerings of meat, wine, flour, and money at time of sacrifice. 252 However, inscriptions like these are rare, but some pottery shapes reflect the act of perishable votive offerings such as the kernoi and the likna, a shape that is found in large number at the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary at Corinth.253 The large number of likna found at Corinth compared to other sanctuary sites could indicate the liknon was a shape that was connected to a certain goddess – Demeter.254 Some gods and goddesses do receive specific offerings, such as dedications of spits with inscriptions to the goddess Hera

Leukolene at Perachora, and dedications of images of bears to Artemis in both the Argive

Heraion and the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta.255 At Brauron in Attica the Artemis cult was based on the sanctity of the bear. Iphigeneia was supposedly buried here and a festival took place in which the girls, who were temporarily servants of Artemis, were themselves called

250 Burkert 1985, pp. 68-69; Edlund 1987, pp. 134-135; for the importance of the dedicated object, see Osborne 2004. 251 Edlund 1987, p. 136; Ferguson 1989, p. 142. 252 SIG3 921, see Ferguson 1989, p. 142 253 For a thorough study of the liknon shape, see Brumfield 1997. 254 Brumfield 1997, pp. 158-159. The liknon has also been connected to Dionysus, Brumfield 1997, p. 158. 255 At the “Temple of Hera Limenia,” see Tomlinson 1977, p. 197. Tomlinson interprets the structure of the blocks with the inscriptions recording the dedications of spits to Hera Leukolene as an Oikos, not a temple, see Tomlinson 1977, p. 201; Bears and other animal representations were often dedicated to Artemis, maybe because of Artemis Orthia’s possible origin as an Eastern potnia theron, see Bevan 1987, p. 18 and Carter 1987, p. 379. For a list of dedications of animals in sanctuaries in Greece, see Bevan 1987, p. 17, n. 1. See also Nielsen 2009, pp. 91, 98.

64 bears.256 Another example is piglets dedicated to Demeter and Kore, which is known both from written sources and material evidence in the form of female terracotta goddesses carrying piglets in their arms. In general, however, the same kinds of gift, whether it is pottery or figurines, could be given to any god. Examples are miniature pottery, terracottas and bronze figurines of gods, goddesses and animals. Animal figurines are connected to many different deities. For example

Artemis and Aphrodite received bears and doves. Other votive offerings could be athletic gear, spears and shields, as well as jewelry, shells, hair, musical instruments, sculptures, and the list continues. It appears that the important aspect was the ritual act of giving and not what was given to whom.

Gods, Goddesses, and their Places.

The gods and goddesses had many different features, which their epithets reflect. Zeus could, for example, be Zeus Ombrios (showery Zeus), and there was an altar to him on Mt.

Hymettos where local farmers came to make offerings for rain.257 In the Thessalian myth of king

Athamas, the king attempted to sacrifice his children to Zeus Laphystios (the Devourer) in order to stop a drought.258 The goddesses also had multiple functions apparent by their names.

Athena’s epithets included Polias (of the City), Athena Parthenos (Virgin or Maiden), Athena

Ergane (of Crafts), and Athena Alea (Place of Refuge).259 These different cults all received many kinds of similar votives, for examples all kind, shape, sizes, and forms of pottery, both decorated,

256 Bevan 1987, p. 18. 257 Larson 2007, p. 16; Burkert 1985, pp. 125-131; Langdon 1976, pp. 79-95. 258 Larson 2007, p. 16. 259 Larson 2007, pp. 41-53; Burkert 1985, pp. 140-143; Dugas 1921, p. 335; Voyatzis 1990, pp. 10-11.

65 and undecorated were dedicated to the gods and goddesses.260 Acts of devotion took place within sacred spaces, although no temple was needed for a place of worship, and offerings had to be disposed of within their sacred space - it was not a convention to dump the offerings just anywhere - therefore a space could be sacred even though there was no architectural features connected to it. There are numerous examples from Pausanias, for example in Book VI, Elis II,

About fifty furlongs from Olympia is an Elean village called Heraclea, and beside it is the river Cytherus. A spring flows into the river, and there is a sanctuary of the nymphs at the spring. The individual names of the nymphs are Calliphaëa, Synallaxis, Pegaea, and Iasis: collectively they are called the Ionides. To bathe in the spring is a cure for all kinds of sicknesses and pains... (Appendix).261

Even though Pausanias mentions a “sanctuary” (ἱερóν), it is vague whether the ἱερóν includes a temenos or a temple, or if ἱερóν simply means, “a sacred space.” Other times when

Pausanias mentions a ἱερóν, it has been interpreted as a temple, but it must be kept in mind that the ancient Greek meaning of the word is elusive. The identification of sacred places can not easily be determined especially since it does not strictly depend on the archaeological remains.

On the one hand, the presence of a few votive objects may not necessarily mean that a place was used for worship, since votives also occur in other sacred contexts such as houses and production places found within the sanctuary.262 Both with and without the preservation of architectural features it is difficult to determine if a space was sacred or not. On the other hand, a place can be sacred on its own, for example a sacred grove, a forest, or a sacred spring.263 The ancient Greeks saw manifestations of sanctity in nature at such places as groves, sacred rocks, and forests, and

260 Scheibler 1995, p. 57. 261 Paus. Per. VI.22.7, trans. Jones 1918. 262 Edlund 1987, p. 35. 263 Edlund 1987, p. 35.

66 the elements ranging from high peaks, the seas, and deep ravines, each of which is sacred when it represents a divinity. Zeus might be mentioned as a good example with his connection to the skies; Hera had a connection to fertile fields; and Poseidon’s connection was to the sea, earthquakes, and horses.264 Springs, rivers, forests, and trees were in the hands of nymphs, or named and unnamed spirits.265 Nature itself creates boundaries through rivers, valleys, and mountain passes. To man, boundaries mark the distinction between spaces of different kinds, for example sacred (inside) and secular (outside).266 A temenos is an enclosed sacred area where the god or goddess manifests itself.267 The altar represented the specific point where the interaction between humans and gods took place through sacrifice and prayer.268 However, as mentioned above, no architectural remains have been found in connection with the discovery of the Rawson deposit, which makes the exact location of an associated shrine difficult to identify.269 It is, however, important to keep in mind that the conception of the temenos did not necessarily acquire architectural elements, but places in nature could be sacred as Pausanias shows in his

Periegesis.

The Depositional Event

When the deposit was discovered in 1925 some vessels were still neatly packed inside each other. Broneer writes in the Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, 1925 that, “In one case four

264 Edlund 1987, p. 35; Morford and Lenardon 2007, pp. 154-164; for Zeus see Larson 2007, pp. 15-16; for Poseidon see Larson 2007, pp. 60-61. 265 Edlund 1987, p. 35; Larson 2001, p. 5. 266 Edlund 1987, p. 37. 267 Edlund 1987, p. 38. 268 Burkert 1985, pp. 199-200; Edlund 1987, pp. 137-138. 269 When examining the area PP 10 in the summer of 2009 fragments of ancient rooftiles and a few scraps of pottery were found. The date of the very fragmentary material, that we left behind where we found it, could not be determined.

67 skyphoi were put the one inside the other and found all together and faintly broken.” A similar behavior was recorded in Corinth in connection with Stelai Shrine A where a votive deposit was excavated in 1929.270 Stillwell states that, “The miniature vases were found inside the larger vases and also filled the interstices between them,” and she interpreted the deposit as being from a sanctuary.271 This behavior indicates that the deposits were not from a destruction layer since they were packed neatly.272 Another possibility is that the Rawson deposit represents a periodic clearing out of votive offerings from a shrine.273 That would explain the careful packing and depositing of the pottery, as well as the fact that coarseware, fineware, lamps, and figurines were deposited together, which then date the period of use of the shrine to about a 100-year period.

When the votive deposit was first interpreted by Blegen, and later by Miller, they both suggested that the deposit represented an attempt to hide votive offerings from the Sanctuary of Zeus, or from some other shrine, since it was so carefully buried.274 The neat packing of the vessels also demonstrates that this was not a repetitive action; the vessels were deposited at once in one ritual action. The eastern area of the Sanctuary of Zeus has not yet been fully explored, neither the area between the sanctuary and the place where the votive deposit was discovered, PP 10. However, the distance of 700 m east of the sanctuary, as well as the positioning near a steep ravine, speaks for a shrine outside the temenos of the sanctuary, perhaps a rural spring sanctuary.

270 Corinth XV.1, pp. 5, 22-25. 271 Corinth XV.1, p. 23. 272 Miller 2004, p. 39; similar behavior was recorded in Miletus in the new excavations of 2003-2005 in the Aphrodite Sanctuary, see Panteleon and Senff 2008, pp. 41-45, fig. 18. 273 Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 59. 274 Blegen 1926, pp. 131-133; Miller 2004, p. 40.

68 In the Sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophòros at Locri Epizefiri in southern Italy, a similar behavior can be observed, but on a much larger scale.275 Over 1000 kotylai were found neatly packed into one another along the sides of the retaining walls near an ash altar (eschára), which suggests that in the middle of the 4th century B.C. renovation took place in the sanctuary (Fig.

17).276 The kotylai were local imitations of Corinthian kotylai. Other shapes were also found, such as krateriskoi, kyathoi, and black-glazed cups that all date to the middle of the 6th century

B.C.277 Interestingly, both the date and the assemblage of the material from Locri is similar to the

Nemea votive deposit. The sheer presence of more than 1000 locally produced kotylai deposited in Locri must speak to the importance of the cup itself, but both Margherita M. Macrì and Atala

Grattarola, who have re-examined the material, do not elaborate on this idea, but simply interpret the deposition of the many kotylai as evidence of an important phase in the history of the sanctuary.278 Whether the action of depositing cups has an important symbolic meaning or the significance lies in the quantity of vessels is difficult to say. However, it is very likely that a similar renovation or closure of a small rural shrine took place in Nemea prompting the clearing of its sacred area and disposal of votives in this deposit.

275 The excavation is not yet fully published. For the preliminary reports see Lattanzi 2002, pp. 785-787; Macrì 2005, pp. 229-235; Grattarola 1994, p. 55-64; for a thorough study on Demeter and Kore sanctuaries in southern Italy and Sicily, see Hinz 1998. 276 Lattanzi 2002, p. 785; Grattarola 1994, p. 59. 277 Macrì 2005, pp. 233-234. 278 Macrì 2005, p. 230; Grattarola 1994, pp. 58-63. Both scholars use the evidence to date the structures, but do not discuss the ritual behavior of the deposit. Grattarola states that the miniature kotyle, hydriskai, and lekanai probably were used in chthonic rituals, Grattarola 1994, p. 59.

69 Shapes and Functions

Most vessels in the Rawson deposit are miniatures, but there are also some regular size vessels (Fig. 91). Hammond, who studied Arcadian miniatures, has explained the definition of a miniature, “Miniatures are vessels that are modeled from other vessels, but on a reduced scale.”279 Elizabeth Marer-Banasik provides another definition, “Miniatures can be defined as vessels too small for everyday or practical use.”280 I think that the two statements supplement each other well, and the miniatures were in all likelihood used as tokens in the rituals, as symbols of actions, since most of them were too small to be used as drinking cups or containers for offerings. One can say that they had a passive role, whereas the normal sized vessels had a more active role in ritual behavior (Figs. 81-83, diminutive hydriai).281 Hammond states that the miniature kotyle shape is one of the most numerous in Tegea, and that, “The shape seems to function more as a votive token or a substitute for a ‘normally’ sized kotyle, since it has a corresponding shape of ‘normal’ size.”282 Hammond does, however, also say that the miniatures may have been used in some cultic activity, and the continuity of the shape speaks for a continuity of actions in the sanctuary.283 Marer-Banasik does not discuss the use of the miniatures in the Argive Heraion in great detail, but said that, “The miniature hydriai in particular must have had a special meaning for the worshippers at the Heraion, but what that meaning might be is unclear.” She goes on to say that,

279 Hammond 2005, p. 417, see also Hammond 2005, pp. 415-417 for the history of study of miniatures, and Hammond 1998 for her dissertation on miniatures from the Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea. 280 Marer-Banasik 1997, p. 250. 281 For the opinion that miniatures are made strictly for dedicatory purpose, see Osborne 2004, p. 2. 282 Hammond 2005, p. 422; Voyatzis shares this view, see Voyatzis 1990, p. 80. 283 Hammond 2005, p. 422; dedications of miniatures at the Athena Alea sanctuary in Tegea began in the 8th century B.C., see Voyatzis 1990, pp. 80-84.

70 Hydriai are water containers and explanations range from the use of water in certain rites associated with the cult of Hera…. Another possibility is the ritual purification in a certain stream by the women who took part in the sanctuary rituals. These women may have dedicated hydriai to commemorate the ritual.284

Until miniature pottery gets the attention it deserves in publications and contextual studies of sanctuaries and votive pottery, this might be the closest we can get to the use of miniature pottery in sanctuaries. As Marer-Banasik rightly states, “It is not always clear when a cup is too small for practical use,” and thereby becomes a votive. 285 Some of the miniature skyphoi/kotylai in the Rawson deposit could certainly have been used as cups in a ritual, not necessarily containing a full cup of liquid offering, but maybe they contained a smaller portion of undiluted wine, oil, or ambrosia for the ritual (see for example 35 and 71, Figs. 50-51). It is difficult to determine a borderline between functional and symbolic vessels, and the larger miniatures are especially difficult to assign.286 Regular-sized shapes in the Rawson deposit are less common than miniatures (23%); however, it is uncertain how many regular sized vessels there were in the missing part of the deposit.287 These included such shapes as basins, jugs, and what Rawson describes as “dishes” (all currently missing). They might have been used in a cult with cleansing rituals using water from the nearby spring.288 The jugs could also have been used for other rituals such as libations of honey, wine, and milk, or in ritual meals.289 The phialai

284 Marer-Banasik 1997, p. 211. 285 Marer-Banasik 1997, p. 250. 286 It goes for all miniatures like the phialai; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 33. 287 Rawson 1934, p. 36, describes the basins, which have not been found and were not photographed, “There are several good rims with handles and well made rims with parts of sides of squat jugs and open, wide mouthed basins or bowls made of coarse, gritty brick red clay which are good examples of coarse ware.” 288 Cleansing and purification was an important part of the ancient Greek ritual, Burkert 1985, pp. 75-77. 289 Graf 1980, pp. 209-221; Burkert 1985, pp. 70-73; Ferguson 1989, p. 138; Libation was one of the most common sacral acts during all periods, see Burkert 1985, pp. 70-71; for dedications of cakes see Kearns 1994, pp. 65-70; for inscriptions of perishable dedications see Ferguson 1989, p. 142; ritual dining: Simon 1986, p. 316.

71 shape in particular has been connected to libation rituals, based on iconographic evidence.290 In the Rawson deposit nine flat-bottomed miniature phialai were recorded, but they are unfortunately missing. Another distinct ritual shape also represented in the deposit is the kernos

(220-221, currently missing, Figs. 87-88). These miniature saucers had low straight sides with three small saucers inside. A possible explanation of their purpose is that they may have accommodated three different kinds of food or liquids together - perhaps the milk, wine and honey frequent in Greek ritual.291 When the saucer was tipped, the three liquids, spilling from the cups, would flow commingled from the bent side of the saucer.292 According to Jerome J. Pollitt the kernos in the Classical world was used in the rites of chthonic mother goddesses like Rhea,

Kybele, and, although the literary evidence is less explicit in her case, Demeter. In the cults of these goddesses the vessel was at times carried around, perhaps on the head, as part of a dance called the κερνοφορία or κερνοφόρον. The exact significance of the rite in which the kernos was used is not known, but clearly part of it involved the consecration of different vegetable, fruit, and livestock products to the goddess who governed the earth that nourished them.293 Even though Pollitt discusses evidence from the Athenian Agora of the Classical period, this function of the kernos is applicable to the Corinthian kernoi from the Rawson deposit. Vladimir Stissi argues that, although some pottery may have been employed in the cult, for example in offering meals and libations, these functional pots were the only ones to have served a significant

290 Scheibler 1995, p. 56; Simon 1986, p. 315; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 33; Burkert 1985, p. 71, no. 43-44. Examples are: the Parthenon frieze, slab VIII, Niels 2001; and a wall painting from Karaburun Tomb near Antalya, Curtis et al. 2005, p. 46, fig. 14. 291 Burkert 1985, pp. 70-72; Corinth XV.3, pp. 332-333. 292 Corinth XV.3, pp. 332-333. 293 Pollitt 1979, p. 206.

72 practical purpose. The rest of the pots were just given to the gods.294 Stissi’s argument supports the fact that miniature pottery was strictly votive and had a passive function.

Some vessels from the Rawson deposit display signs of secondary burning, but no ash or burnt bone were found at the find spot. A coarse kalathiskos 271 is slightly gray from exposure to fire. (Fig. 80) Six of the miniature coarsewares, a miniature chytra 248 (Fig. 67), a miniature bowl 276, and four miniature hydriai 125, 158, 272, 273, all have more extensive secondary burning. They probably acquired the discoloration after having been placed on an altar in a sacrifice. There is also a re-used fragment of the base of a miniature vessel 280, which also has indication of scorching on the underside and side (Fig. 154). It possibly functioned as the lid of an incense burner, a thymiaterion. The small cup 201, is only secondarily burnt near the rim and was probably reused as a lamp. From Panskoy in Crimea is a similar example. Here a fragment of the central part of a Grey Ware fishplate was reused as a lamp.295 140, a small coarse ware hydria with bulbous body, is severely burnt to a grey color throughout, but also shows traces of scorching. It actually looks like the pot was placed on the fire and exploded, causing the bottom to pop out, which fits with the black lines of scorching on the lower part of the vessel. In conclusion, the secondary firing relates to the use of the pottery in a ritual context, and the reuse of a cup for a lamp 201, and the thymiaterion lid 280 are direct proof of the ritual behavior, which took place at the rural shrine at Nemea. The miniatures are symbolic, so their primary function is not as a practical vessel, but on the other hand they seemed to have been placed on altars and burnt with burnt offerings. This extra step serves to unite the dedication with summoning the gods’ atttention. According to Walter Burkert fire is present in almost every cult

294 Stissi 2003, p. 79. 295 Panskoye I, p. 148, no. B232, pl. 75 is of early Hellenistic date. I am grateful to Søren Handberg for providing me with this parallel.

73 act of the Greeks, sacrifices without fire rarely took place and conversely it was rare to have a fire without sacrifice.296 Fire consumes – it devours and a fire offering would have symbolized the complete surrender, i.e., the ultimate offering to the gods.297 However, no traces of ash and bones were recorded in the discovery of the Rawson deposit, but the vessels which display scorching, cf. 140, 201, and 280, prove that burnt offerings took place in the shrine.

The Distribution of Shapes

Regarding the representation of the different classes of vessels, the kotylai account for the majority of the miniature vessels. The hydriskoi make up the second largest group, and kalathiskoi the third largest. When comparing the frequency of the different miniature and regular-sized shapes in the Rawson deposit with other assemblages, we may observe considerable differences and similarities (Fig. 98).298 The distribution of miniature shapes in the

Rawson deposit is somewhat similar to that of the Demeter and Kore sanctuary at Corinth, but especially to the Demeter and Kore sanctuary at Cyrene (Fig. 98).299 The assemblage of pottery in the Rawson deposit is very different from the Athena Alea Sanctuary at Tegea where the largest part of the ceramic material seems to be locally produced.300 At the Athena Alea sanctuary pottery was found dating from the end of the Mycenaean period to about the middle of

296 Burkert 1985, p. 61. 297 Burkert 1985, p. 63. 298 Fig. 98 is based on published material from Corinth, Cyrene, and Perachora. Unpublished material is not included; therefore the charts, are only meant as indications of patterns in the respective assemblages. 299 Corinth XVIII.1, p. 64; Kocybala 1999, p. 98, where 82% are miniature pottery. Kotylai are the largest group and the second largest group is miniature hydriai with 12%. 300 Dugas 1921, p. 395; Voyatzis 1990, p. 64.

74 the 7th century B.C.301 Four Proto-Corinthian aryballoi were imported to the site; the aryballos is a shape that is completely absent from the Rawson deposit.302 A number of miniatures were recorded from Tegea: 21 examples of oinochoai, amphoriskoi, a jug, miniature aryballoi, hydriai, cauldrons, plates, shallow bowls, a skyphos, a kantharos, and cups.303 The distribution of the pottery at Tegea consists of more regular-sized vessels (74 out of 96, 77% are regular sized), compared to the Rawson deposit where the largest part was miniatures (77%).

At Perachora, in the Sanctuary of Hera Limenia, the distribution of miniature pottery is completely different from the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary at Corinth, the Athena Alea sanctuary at Tegea, and the Rawson deposit. Out of 464 miniatures, the largest shape group is miniature aryballoi (87 out of 464), the second largest group is pyxides of various kinds (48), and the third largest group is plates (43) (Fig. 98).304 The distribution of the regular-sized fine ware vessels from Perachora is very different from the miniatures: the largest group is kotylai (277 out of 1268), the second largest is oinochoai (242), and the third largest group is pyxides of different kinds (162).305 However, it must be kept in mind that the numbers of miniature aryballoi might be wrong since it can be difficult to distinguish regular sized aryballoi (which can be rather small) from miniature aryballoi, especially when the material mostly consists of fragments. It is interesting how different the distribution of miniatures is compared to the distribution of regular- sized vessels, and it is possible that the distribution of shapes is connected to the respective deities of the sanctuaries or has to do with the ritual behavior that took place in the sanctuaries.

301 Voyatzis 1990, p. 259. No exact findspot was recorded for the excavated pottery was kept, which means that the ceramic material could have come from anywhere within the sanctuary, see Dugas 1921, p. 335-340; Voyatzis 1990, pp. 62-63. 302 Voyatzis 1990, pp. 78-79. 303 Voyatzis 1990, pp. 62-84, 296-300. 304 Based on Perachora II, pp. 290-313, not including the coarse-ware pottery. 305 Based on Perachora II, pp. 133-289, not including the coarse-ware pottery. The distribution of coarse-ware differs from both patterns. The largest shape group is oinochoai, the second largest is votive cakes and trays, and the third largest group is bowls.

75 Aryballoi are absent from the Rawson deposit and so are kraters and regular sized hydriai, maybe because the worshippers of this rural shrine used coarseware basins and jars for water. The lack of aryballoi might indicate that another shape was used for oil, for example the miniature hydriai or other miniature shapes. It is impossible to know for certain with three-quarters of the deposit missing, but from Rawson’s description of the missing material, it seems like a plausible explanation.

The almost ubiquitous presence of Corinthian aryballoi in any type of context points to extensive trade, and they show up in graves all over the Mediterrenean. This trading enterprise has often been taken as evidence of Corinthian activity in the perfume trade in the Archaic period.306 However, it is interesting to observe that aryballoi are almost completely absent from the Demeter and Kore sanctuary in Corinth, and in Cyrene the aryballoi and alabastra only amount to a small percentage of the total finds.307 Perhaps the aryballos is then to be associated with other deities than Demeter and might be excluded from the actual offerings to Demeter and

Kore.308 It is also a possibility that the round aryballoi are to be associated with men and the gymnasium.309 As mentioned above, aryballoi are present in the Sanctuary of Hera Limenia at

Perachora; out of 1469 regular-sized vessels 124 are oil-vessels, aryballoi and lekythoi (i.e., 8%).

306 See e.g. Corinth XIV, nos. G1, 7-8; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 66, Corinth VII.2, pp. 12-35, nos. 1, 4, 20-25, 26-40, 82- 98; and in Perachora: Perachora II, nos. 2810-2820; Pliny the Elder NH 13.1-5, but he himself states that he talks about the time after Alexander the Great; Boardman 1988, p. 17; Coldstream 1977, p. 187. For the opposite opinion see Salmon 1984, p. 117, and Rasmussen 1991, p. 77; for gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis with negative results of iris-scented oil, see Biers et al. 1994, pp. 23-32 (especially pp. 24-25). 307 Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 53-54, Kocybala 1999, p. 98. 308 Pemberton states, “The five inventoried Archaic Corinthian aryballoi are almost the sum total of all aryballoi of that period found in the Demeter Sanctuary. Only a few more remain in the context pottery. Thus one of the most popular, most exported, most typical of all the Corinthian shapes is virtually absent from the Sanctuary. The aryballos apparently had no function in the cult and was not considered to be an appropriate votive. One usually assumes that almost anything can be dedicated to any deity. One would expect that aryballoi, especially the later quatrefoil or warrior types which were probably inexpensive (mass produced, small, simply decorated), would be numerous in the Sanctuary. But they are not,” Corinth XVIII.1, p. 53. 309 Parko 2001, p. 57.

76 With the regards to the miniatures, the aryballos is the most common shape at Perachora (87 out of 464, i.e., 19 %). At Tegea, the Sanctuary of Athena Alea, four out of 96 fragments were aryballoi (4%).310 It is a possibility that shape distribution is connected to the respective deity, but more thorough studies have to be done in order to obtain a complete picture of the distribution patterns.

Heini Parko argues that there is a shift from export of oil to the export of votive ceramics in the 6th century B.C.311 Her argument is based on the idea that 8th century B.C. aryballoi were sold full of perfume whereas 6th century B.C. aryballoi were sold empty, and therefore the emphasis must have shifted sometime in the 7th century B.C.312 There was a decline of Corinthian imports to Megara Hyblaea in the middle of the 6th century B.C., and Corinthian oil-flasks were not immediately replaced by other oil-flasks locally made or imported until the 5th century B.C. when Attic lekythoi became the most frequently imported oil-vessel.313 Parko’s argument regarding trade may not be relevant here, but it is important to keep in mind that the pot itself could have had significance in a way we cannot grasp today. The example above from Locri with more than 1000 local imitation of Corinthian kotylai emphasizes this proposal.314

Another extraordinary example of votive pottery is the schalenturm, “cup-tower,” and they are an example of the fact that cups did have significance in themselves (Fig. 18). They come in the form of five or six stacked cups. These cups have so far been found at Samos in the

310 Based on Voyatzis 1990, pp. 282-300. 311 Parko 2001, p. 59, for the opinion that small aryballoi may not be considered votives see Corinth XV.3, p. 309. 312 Parko 2001, p. 59. 313 Parko 2001, p. 59. 314 Simon 1986, p. 315; for a brief bibliography of miniature and votive deposits in South Italy see Horsnæs 2001, p. 82, n. 29.

77 Samian Heraion and at Mt. Hymettos, Athens, and it is thought that they had a ritual function.315

As Stissi has pointed out, this kind of cup is perhaps to be regarded as a smart and presumable cheap alternative to offering a pile of loose cups.316 Stissi might be right; miniatures probably do not take much skill, but the triple or schalenturm of six cups, as Stissi suggests, must have required some skill. A double cup of possible Milesian production was discovered at Naucratis in

Egypt.317 It was dedicated by Rhoikos to Aphrodite and dates to 575-550 B.C.318 At Mt.

Hymettos in Attica, an example was found dating to the Late Geometric period, probably dedicated to Zeus.319

In this section I have discussed many aspects of ritual behavior, such as the gods, goddesses and their places; the depositing of pottery; the shape and functions of votive pottery; the secondary burning; and the distributions of miniature shapes. The miniatures had a passive function and played a symbolic role in the ritual as tokens.320 Stissi has warned us not to seek strictly functional roles for votive pottery but concludes that little happened to most of the the pots in sanctuaries.321 I support Stissi’s warning about putting too much meaning into utilitarian use of votive pottery. All pottery entering a sanctuary ideally had to remain there and can thus in a sense be considered votive.322 The Greeks’ connections to the gods were very important in a society where you explained natural phenomena such as plagues, earthquakes, and droughts as a

315 Three examples are found in Samos see Walter 1957, p. 48, fig. 2, pl. 70; Vierneisel 1961, p. 25, fig. 4, pl. 33; Brijder 1997, p. 4; Langdon 1976, p. 65, no. 273, pl. 22. 316 Stissi 2003, p. 78. 317 Cook and Dupont 1998, pp. 27, 45. 318 Boardman 1980, pp. 131-132, fig. 153. 319 Langdon 1976, pp. 65, 79-87, no. 273, pl. 22. 320 Scheibler 1995, p. 56. 321 Stissi 2003, p. 79. 322 Stissi 2003, p. 77.

78 reaction from the gods.323 The powers of the gods were regarded as real and their blessings essential.324 On the other hand, myths were not only etiological but could also be universal and explain universal archetypes of mankind. The ancient Greeks had a reciprocal quid pro quo relationship with the gods, they gave and they received.325

In conclusion, it seems on the one hand that specific shapes can possibly be connected to certain deities, but on the other hand it is merely a possibility and not a constant. The miniature kotyle is the most common shape in the Rawson deposit, followed by the miniature hydria, and kalathiskos. It is a possibility that certain shapes went with different deities, but even more plausible is that miniature pottery was a generic type of offering and was dedicated to many different deities, rather depending on the ritual in which the pot was employed than the deity.

The ritual action and the depositing of votives were very important, which is exemplified by

Parko’s argument of the aryballoi and the schalenturm. The symbolic importance of miniature votive pottery is underrated as Stissi rightly points out, and more contextual studies and publication of miniatures will verify this point.

323 Many Greek myths were etiological see for example Poseidon in Morford and Lenardon 2007, pp. 158-160, 163- 164; Burkert 1985, pp. 136-139; Aphrodite: Morford and Lenardon 2007, p. 179; Burkert 1985, pp. 152-156. See also Nilsson 1986, pp. 10-11. 324 Ferguson 1989, p. 159. 325 Osborne 2004, p. 2.

79 THE RELATION OF THE SHRINE TO OTHER SANCTUARY SITES

AND THE QUESTION OF THE DEITY

Topographical Features and Assemblages

In this section I will compare the deposit to other similar sanctuaries that have shrines in their vicinity in order to achieve an understanding of its function and importance. I will also discuss the question of the deity, not only based on the terracotta figurines, but also the topographical setting of the shrine next to a spring, Pausanias’ accounts, and the myth history of the water-nymph Nemea.

At Nemea there is not one deposit exactly like the Rawson deposit, which further supports the idea that the Rawson deposit is not material from the Sanctuary of Zeus. A surprisingly few votive deposits have been found and even fewer published. In the Sanctuary of

Zeus there is one other similar deposit, but with fewer vessels, and it is later in date: it dates to the first half of the 5th century B.C. and is from the area near the Classical bath complex. It comprises five miniatures, three one-handlers, and four skyphoi as well as a few utilitarian objects consisting of two lamps, a lekanis, and a blisterware jug found in an ash-layer.326 This votive deposit contained fewer vessels than the Rawson deposit, but interestingly it contained a skyphos with a stone placed inside it. In the Nemea excavation notebook it was not recorded if the vessels of the Rawson deposit had stones inside them, but the neat packing of some vessels did indicate that the Rawson deposit served a ritual function, and that they were deposited with

326 Miller 2004, p. 39; Nemea I, pp. 259-261.

80 care; it was also the easiest way to store the vessels. Both deposits also had two lamps in them, as well as both utilitarian vessels and miniatures. It is difficult to conclude that the two deposits represent the same kind of ritual behavior, especially since no ash layer was found at the find spot of the Rawson deposit in the area PP 10, nor were any stones reported to have been placed inside the cups.327

Interestingly two structures, which could be small shrines or temples, have been discovered in areas K11, and M-N 5-6 on the grid plan north of the Temple of Zeus (Fig. 4). I will discuss the possibility that these two structures resemble extra-mural shrines similar to the shrine of the Rawson deposit. M5-6 was partly excavated in 1974 and again in 1981. The structure can be dated to the Hellenistic period.328 The structure in K11 was excavated in 1981 and had been severely disturbed by a modern road, but the structure indicated a date in the first half of the 5th century B.C.329 However, excavations of the earlier layer of the structure in K11 yielded material from the 8th and 7th century B.C., and Miller suggested that the area immediately north of the later Temple of Zeus was restricted to early activity, since material from this period is scarce within the sanctuary.330 The structure in K11 might have been a building associated with the earlier Temple of Zeus or a shrine devoted to a completely different deity.331 The temple/structure further north in grid M6 is very likely to have been a small extra-mural shrine, but K11 is too close to the Temple of Zeus to have been extra-mural.332 The road debris found in

F4 could indicate that the road passed north around the temple in M6 (depending on its course in

327 I am assuming that it would have been mentioned in the excavation notebook if there were stones found inside the vessels. 328 Pottery lots 10, 11, see Miller 1975, pp. 156-157; Miller 1982, pp. 20-21. 329 Miller 1981, pp. 46-48; Miller 1982, pp. 21-23. 330 Miller 1982, p. 23. See above for a summary of the early evidence in the Sanctuary of Zeus. 331 No figurines or inscriptions have been recovered in the excavations so far, so the identity of the deity of the possible temple remains uncertain, see Miller 1981, pp. 46-48; Miller 1982, pp. 21-23. 332 For the importance of the extra-mural sanctuaries, see de Edlund 1987, pp. 142-146.

81 antiquity), so it is possible that it was the first temple you would see traveling to Nemea from

Corinth. However, since the material from the excavations of both K11, and M5/6 still needs to be published, it is not possible to deduce the functions of the two structures; it is not even certain that they were of a sacred character. Within recent years research has focused more on the spaces between the city, sanctuary, and rural shrines and the relationship between the chora/countryside and the city.333 These two smaller structures north of the Temple of Zeus still need to be excavated and studied in greater detail, but it is a possibility that the structure in M5/6 is a rural or extra-mural shrine as the shrine of the Rawson deposit discovered in PP 10. The two structures cannot be directly compared to the shrine in PP 10 since no assemblages were found or published connected with K11 and M6, but the general idea of extra-mural shrine outside the

Sanctuary of Zeus can be considered (Fig. 4).

To find more suitable parallels than those we have available in Nemea, we may look to

Corinth, and the selection of miniature pottery in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore as well as the Demeter Sanctuary in Cyrene in Libya, which are both somewhat similar to the Rawson deposit (Fig. 98).334 Even so, we cannot definitively associate Demeter with the Rawson deposit.

More hydriai are associated with Demeter than with any other deity, and Susan G. Cole interprets these objects as dedicated by women as tokens of their participation in rites.335 The hydria is a water jar, and the ubiquitous votive associated with water indicates a concern for water. The same concern seems to have determined the location of the sites: Demeter sanctuaries were often located near a spring or a stream.336 In Corinth the Demeter and Kore sanctuary was

333 See for example de Polignac 1995; Alcock 1994. 334 Kocybala 1999, pp. 78-94. 335 For the number of hydriai at sites such as Eleusis, Andania, Tegea, Hermione, Kos, Priene, Halikarnass, Knidos, Gela, and Locri Epizephyrioi, see Diehl 1964, pp. 187-193; Cole 1994, p. 203. 336 Cole 1988, pp. 164-165.

82 placed inside the city walls.337 The dining-rooms near the terraces of the Demeter and Kore

Sanctuary date from the second half of the 6th century B.C., and they show evidence of the importance of water, not just in the shape of the many miniature hydriai, but also because several of the dining-rooms had small shower stalls near the entry.338 Water must have been important both for purification and as a constituent of the ritual.339 Cole indicates that the Cyrene sanctuary held the cult of Demeter Thesmophoria, which is supported by finds of miniature terracotta figurines of girls and women carrying piglets and torches. Both piglets and torches are two specific components in the Thesmophoria festival.340 However, since no such figurines are found in the Rawson deposit, and there are no architectural features discovered in connection with the

Rawson deposit, it is not assured that Demeter was connected to this shrine.

A close parallel to Nemea with regards to the layout of shrine and temple, as well as the association to a water source is Marzabotto, a city founded by Etruscans, with a securely identified spring sanctuary a short distance north of the city (Fig. 19).341 A structure belonging to a spring sanctuary was discovered North of the Temple of Tinia (the Etruscan equivalent of

Zeus). The name of the deity connected to the spring sanctuary is unfortunately unknown. The determination of the location of the spring sanctuary, as to whether it was placed inside or outside the walls of the city, is still uncertain.342 Both terracotta and marble benches were discovered in the spring sanctuary, and one of the basins had a votive inscription on it with the name Lareke Niritalu. However, the name has been interpreted as belonging to the dedicator not

337 For Roman Demeter cult at Olympia, see Sinn 2002, pp. 372-375. 338 Corinth XVIII.3, pp. 118-122; the miniature hydria is the third most common shape in the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary in Corinth, see Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 10-12. 339 Cole 1994, p. 207. 340 Burkert 1985, pp. 160-161; Cole 1994, p. 207; Larson 2007, pp. 70-72. 341 Edlund 1987, pp. 68-69; Bentz and Reusser 2008; Govi 2007; for other examples of spring sanctuaries, see Edlund 1987, pp. 98-100, 105, 116, 121-122; Carter 1994, p. 169; Jost 1994, p. 217. 342 Bentz and Reusser 2008, p. 61.

83 the dedicatee.343 Interestingly both Greek and locally made pottery such as Attic kylikes, a

Lakonian krater, and locally produced cups were found in the area of the spring sanctuary.344 No miniature vessels have been reported in the preliminary publications of Marzabotto. An altar has also recently been discovered 40 m southeast of the spring sanctuary, and a votive deposit was found containing a 30 cm tall kore statue, dating to about 500 B.C. However, more needs to be excavated in order to understand the connection to the nearby spring sanctuary.345 Unfortunately these finds have not been thoroughly processed yet, and the spring sanctuary’s connection to the city of Marzabotto and the nearby Temple of Tinia is still ambiguous.

The spring shrine in Marzabotto and the shrine of the Rawson deposit are similar in several aspects. On the one hand the location of the spring sanctuaries in the vicinity of the

Temple of Zeus and the Temple of Tinia are comparable, as well as the connection of a water source to the shrines, which could indicate separate cults from the ritual actions that took place near the temples. On the other hand, it is not possible to conclude anything about direct cross- cultural trends, and the features of the Etruscan rituals may have been significantly different with very different motivations. However, based on this contemporary parallel it seems very likely that the Rawson deposit represents a similar spring sanctuary in the vicinity of the Sanctuary of

Zeus, as the Marzabotto spring sanctuary does to the Temple of Tinia and the city of Marzabotto.

For examples of securely defined spring sanctuaries we may look to Metaponto in South

Italy for parallels (Fig. 30). In the territory of Metaponto a large number of sanctuaries have been discovered. The Zeus and Artemis Sanctuary at San Biagio alla Venella is located beside a spring

343 Bentz and Reusser 2008, p. 61. 344 Bentz and Reusser 2008, p. 62. 345 Bentz and Reusser 2008, pp. 62-63.

84 in a marshy hollow along the Venella valley.346 According to Joseph C. Carter the spring sanctuary was not a territorial marker, but the cult connected to the sanctuary was focused on the spring, which was channeled into a basin constructed of conglomerate stone. A number of structures decorated with polychrome terracotta revetments and antefixes dating to the 6th - 4th century B.C. were discovered on a level terrace above the spring.347 Votive pottery and terracotta figurines, both of undetermined male and female forms, were also found at San Biagio.348 In addition to the votive pottery, louteria (basins on a stand) were also discovered with depiction of animals of a Corinthian type, which were probably used to carry water from the spring. Based on the louteria and the votive terracottas, Ingrid E.M. Edlund states that the deity worshipped at this shrine was Artemis because of her role as the protector of animals, potnia theron.349 The louteria and the presence of water emphasize Artemis’ role as a goddess of purification and a divinity of nature. A spring and its surrounding grove was an ideal place for Artemis.350 Unfortunately only partial results of the excavations at San Biagio have been published, which make any additional conclusions difficult.351

Three other rural spring sanctuaries have been discovered at the area of Metaponto at

Pizzica, Pantanello, and at S. Angelo Vecchio (Fig. 30).352 The publication of Pantanello and the other spring sanctuaries in the area of Metaponto is now in progress. The cult existed from the

Archaic through the Classical period, however, in the early 6th century B.C., the sanctuary simply

346 Carter 1994, pp. 168-169; Edlund 1987, pp. 98-99. 347 Carter 1994, p. 169. 348 Edlund 1987, p. 98. 349 Edlund 1987, p. 99; Carter 1994, p. 169. 350 Edlund 1987, p. 99. 351 Carter 1994, p. 183, n. 46. 352 Edlund 1987, pp. 98-100; Carter 1994, pp. 183-198.

85 consisted of the spring with two channels leading from its mouth.353 The 6th century pottery consisted of “Ionic cups” which had their bottoms perforated. Carter interprets the cups as having been used for libation on the site and the liquid being funneled by the cup directly into the spring or the ground. This practice is typical of offerings to chthonic deities and therefore the female figurines found in the sanctuary perhaps represent Persephone.354 The 5th century B.C. phase yielded architectural structures, basins for water, pottery such as cups, miniatures, and terracottas (Figs. 28-29).355 The Classical terracotta figurines of satyrs and goats indicate that the cult was to Dionysos or at least of a chthonic nature according to Carter, who concludes that the cult was chthonic and constant.356 Krateriskoi and miniature unglazed skyphoi, as well as cups and a miniature phiale were also dedicated in the Pantanello sanctuary, and Carter connected those shapes to the rituals of the Anthesteria, a festival of Dionysos.357

In this section I have discussed similar assemblages and features to the Rawson deposit, and it becomes clear that a space does not need architectural features such as a temple to be sacred. A place in nature such as groves, caves, and springs could be sacred in itself. Spring sanctuaries in the Greek countryside could easily be overlooked today if architectural stone features were never built to demarcate the sacred area, and therefore the parallels from

Metaponto are most useful. It is possible that this is why there never were any structures found in

PP 10, the area where the Rawson deposit was discovered. In conclusion, it seems very likely that the Marzabotto spring sanctuary is a contemporary Etruscan parallel to the Nemea spring shrine of the Rawson deposit, with regards to its location in nature near a spring, its possible

353 Carter 1994, p. 184. 354 In the chora of Cyrene evidence of two rural sanctuaries were discovered, both were probably connected to Cthonic deities, see Menozzi 2002, pp. 77-90. 355 Carter 1994, pp. 192-197, figs. 7.16-7.20. 356 Carter 1994, p. 198. 357 Carter 1994, p. 195.

86 functional connection to the Zeus and Tinia Temples, and the fact that a shrine of a different deity can be found in the proximity of the sanctuary of another deity. It appears that rural spring sanctuaries were a common phenomenon despite the lack of evidence in Greece, but more survey exploration and publications thereof might reveal a different picture of the ancient Greek countryside.

The Deity

In this section I will evaluate and discuss the question of the deity connected to this rural shrine. The presence of terracotta figurines does not necessarily ease this task, but we can look to topographical features and written sources such as Pausanias. One needs to consider several possibilities, since no one deity seems obvious based on the deposit assemblage. I will also contemplate whether the landscape and the close connection to the spring near the deposit can provide any indication of identification.

As mentioned above, the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine has been found at many sites in the Peloponnese, and might be a strictly Peloponnesian phenomenon. Since the “Argive

Tirynthian” type figurine has been found in various contexts associated with many different goddesses, it appears that this type of figurine was a generic type dedicated to many different goddesses. However, we may tentatively conclude that this type was mainly connected to goddesses.

It seems hard, if not impossible, to grasp the identity of the deity to which the Nemea shrine belonged. Apart from the material evidence of the figurines, the topographical setting of the Rawson deposit might reveal clues to the identity of the deity to whom the shrine belonged.

87 As mention above, the place where the deposit was found was 700 m east of the Sanctuary of

Zeus close to the source of a natural spring. I will be exploring the possible different goddesses to whom the shrine could have belonged based on the evidence of the votive objects, the ancient sources, and the topographical setting. Demeter is connected to the importance of water because of her agricultural aspect and the Thesmophoria festival for women in which ritual cleansing was an important part. Demeter sanctuaries were often located outside the city near a stream or a spring, and hydriai, both regular-sized and miniatures, were often dedicated to her.358 In the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth votive hydriai constitute the third most common shape after kalathiskoi and phialai, which are three shapes that can relate to the cult of Demeter and

Kore or the festival of the Thesmophoria.359 However, various pottery shapes were dedicated to all kinds of gods and goddesses, and it is difficult to assign specific shapes to specific deities.

From the written sources we know that often the Thesmophoria took place outside the city in a remote location, which would fit the location of the Rawson deposit. We know from the sources that no architectural features are needed in the Thesmophoria festivals, and the women camped in tents (σκηναí/skenai).360 Offerings of piglets took place, but an architectural altar was not needed for those sacrifices.361 Another example of a location where the Thesmophoria took place is found on the Pnyx hill in Athens.362 However, no terracotta pig figurines were found, nor were depictions of Demeter and Kore or Demeter figurines with a piglet in her arms as are found in

358 Cole 1988, pp. 164-165; Hydriai were also dedicated to many other deities, see Diehl 1964, pp. 187-192; Cole 1988, p. 165; Cole 1994, p. 203. An Archaic example of a hydria fragment with a dipinto dedication to Demeter was found in Corinth, Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 10-12, 152, no. 374. 359 Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 10-11; Burkert 1985, pp. 242-246; Larson 2007, pp. 70-72. 360 Burkert 1985, p. 242. 361 Burkert 1985, p. 243. 362 Thompson 1936, pp. 151-200.

88 other Demeter sanctuaries.363 Furthermore, piglet figurines, or female figurines carrying piglets were not found in the Rawson deposit. Demeter is one of many possibilities of the deity to whom the Nemea shrine could have belonged.

A fragment of a dove figurine was found in the Rawson deposit, but the dove was most often connected to Aphrodite and her aspect of love (296, Fig. 34). Aphrodite’s cult was connected to female beauty. Dove sacrifices, incense, and myrtle crowns are distinctive features of her worship. The Archaic head with a crown from the deposit 295 (Fig. 56), a lid of a thymiaterion 280 (Fig. 154), and the dove figurine could indicate that Aphrodite was worshipped at this small rural shrine at Nemea. However, doves can also be offerings to other female deities, such as Artemis, and all deities received incense.364 Aphrodite’s sanctuaries were not grandiose, but rather she was typically honored in smaller shrines.365 In Sparta, for example, there was a shrine to Aphrodite, possibly shared with Ares, on the acropolis.366 At Acrocorinth Aphrodite

Ourania (heavenly) was installed as goddess of the city where she owned slaves who worked as prostitutes, and at Locri a large dining facility including inscribed pottery naming the goddess attests to her cult.367 However, since no such architectural features or written sources have determined a rural shrine to Aphrodite at Nemea, it is still uncertain to what deity the shrine belonged.

Apart from the figurines, and the landscape, the Nemea shrine’s connection to water can also provide clues to the deity to whom the shrine belonged. Artemis, the huntress goddess, was

363 In for example Tegea, Dugas 1921, p. 425, nos. 349-351, fig. 64. For a sacrificial pit containing pig bones in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth, see Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 96-97. 364 Artemis was closely connected to all kinds of animals, see Larson 2007, pp. 101-104. 365 Larson 2007, p. 114. 366 Larson 2007, p. 119. 367 Larson 2007, pp. 120-122.

89 also associated with water. One of her epithets was Limnatis (of the Lake/Marsh); however, only a few sanctuaries to Artemis Limnatis have been explored.368 According to Pausanias young girls celebrated the festival of Artemis Limnatis, and according to Cole festivals for young girls were common in the sanctuary of Artemis. It is possible that this is why a large number of hydriai are found in Artemis sanctuaries (Appendix).369

The Nemea shrine could also be dedicated to Athena in her role as Zeus’ daughter. Their dual cults often dealt with civic administration, law, and justice. In Sparta they shared epithets, such as Agoraios (of the Marketplace), Xenios (of Strangers/Guestfriends), and Amboulios (of

Council).370 According to the orator Antiphon, who wrote in the 5th century B.C., the bouleuterion in Athens contained a shrine of Zeus Boulaios and Athena Boulaia at which members prayed when they entered.371 Athena Polias (of the City) is yet another epithet that the goddess shares with Zeus.372 However, the votives from the Rawson deposit do not seem to indicate civic function, but instead rituals that took place at the Nemea shrine were rituals where incense was needed, cleansing was important, and libation rituals took place.

A final option is that the shrine did not belong to a certain god or goddess, but rather to a nymph, more specifically a water-nymph.373 At Corinth the Peirene fountain takes its name from a nymph, and the excavators suggested that in the Roman period a statue of the nymph Peirene was on display at the fountain house.374 Nymphs animate nature and are often depicted as beautiful young girls who love to sing and dance, and in some cases they are extremely

368 Λíµνη can also mean basin, pool or reservoir, LJS λíµνι; Burkert 1985, pp. 149-152; Morford and Lenardon 2007, pp. 210-238; Larson 2007, pp. 101-104; Sinn 1981, pp. 35-37. 369 Paus. Per. VI.4.2; Diehl 1964, pp. 199-201; Cole 1988, p. 164; Nielsen 2009, pp. 83-116. 370 Larson 2007, p. 55. 371 Antiph. 6.45; Larson 2007, p. 55. 372 Larson 2007, p. 55. 373 For a discussion of the nomenclature of nymphs, see Larson 2001, pp. 3-8. 374 Corinth I.6, pp. 5, 64, 99-100, fig. 55.

90 amorous.375 Very often nymphs act as attendants of other gods or goddesses, but compared to goddesses Nymphs are not immortal.376 Nymphs are also sometimes classified as the spirits of waters, springs, lakes, and rivers, and as such called Naiads.377 Pausanias mentions that the city of Nemea got its name from the water-nymph Nemea, the daughter of the river god Asopos

(Appendix). Asopos was the famous son of Poseidon and Kelouse, and had many daughters, for example Aegina, Harpina, Kerkyra, Thebe, Sinope, and Nemea.378 However, according to Pindar,

Nemea’s parents were Zeus and Selene.379 The nymph Nemea gave her name to the river that forms the boundary between Sikyon and Corinth (Appendix).380 Unfortunately neither Pausanias nor Strabo mentions anything about a shrine next to the Adrasteia spring, and it is unclear if the spring Pausanias talks about is the spring next to the deposit.381 However, no other springs are mentioned in connection to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea, either by ancient or modern travelers, so it is a plausible assumption that the Adrasteria spring Pausanias mentions is the spring near the find spot of the deposit. A river, dating to the 5th century A.D., runs through the

Sanctuary of Zeus on the west side, but no other natural spring or water sources are know in the immediate area of the sanctuary.

According to Jennifer S. Larson the spring can be described as the micro-habitat of the nymph, and the mountain as the macro-habitat, which is defined in ancient and modern Greece not by a specific height, but by its opposition to “the plain.”382 This idea fits perfectly with the area where the Rawson deposit was found. The find spot in PP 10 on the grid plan is on the edge

375 Larson 2001, p. 10. 376 Morford and Lenardon 2007, p. 136; LIMC VI, 1992, pp. 731, s.v. Nemea (H. Fracchia). 377 Morford and Lenardon 2007, p. 136, n. 1; the term Naiads is used from Homer onwards, see Larson 2001, p. 8. 378 Paus. Per II.12.5; Morford and Lenardon 2007, p. 354; LIMC VI, 1992, pp. 731-733, nos. 1-18, pl. 430, s.v. Nemea (H. Fracchia). 379 Pindar Nem. 7.3; RE XVI, 2, 1935, col. 2310, s.v. Nemea (W. Göber.). 380 Strab. Geo.VIII.6.25; Larson 2001, pp. 150-151, n. 98. 381 Strab. Geo. VIII.6.20. 382 Larson 2001, pp. 8-9.

91 of a ravine, which is like a steep hill, and you have a great view of the plain below – and the

Sanctuary of Zeus – from the place of the deposit and the nearby source of the spring. In myth and cult the hill or mountain is regularly the meeting place of gods and mortals (e.g., Hesiod and the Muses) and a place where the norms of society undergo temporary reversal, as in the

Dionysiac rituals.383 The mountain or hill is the space beyond and contrasted with urban areas.384

It is very possible that similar spring sanctuaries are yet to be discovered in the Greek countryside; from the examples in southern Italy and Pausanias we know that they are numerous.

Unfortunately it is difficult to draw general conclusions from archaeological patterns of cult distribution in the 6th century B.C. because the evidence is arbitrarily or randomly preserved.

However, some evidence from Athens provides interesting information for cults connected to different nymphs. Attica has been more thoroughly explored than other regions in Greece with regards to archaeological evidence for cultic activity addressed to the nymphs. 385 Zeus is not as often found or depicted in interaction with nymphs, in contrast to how often he is seen together with mortal women or other goddesses. However, examples of Zeus abducting the water-nymph

Aegina are found in 5th century vase painting; the same Aegina who gives her name to the island in the Saronic gulf (Fig. 31).386 It is uncertain if any of Aegina’s sisters such as Nemea are depicted on the vases showing Zeus’ pursuit.387 In Athens, at least two areas have been definitively connected to nymphs. The shrine of Nymphe in Athens is significant because of its early date. Though no literary sources mention it, votives were being deposited there since at least the 7th century B.C. including large loutrophoroi. The shrine consisted of a large open-air

383 Larson 2001, p. 9; Morford and Lenardon 2007, pp. 308-309. 384 Larson 2001, p. 9, n. 22. 385 Larson 2001, p. 123. 386 Larson 2001, pp. 144-145, n. 70. 387 Larson 2001, p. 145.

92 enclosure located near the present-day Odeon of Herodes Atticus. Pottery such as aryballoi, lekythoi, and plates were discovered as well as lamps, plaques, masks, and terracotta figurines.

Nymphe, the recipient of the cult, was identified by graffiti on pottery as well as a marble boundary stele.388 Interestingly, a stele found in 1955 near the Hill of the Nymphs in Athens, provides a connection between the nymphs and Zeus Meilichios (Fig. 33).389 The stele dates to the late 4th to early 3rd century B.C., depicts a snake, and has the inscription “[H]ΔEΑ ΔΙΙ

ΜΙΛΙ[ΧIΩΙ],” (…? Zeus Meilichios), which connects the stele to Zeus Meilichios.390 The snake has been interpreted as a chthonic symbol, and perhaps Nymphe was thought of as a consort to

Zeus Meilichios.391 However, the only connection to the nymph is the find spot on the Hill of the

Nymphs, thus the connection between Zeus Meilichios and nymphs is tentative.

In conclusion, many different deities could be connected to the Nemea shrine: Demeter because of her connection to the landscape and water, Hera because of the inscribed pottery from

Tiryns, Artemis because of her connection to water and connection to animals and landscape and

Aphrodite because of the dove figurine in the Rawson deposit and her connection to beauty and dove sacrifices. However, the material of the Rawson deposit does not provide sufficient evidence to connect the shrine to any of the above mentioned goddesses. Thus, Pausanias’ account of the Adrasteia spring near the Sanctuary of Zeus in combination with the location for the shrine of the Rawson deposit suggest a rural shrine or a spring sanctuary for the water-nymph

388 Larson 2001, p. 112, n. 60. 389 The hill takes its name from an inscription that marks the shrine of the nymphs and Demos, see Larson 2001, p. 131; Larson 2001, p. 112; Daux 1958, pp. 366-367. The name µειλιχίω means “propitiatory offering,” and might be a reference to the skin of a victim sacrificed to Zeus, also called “the fleece of Zeus,” which the Greeks used in purificatory rites, see Cook 1914, pp. 422-423. 390 ηδέα probably comes from εἴδω (present), which means either see, behold, look at, perceive or I know, understand, perceive, see LSJ “ηδέα,” and Daux 1958, p. 367; Daux 1958, pp. 366-367. 391 Larson 2001, p. 112; In Cyrene (at the slope of the “Archaic tomb-sanctuary”) a dedicatory inscription to Zeus Melichios was discovered on a niche near a sanctuary to a nymph, see Menozzi 2002, p. 78.

93 Nemea, who in myth is tightly connected to her father Zeus, the mythological history of the region, and the founding of the Nemean games at Nemea.

94 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS

For a long time there has been a tendency to focus mainly on monumental architecture such as temples within the field of Classical Archaeology. Then the focus changed to include the temple within the sanctuary, as well as the positioning of ancient city. Finally within the last 20 years or so, focus has expanded to include the space between the sanctuary and the city, the space between the sanctuary and the countryside, and the space between the city and the countryside. It is time to embrace a more contextual approach, to publish votive deposits, even if they “only” consist of miniature pottery, in combination with their contexts in order to achieve a better understanding of their ritual behavior. François de Polignac’s important work on sanctuaries and their relation to the city and the sacred, dynamic landscape has somewhat changed the center of attention.392 Susan E. Alcock’s approach is also extremely important: stressing the complexity of the sacred landscape, the regional variations in the way the landscape was constructed, and the ways in which the construction was always part of an ongoing history by focusing on survey methods.393 Both approaches are certainly a step in the right direction, although much work still needs to be done, and these approaches are of course not the only way.

Indestructible survey methods are gaining ground, such as archaeological landscape/surface surveys and geo-magnetic surveying, which provide non-destructive information that can be just as useful as excavations.394

392 De Polignac 1995. 393 See for example Alcock and Osborne 1994; Alcock, Cherry and Davis 1994. 394 For an explanation of the principles of magnetic surveying, see Keary et al. 2002, pp. 155-182. For archaeological survey method, see for example Banning 2002; for survey projects in Greece: NVAP, Wright et al. 1990, Wright et al. 2008; Phlious: Alcock 1991; Arcadia: the Norwegian Arcadia Project, ed. Østby 2005; Keos:

95 In this thesis I have attempted to show that an isolated votive deposit without much contextual evidence can still be used to cast light on different aspects regarding its function and ritual behavior associated with it. By analyzing production characteristics of the Corinthian pottery from the Rawson deposit, we learn that probably only a few different painters produced the decorated pottery. It appears that smaller batches of kotylai and kalathiskoi came from the same workshop, and the misfired kotylai and kalathiskoi support this idea. Last but not least,

Risser’s excellent work on Corinthian Conventionalizing decorated pottery combined with the date of the Attic pieces in the deposit supply us with a possible date range for the deposit; i.e., the late 6th century to late 5th century B.C. The careful depositing of the deposit, which took place at one time, probably around 450 B.C., also makes it clear that the deposit is not a casual dump from the Sanctuary of Zeus, but it parallels similar cases in Corinth and Locri where this kind of depositing took place in cases of reconstruction or closure of shrines.

Interestingly the Rawson deposit contained pottery from production sites of Argos,

Asine, Corinth, and Attica. It also contained some locally produced vessels, although the exact number is uncertain until further studies on the regional fabrics are published. The exact trade route is still uncertain, but a functional road system was in use in the Archaic-Classical period that provided easy access from Corinth down to Argos through Kleonai and Nemea. This route, of course, also worked from Argos to the north, as Marchand has proven in her recent study.395 It is possible that the Attic pottery came to Nemea via Corinth, which seems to be the most direct and easy route. The provenances of the locally produced vessels are still uncertain; more studies

Cherry et al. 1991; Albania: Durrës Regional Archaological Project, Davis et al. 2003; Italy: Metaponto, Carter 1998, and Carter 2006; the Black Sea region: eds. Bilde and Stolba 2006. 395 Marchand 2009.

96 and publication of locally produced pottery, both coarse and fineware, need to be done in order to determine regional production centers.

For the Greeks any location might serve as a place of cult. Particularities in the geographical setting were enough for it to be considered sacred, either because of some special geographical terrain or because it contained some particular manifestation of the divine: a rock, a tree, or a spring. Most often the space that was deemed sacred was delimited as a temenos. Its boundaries could be marked by boundary stones (horoi), or a boundary wall (peribolos).

However, numerous Greek sanctuaries were just simple enclosures, containing a sacred wood, a spring, a cave, or some other natural feature, but with no permanent man-made structures.396 The temple, although a very impressive remnant of the ancient Greek world, is however, not an indispensable element of Greek religion.397 Rituals were mostly performed outside and not inside the temple, and the temple was locked for the most part of the year.398 Whether the Sanctuary of

Zeus at Nemea was only inhabited every second year at the time of the festival is still an unsolved question.

Purification is tightly connected to the use of water, which speaks for the connection of the Rawson deposit to a spring shrine. If a person who was considered polluted he/she was not allowed in, and often basins with holy water were placed near the entrance of sanctuaries for the worshippers to purify themselves before entering.399 Such basins would not be necessary, though, if the Nemea shrine were located close to the Adrasteia spring, and the logistical difficulties of

396 Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 55. 397 Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 58. 398 Iron obeloi, which are more likely to be keys to the Zeus Temple, or to the bath building, were found in the area of the bath complex, IL470 and IL471, see Nemea I, pp. 253-256, fig. 363, where Miller states that they indicate a domestic or cultic usage. 399 Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 56.

97 transporting large amounts of water would be avoided. According to Burkert, purification is a social process, and to conform to the group is to conform to its standard of purity - the outsider is unclean.400 Purification rituals are therefore involved in all intercourse with the sacred, and in all forms of initiation, but they are also employed in crisis situations such as guilt, madness, and illness.401 Interestingly, Plato writes, “The impure man is whoever is wicked in his soul,” and at

Epidaurus over the entrance to the Asclepius Sanctuary was engraved, “Purity is to think pious things,” two examples which underline the ancient Greeks’ conception of the importance of purity.402 The demand for purity draws attention to the boundary that separates the sacred from the profane.

The votive deposits, as well as the two structures north of the Temple of Zeus combined with Pausanias’ accounts of countless rural shrines spread all over the countryside, provide evidence of a rich sacred landscape. The Archaic shrine of the Rawson deposit could very well have served a functional purpose at first, since the wells from the sanctuary only contain a few artifacts of Archaic dates. Perhaps the ancient Greeks who lived in the area acquired water directly from the spring near the deposit. It is a possibility that the shrine of the deposit lost its significance when the wells were dug in the sanctuary of Zeus in the 5th century B.C.

Other aspects provide information about who the deity of this rural spring shrine could be. The “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine has been found at a number of different sites in the

Peloponnese. On the basis of their characteristic fabric as well as the evidence of kilns dating to the Geometric through the Hellenistic period, they seem to have been produced in Argos. A large

400 Burkert 1985, p. 76. 401 Burkert 1985, p. 76. 402 “`Aκάθαρτος γὰρ τὴν ψυχὴν ὅ γε κακός, καθαρὸς δὲ ὁ ἐναντίος, παρὰ δὲ µιαροῦ δῶρα οὔτε,” Plato Leg. IV.716e, trans. Bury 1914; Burkert 1985, p. 77, n. 23.

98 number of the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine were found at the Argive Heraion where Hera was worshipped. However, this type of figurine was also found at the Athena Alea sanctuary in

Tegea, at the Hera sanctuary at Perachora, and at Tiryns, where it has been suggested that the figurines represent Athena, based on a graffito on a krater fragment found with the “Argive

Tirynthian” type figurines. At Asine the presence of terracotta figurines, both the “Argive

Tirynthian” type and the later types, have been connected to Demeter. It is clear from its wide distribution that the “Argive Tirynthian” type figurine became a generic type of votive offering, perhaps a strictly Peloponnesian phenomenon, representing a deity, instead of representing a specific deity. Thus, the Rawson deposit is likely to belong to a shrine of a goddess, which eliminates the idea of a waste-dump from the Sanctuary of Zeus.

It is very possible that the Rawson deposit from Nemea is a votive deposit from a rural spring shrine that belongs to the nymph Nemea.403 She was a nymph, who was tightly connected to the area through her father, whether it was Zeus or the river god Asopos, depending on which literary source one believes. In the absence of graffiti, epigraphical evidence, and more exact literary accounts, we cannot know the identity of the deity worshipped here, but I hope to have presented evidence that the large Nemea deposit with its more than 1000 vessels came from the closing of a rural spring shrine in about 460 B.C. near the Sanctuary of Zeus, a shrine that fell out of use before the Sanctuary of Zeus had its revival in the 4th century B.C., which was manifested by an extensive building program.

403 For an overview of survey done in the Nemea area with evidence of other possible rural shrines, see Wright et al. 1990; Alcock, Cherry, and Davis 1994.

99 CATALOGUE

The pottery catalogue is organized after fabric, shape, and decoration. The large kotylai are presented first, then the miniature kotylai, with the most occurring decoration first, for example petal (lotus-bud) decoration. The skyphoi and miniature skyphoi are presented after the kotylai. Kotylai and skyphoi are the most common shape in the available portion of the Rawson deposit (41%). After the skyphoi the miniature hydriai are introduced (both decorated and un- decorated, 29%), and then the kalathiskoi, which are the the third largest shape group in the

Rawson deposit (10%). Missing material can be distinguished in the catalogue from the available material since it only has one inventory number compared to the available material, which has two. (Except from the terracotta figurines, which have two old inventory numbers, i.e., NEM-P-

000 and NEM-TC-0). The parallels for the missing objects from the deposit are based on

Caskey’s black and white photographs.

CORINTHIAN

GROUP I. KOTYLAI This group contains the Corinthian kotylai and miniature kotyle with decoration other than Conventionalizing; petals, “vertical squiggles” (as dubbed by Risser), semi-black glazed, a combination of vertical squiggles, and petals, and figured decoration. The group consists of 28 examples ranging in height from 11.6 – 6 cm, and most of them have three broad bands on the lower body (only 8 has two bands instead of three), and one decorative band in the handle zone. The shape is consistent with the kotyle shape; the kotyle is a deep drinking vessel with a flaring ring foot and two horizontal loop handles attached below the rim.

100 Petals (lotus-buds) decoration. The decoration in the handle zone varies, 1-9 have oval lotus buds, either alternating black-red (1-5) or only black (6-9). One example has vertical squiggles (10).

1 (P952) (NEM-P-119) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 13 fragments. One handle and smaller parts of rim restored in plaster. Base and rim chipped. Decoration quite worn, colors very faded. Diam. 10.2; H. 7.6; Diam. base 5.5; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10Y 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8. Interior: Black glazed, worn. Thin red line on edge of rim. Exterior: Thin black line on edge of rim. Band with alternating red and black lotus buds bordered below by thin black line. Black band then red band, thin black line below. Lowest black band continues onto exterior of base. Base: Resting surface added red. Underside reserved with black band on edge and dot in center. Handle: black glazed? Corinth VII.5, pp. 60-61, no. 130, fig. 7, pl. 10. Late 6th century B.C.

2 (P1081) (NEM-P-342) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle mended from 12 fragments. Part of body, small part of both handles restored in plaster. Diam. 10.1; H. 7.4; Diam. base 5.9; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3 Light smooth Corinthian fabric; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Interior: Interior black glazed, smudged on bottom. Trace of thin possibly red line on edge of rim. Exterior: Alternating black and red lotus buds, red? line below. Black band continue onto exterior of smallish foot. Foot: resting surface added red. Slightly concave underside, reserved with thick black concentric band and dot in center. Handle: black glazed. See 1.

3 (P948) (NEM-P-115) Fig. 85 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Small parts of rim and wall restored in plaster. Interior glaze very worn. Diam. 9.5; H. 7.2; Diam. base 5.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6, 5Y 2.5/1. Thick ring base. Interior: Diluted black glaze. Reserved line on rim. Poorly applied glaze. Exterior: Thin red band on rim. Band with alternating red and black lotus buds. Bordered below by two black lines. Black band, red band with thin red line above and below. Black band continues onto exterior of base. Base: resting surface red. Black circle on reserved underside and small circle around center. Handles: glaze very worn, but probably covered with black glaze. See 1.

4 (P954) (NEM-P-121) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 13 fragments. Small parts of rim and body restored in plaster. Worn decoration and interior glaze.

101 Diam. 8.7; H. 7.2; Diam. base 5.6; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5YR 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6, 5Y 2.5/1. Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Thin faded black line on rim. Band with alternating red and black lotus buds, hastily missing lotus buds. Bordered below by black line. Black band bordered below by thin black line, red band bordered below by black line. Black band continues onto exterior of base. Red edge of base and resting surface. Junction and underside reserved with black worn circle, black dot and depression from compass? Handles: outer part black glazed. See 1.

5 (P955) (NEM-P-122) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 17 fragments. Glaze and decoration worn. Small parts of rim, side, and lower body restored in plaster. Diam. 9.1; H. 6.7; Diam. base 5.2; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Black glazed. Possibly thin black or red line on top of rim. Exterior: Thin black line on rim. Band with alternating red and black lotus buds. Black band bordered above and below by black line. Red band, bordered below by black line. Black band continues onto exterior of base. Base: Resting surface red. Underside reserved with black circle and tiny small circle at center. Handles: Black glazed. See 1.

6 (P1097) (NEM-P-358) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Kotyle, four fragments; rim, body and base mended from two fragments. Decoration quite well preserved. Diam. 8.0; H. ca 6.5; Diam. base 4.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: streaky black glaze. Exterior: Black lotus buds. Thin line below. Black band, red band, black band. Base: black glazed exterior. Resting surface reserved with thick red band. Reserved underside with thin black band and small circle around center. Very thin incised concentric circle. Corinth VII.5, p. 66, no. 172, fig. 9, pl. 12. About mid-late 5th century B.C.

7 (P1083) (NEM-P-344) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle mended from 11 fragments. One handle part of rim restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Fragment of rim missing. Diam. 8.4; H. 6.5; Diam. base 4.9; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 7.5YR 5/6. Interior: Possibly thin line on edge of rim, otherwise black glazed. Exterior: Black lotus bud decoration. Black, red, black band. Base: On exterior black glazed. Underside reserved with circle and dot in center. Handle: black glazed. Same decoration as 6. See 6.

102 8 (P957) (NEM-P-124) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Kotyle mended from nine fragments. Handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Quite worn decoration. Diam. 8.1; H. 6.4; Diam. base 4.9; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Black glazed. Blobs of running black glaze. Red on inside of rim(?) from painted exterior rim. Exterior: Red thin line on rim. Band with black lotus buds bordered below by red line. Red band bordered below with two black lines. Lower body: black glazed with two reserved lines near base. Exterior of base red. Underside black. Convex disk underside with black circle and dot in the center. Handle: outer part black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 188, no. 999, pl. 44. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

9 (P968) (NEM-P-135) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Kotyle mended from five fragments. Worn decoration and glaze. Part of handle and rim restored in plaster. Diam. 8.5; H. 6.3; Diam. base 4.7; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Black glazed. Red thin line on rim. Very worn. Exterior: Very thin red line on rim. Band with black lotus buds, bordered below by black line. Black band, red band with black line below glaze. Black band on lower body, black line below. Base: black with edge reserved or very worn. Resting surface black, red groove. Reserved underside with black circle and small circle at center. Handles: outer part black glazed. See 6.

10 (P1091) (NEM-P-352) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle, three fragments, two fragments mended. Handles and most of rim missing. Misfired red on one side. Possibly secondary burn near breakage at base. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Diam. 11.0; H. 6.7; Diam. base 5.5; Th. 0.3. High, thick ring base. Interior: Black glazed except from reserved band at edge of rim. Exterior: Black vertical squiggles. Base: Resting surface red, underside reserved with one concentric band and small circle around center. Corinth VII.5, p. 65, no. 170, fig. 9, pl. 11. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

Semi-black glazed decoration. The following 12 kotylai have semi-black glazed decoration. They range in height from 6-1-11.6 cm. They are all very similar in shape, almost identical, except for 14 which is more bulbous and dates to the end of the 5th century B.C. Six examples have rays on their lower bodies (11, 13-16, 19), and six are reserved on the lower body (12, 17-18, 20-22).

103 11 (P936) (NEM-P-103) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 22 fragments. Part of rim and side restored in plaster. Decoration and glaze extremely badly worn. Misfired patch. Poorly executed. Diam. 13.8; H. 11.6; Diam. base 7.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glazed, very worn. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Black band, liquidy black glaze. Red line below, most places the black band overlaps the red line. Rays on lower part of body. Base: red on exterior, reserved resting surface. Red band on junction of underside. Reserved underside with thin black band. Dot in center with circle. Handles: black glazed. Corinth VII.2, p. 140, no. An 212, fig.1, pl. 64, very similar, but black band smaller on 11; Corinth XVIII, i, p. 86, no. 40, fig. 6, pl. 6, ”ray-based kotyle.” striking resemblance, notice reserved part between base and line with rays. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

12 (P935) (NEM-P-102) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Part of rim and side restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. One loose handle. Diam. 13.5; H. 11.5; Diam. base 7.4; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5Y 3/1, 2.5Y 2.5/1. Interior: Black glazed. Worn off on rim. Exterior: semi black glazed. Reserved lower body. Thick black line near base. Base: Black glazed exterior and resting surface. Reserved underside with thin black band and dot surrounded by small ring in the middle. Handles: black glazed. Corinth VII.2, p.120, no. An 112, pl. 65; 12 is a little bigger than An 112, otherwise very similar, notice line above base on both examples. First quarter of 6th century B.C.

13 (P942) (NEM-P-109) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 15 fragments. Part of side and base restored in plaster. Glaze and decoration very worn both on interior and exterior. Two small punctures on exterior, post-firing, probably accidental. Maybe from when excavated? Running black blobs of glaze on upper body. Patch of red misfiring. Diam. 13.1; H. 10.7; Diam. base 8.2; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 5Y 2.5/1. Thick flaring ring base. Interior: Diluted black glaze. Thin red line on rim. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Two irregular incised lines. Lower body reserved with 4-5 incised lines, mistake when firing or during potting? Upper zone bordered by very thin red line. Very poorly preserved rays of black on lower body. Thin red line. Base: Black glazed, worn, red resting surface. Reserved underside, black band, worn off. Handles: black glazed. See 11.

14 (P944) (NEM-P-111) Fig. 99 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77

104 Kotyle mended from 34 fragments. Part of side, rim, and one handle restored in plaster. Very worn glaze. Diam. 11.3; H. 10.2; Diam. base 6.4; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 10R 6/6, 5Y 2.5/1. Thick ring base. Interior: Diluted black glaze. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Lower body, thin black lines projecting from base. Diluted red on lower body. Base: exterior and resting surface black glazed. Underside covered in red. Incision marks from compass preserved red in the incision marks? Handle: black glazed. Corinth XIII, pp. 268-269, no. 415-13, pl. 68. 14 is taller; Corinth XIII, p. 272, nos. 422- 2 and 422-1, pls. 70, 97. Last quarter of 5th century B.C.

15 (P1154) (NEM-P-490) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Kotyle mended from 19 fragments (one loose). One handle and about half of side and base missing. Small piece of lower body restored in plaster. Black glaze worn in places, deep carvings on exterior, one diagonal, one vertical, from knife or tool maybe from excavation? Diam. 12.7; H. 9.8; Diam. base 7.6. Fabric: Soft, light orange, 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Flaring ring base. Interior: Black glazed. Trace of red band at about greatest diameter. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Upper half of body unevenly black glazed, lower body reserved with very thin projecting rays. Exterior of base added red, resting surface black and red near groove on exterior. Underside: reserved with thick black concentric band, around center black dot, and two very thin black circles. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XV.3, pp. 188-190, no. 1002, pl. 44. Late 6th century B.C.

16 (P945) (NEM-P-112) Fig. 100 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 29 fragments. Base, and parts of side restored in plaster. Decoration worn. Diam. 12.2; H. 9.4; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 5Y 3/1, but more matt. Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Semi black glazed with poorly preserved thin red line on mid body and bordered by small red band. Lower body reserved with thin black lines projecting from base. Thin red line just above base. Handle: Black glazed. See 11.

17 (P1077) (NEM-P-338) Fig. 101 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle mended from 14 fragments. Part of body and handle restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Some misfiring red on one side. Salt inclusions? Blob of running black paint on one side near base. Diam. 11.0; H.: 8.8; Diam. base 6.4; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: Light Corinthian fabric, 2.5Y 7/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Thick flaring ring base. Interior: Thin black line on edge of rim. Black glazed. Exterior: Possibly thin red line on edge of rim. Semi black glazed. Reserved lower body. Thin red line near base.

105 Base: black glazed exterior with reserved line on edge, resting surface black glazed. Underside reserved with thin black concentric band, very small black circle at center. Corinth VII.2, p. 120, no. An 112, pl. 65. First quarter of 6th century B.C.

18 (P947) (NEM-P-114) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 15 fragments. Part of side, and small part of rim restored in plaster. Glaze and decoration extremely worn. Diam. 11.0; H. 8.5; Diam. base 6; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 8/2. Interior: Black glazed, thin red line on rim. Exterior: Very worn decoration. Semi black glazed, two red lines on upper body. Reserved lower zone bordered below by black line. Base: Exterior and resting surface covered in black glaze. Junction with wall and foot reserved. Reserved underside. Black circle. Small circle at center. Handles: black glazed, very worn. See 17.

19 (P949) (NEM-P-116) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 23 fragments. Small part of rim and body restored in plaster. Very worn. Misfired, orange or faded colors. Black/brown, red/purple?. Diam. 10.0; H. 7.6; Diam. base 6.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/4. Interior: Black glazed. Streak of misfired red? Exterior: Trace of red line on edge of rim and another line below. Semi black glazed with two red lines to distinguish handle zone, bordered above and below by black lines. On lower body projecting thin black lines slanting to one side. Base: Exterior black glazed. Resting surface reserved with red line. Underside reserved with black band and two circles around center. Handles: black glazed. Red from rim line smudged onto upper part of handle. See 14 and 15.

20 (P1082) (NEM-P-343) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 102 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle mended from six fragments. Handle, half of rim and part of body restored in plaster. Glaze worn and misfired red. Chipped rim and base. Diam. 8.9; H. 6.9; Diam. base 5.4; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8, 5YR 4/4. Interior: Misfired red glaze. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Possibly with two red lines on upper body. Traces of incised lines. Black line, then reserved line just above base. Exterior of base black glazed. Resting surface black glazed. Reserved underside with one black circle. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 41, fig. 6, pl. 7, 20 is 0.9 cm smaller. Second quarter of 5th century B.C..

21 (P1084) (NEM-P-345) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87.

106 Kotyle mended from four fragments. Handles and half of vessel missing. Decoration very worn. Misfired red in places. Very poorly executed. Diam. 8.5; H. 6.3; Diam. base 5.2; Th. 0.4. Fabric: light Corinthian fabric, smooth, 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: black glazed. Some accidental? red below rim. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Reserved lower body with careless done black projecting line from base. Reserved exterior of base, incised line. Base: resting surface black glazed, underside reserved with black concentric circle, central thick dot. Slight convex ridge on base. See 20.

22 (P1086) (NEM-P-347) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Kotyle mended from six fragments. About half of body missing, 2/3 of rim, and one handle missing. Worn decoration. Est. Diam. 8.0; H. 6.1; Diam. base 4.4; Th. 0.3; Th. handle: 0.7. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Thick ring base. Interior black glazed. Reserved on edge of rim, or worn. Exterior: semi black glazed. Thin red line on lower body, reserved lower body, thin black line below. Exterior of base black glazed, resting surface red, underside reserved with two thin black lines, and one around center. Handle: black glazed. See 20.

Combined Squiggle and Petal decoration. These three kotylai have a slightly different shape than the other kotylai in this group. The body seem to narrow towards the base, which might be a chronological indicator. All three examples have a combined squiggle and lotus petal decoration. These examples are different from the examples above, which only has petal decoration. On all three examples (23-25) the decoration is different, especially on 25, which has more triangular buds that are connected to the borderline below.

23 (P946) (NEM-P-113) Fig. 103 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 18 fragments. Part of side, rim, and one handle restored in plaster. Worn interior. Diam. 10.5; H. 8.2; Diam. base 5.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Slightly incurving rim. Interior: Diluted black glaze. Blob of red glaze below rim. Exterior: Red very thin line on rim, poorly preserved. Band with brownish black vertical squiggles, bordered by brownish black line. Red line below, band of black lotus buds. Bordered below by red line. On lower reserved body two thin black lines. Base: exterior and resting surface black glazed. Underside reserved, two black concentric circles, one near resting surface, and one small near center. Handle: outer part black glazed. Corinth VII.5, p. 66, no. 180, pl. 12; Corinth XV.3, p. 212, no. 1128, pl. 48. Second half of 4th century B.C.?

107 24 (P953) (NEM-P-120) Fig. 86 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 15 fragments. Parts of rim, and wall restored in plaster. Glaze and decoration very worn. Diam. 9.6; H. 7.7; Diam. base 5.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Uneven surface, vertical grooves as from wheel. Interior: Black glazed, very worn. Exterior: Thin red line preserved on rim and handle. Band with black thin vertical lines. Bordered below by alternating red, black, red line. Band with black longish lotus buds, bordered below by red, black and red line. Base: Red? glazed throughout, not preserved. Underside reserved with black glaze preserved in junction with foot and wall. Small black glazed circle around central boss. Handles: black glazed. Closest parallel see 23.

25 (P960) (NEM-P-127) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Kotyle mended from six fragments. Base, and about half of vessel restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Diam. 8.4; H. ca 6.0. Fabric: Light 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6, 10R 5/8. Interior: Misfired red glaze. Very worn. Exterior: Black thin line on rim, badly preserved. Band with vertical black squiggles. Two red lines below. Band with irregular pear shaped lotus buds in light orange red. Bordered below by red line, then light red line. Lower part reserved or light slip? Handles: very worn. Outer part black glazed? Closest parallel see 23.

Figured decoration. Two kotylai have black-figured decoration and are both attributed to the Vermicular Painter (26- 27).

26 (P951) (NEM-P-118) [Nemea Mus.] Figs. 10, 104 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Black-figured kotyle, mended from 20 fragments. About half of rim, and parts of body restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Diam. 9.7; H. 8.1; Diam. base 5.2; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8. Interior: Trace of red line on edge of rim. Streaks of red, otherwise black glazed. Exterior: Thin red line on edge of rim. Figured zone with three sirens facing right, part of another. Incised, stick-like legs. Blobs and casual lines of black glaze as space filler. Bordered below by red, black, red lines below. Thin black line above base. Base: Exterior red glazed. Underside reserved with three circles around central dot. Handles: black glazed. Added red on sirens. Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 46-47, no. 158, Pl. 37; Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322, pl. 67:C; Smith 2003, p. 364, no. 48, pl. 66 e-f; Di Vita 1951, p. 347, fig. 13. Second quarter of 6th century B.C.

108 27 (P956) (NEM-P-123) Figs. 11, 105 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Black-figured kotyle, partly mended from nine fragments. One handle and about half of vessel missing. Part of rim, and side restored in plaster. Decoration worn. Diam. 9.0; H. 6.9; Diam. Base 4.8; Th. 0.3 Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 6/8. Interior: Very worn black glaze. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Figured zone: Black figure with incisions. Two sirens facing right. Random line, almost a triangle and blobs of glaze as space- filler. Poorly done. Below red, black and red line. One thin black line near base. Base: red on exterior. Resting surface red with reserved band. Reserved underside with black circle. Handle: traces of black glaze, not well preserved. See 26.

MINIATURE KOTYLAI The miniature kotylai range in height from 1.5 - 6 cm. Their shapes are consistent with the standard kotyle shape, although the smallest examples does not have a flaring ring foot, but rather a flat base (41, 59-63, 66-70). 56 is somewhat lopsided either caused by restoration or production.

Lotus bud decoration. 29-42 have lotus bud decoration in the handle zone. All but 41 have black lotus buds, whereas 41 has alternating black and red lotus buds. 42 represents the missing miniature kotylai with lotus bud decoration, and from the black and white photographs it is not possible to distinguish the color of the buds. The buds are most often oval, but the buds on 40 look more like round blobs of black. The most common decoration on the lower body is alternating black, red, black bands as seen on 29-31, 33-39. Only three examples have two bands, a red and a black, 32, 40-41.

28 (P1085) (NEM-P-346) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Both handles, part below handle and small part of rim restored in plaster. Decoration worn. Diam. 7.9; H. 6.0; Diam. base 4.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8, 2.5YR 4/4. Thick high base. Interior: Black glazed. Red band on edge of rim. Fingerprint next to handle. Exterior: Thin red line on edge. Black lotus buds, badly preserved, bordered above and below by thin black line. Black band, red band, black band. In between bands thin black line. Base: black glazed exterior. Resting surface black glazed. Underside reserved with one black line and small circle around center. Corinth VII.5, p. 64, no. 163, pl. 11, not perfect parallel, but close. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

29 (P958) (NEM-P-125) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Miniature kotyle mended from nine fragments. Handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Two small rounded holes, but no trace of clam for repair.

109 Diam. 8.3; H. 6.0; Diam. base 4.9; Th. 0.4 Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Thick ring base. Interior: Red thin line on rim, black glazed. Poorly done. Drop of running glaze from rim. Exterior: Red thin line on rim. Band with black lotus buds. Bordered below by black line. Another black band, bordered below by one black line. Red band with thin black line above and below. Black band on lower body, bordered above with black line. Black line just above base. Base: added red exterior. Reserved underside with four black circles and dot in center. Slightly raised disk underside. Handle: outer part black glazed. See 28.

30 (P965) (NEM-P-132) Notebook: 6, 1925, P. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. Handles restored in plaster. Very worn decoration and glaze. Misfired red on one side. Diam. 8.5; H. 5.9; Diam. base 5.1; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Round flaring ring base. Interior: Poor black glaze, streaky and worn. Exterior: Red thin line on rim. Band with black lotus buds, bordered below by black, red, black bands. Black band continues onto foot. Exterior of foot black glazed, resting surface red, reserved underside with black circle around disk underside with small black circle around center. See 28.

31 (P966) (NEM-P-133) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Pieces of rim and sides restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Misfired red on one side. Diam. 8.4; H. 5.9; Diam. base 5.0; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Thin black line on rim. Black glazed, streaky and worn. Red from misfiring on bottom of interior. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with black lotus bud, rather sloppy execution. Bordered by black line. Red band, black band, bordered above and below with black line. Black glaze on exterior of base. Base Black resting surface, depressed reserved underside with black circle and smaller circle off center. Handles: outer part black glazed, one handle misfired red. See 28.

32 (P962) (NEM-P-129) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Miniature kotyle mended from 15 fragments. Both handles restored in plaster. One side of vessel more worn than the other. Diam. 7.9; H. 5.9; Diam. base 4.2; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Very worn black glaze. Exterior: Thin black line on rim. Band with black lotus buds, bordered below with black line, black band with black line below. Red band with black line below. Black band continues onto base. Base: black glazed. Resting surface reserved, groove black. Convex underside with black concentric circle and black dot in center. Ridge on lower body near base, as if pressure was applied from the top.

110 Foot similar to Corinth VII.5, p. 59, no. 114, fig. 7. Middle - third quarter of 6th century B.C..

33 (P961) (NEM-P-128) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Small piece of body restored in plaster. Chip missing on base. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.9; H. 5.8; Diam. base 4.2; Th. 0.4 Fabric: 10 YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5 YR 5/6, 5Y 2.5/1. Interior: Poorly black glaze, streaky. Exterior: Thin black line on rim. Band with black lotus buds, bordered below with black line. Black band, black line below. Red band, black line. Another black band bordered below with black line. Base: black glazed, resting surface reserved, junction red glazed. Projecting disc underside with black band and black dot in center. Handles: outer part black glazed. Corinth VII.5, p. 64, no. 163, pl. 11, not perfect parallel, but close; Corinth VII.5, pp. 60-61, no. 130, fig. 7, pl. 10, very similar except from 33 has black lotus buds, not black and red. Late 6th – second quarter of 5th century B.C..

34 (P1088) (NEM-P-349) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. Part of rim and body below handle restored in plaster. Glaze very worn. Diam. 8.3; H. 5.7; Diam. base 4.7; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Thick flaring ring base. Interior: black glazed, very worn. Exterior: Black lotus bud decoration. Black, red, black band on lower body. Base: resting surface black band. Underside: black concentric circle with small dot in center. Handles: slight trace of black glaze. See 33.

35 (P976) (NEM-P-143) Figs. 50, 106 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Part of rim, and handle restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Misfired red almost throughout. Diam. 7.8; H. 5.5; Diam. base 4.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6, 2.5YR 6/8. Interior: Black glazed with red line below rim. Streaky black glaze. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Black lotus bud band, black band, red band, and another black band continues onto base. Base: Black glazed exterior. Resting surface added red. Slightly convex underside, reserved with circle and small circle around center. Handles: outer part black glazed. Glaze from handle onto one lotus bud. See 33.

36 (P1106) (NEM-P-367) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments. A little over half of rim and sides and both handles are missing. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.4; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3

111 Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Some small white inclusions, lime? Interior: Black glazed, possible thin line on edge of rim. Exterior: Uneven formed black lotus buds, some touches band below. Thin black band below, then red band, and black band. Base: resting surface red, slightly convex reserved underside with black concentric band, and small circle around center. See 33.

37 (P1107) (NEM-P-368) Fig. 107 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments, loose base fragment. Slight misfired orange near base? Hole at bottom at interior. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.4; Diam. base 4.1; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior streaky black glaze. Exterior: black lotus bud decoration. Black, red, black band. Base exactly like 36 except from lower ring foot and sloppier circle around center on underside of base. See 33.

38 (P1105) (NEM-P-366) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Half of rim, both handles and part of body missing. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.0; H. 5.1; Diam. Base 4.1; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.65. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Interior: black glazed, streaky/diluted. Exterior: Black lotus bud band. Black, red, black band. Two thin lines below black band. Base: Resting surface red, underside reserved with black circle, tiny black circle around center. See 33.

39 (P1102) (NEM-P-363) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Handle, large part of rim, and body restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Misfired red. Diam. 7.0; H. 5.1; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Thick ring base. Interior: Misfired red glaze. Exterior: Misfired red line on edge of rim. Band with originally black lotus buds, look like round circles. Two bands: red band, then black band, continues onto foot. Resting surface black with red blobs. Reserved underside with black circle and dot. See 33.

40 (P964) (NEM-P-131) Notebook: 6, 1925, P. 78 Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Two small parts of wall near base restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.2; H. 4.8; Diam. base 3.8; Th. 0.3

112 Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Thick flat base. Interior: Black glazed. Misfired red in places. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with irregular red and black alternating lotus buds. Bordered below with black line. Black band bordered above by red line. Another black band continues onto base. Base: Black resting surface, reserved underside. Handles: outer part black glazed. Corinth VII.5, pp. 60-61, no. 130, pl. 10, fig. 7; Papuci-Wladyka 1989, p. 51, no. 90, pl. 34. Similar examples, NEM-P-160, NEM-P-162, NEM-P-163, NEM-P-169, NEM-P-377, NEM- P-380, NEM-P-381, NEM-P-383, and NEM-P-386 (Missing). Second half of 6th century B.C..

41 (NEM-P-169) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. One handle missing. Diam. 4.6; H. 2.8; Diam. base 2.8. Fabric: buff, fairly hard, quite smooth surface. Interior: brownish black mottled glaze. Exterior: lotus bud decoration. Similar examples, NEM-P-162, NEM-P-163, NEM-P-376, NEM-P-377, NEM-P-379, and NEM-P-405 (Missing). See 40.

Vertical squiggle decoration. The examples 42-63 have vertical squiggle decoration in the handle zone. The decoration on the lower body on most examples consists of alternating black, red, black bands (42-51, 54-56). A few examples have two bands, instead of three, a red and a black (52-53, 57-58). 59-63 are missing, and from the black and white photographs the colors of the bands could not be determined.

42 (P970) (NEM-P-137) Figs. 13c, 108 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from nine fragments. Part of handle and rim restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 8.1; H. 5.7; Diam. base 5.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Streaky black glaze. Worn brown at bottom. Exterior: Red line on rim. Band with black vertical squiggles. Bordered below by black line. Black band with lines of red? or badly applied with black line below. Red band bordered by black line below. Another black band on lower body. Base: reserved exterior. Resting surface red. Slight projecting convex disk-like underside, reserved, with black circle around black dot in center. Handles: outer part black glazed. Red from line at rim at handles. Corinth VII.5, pp. 61-62, no. 139, pl. 11; Corinth XV.3, p. 310, no. 1689, pl. 67. Late 6th - early 5th century B.C.

43 (P981) (NEM-P-148) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Half of base and small part of rim restored in plaster. Worn decoration.

113 Diam. 7.0; H. 5.5; Diam. base ca 4.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/8. Interior: Streaky black glaze. Exterior: Band with vertical black squiggles. Black band, red band, black band on lower part continues onto Base. Base: Resting surface red. Handles: outer part black glazed. Red from rim lime onto handles. See 42.

44 (P977) (NEM-P-144) Fig. 109 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Small kotyle mended from four fragments, parts of rim and side restored in plaster. Colors misfired brownish or extremely worn. Diam. 7.3; H. 5.4; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 6/2; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Black glaze almost entirely worn off. Exterior: Red line on rim. Band with vertical black squiggles. Black band, red band. Then another lack band, continues onto base. Red resting surface, reserved convex underside. See 42.

45 (P982) (NEM-P-149) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Small parts of rim chipped off. Pieces of rim, and one handle restored in plaster. Worn decoration but colors well preserved. Uneven shape, like applied pressure from above. Diam. 7.3; H. 5.4; Diam. base 4.1; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4. Corinthian; Decoration: 5Y 2.5/1, 10R 5/6. Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Vertical black squiggles band. Black band. Streaky, brighter lines, brown glaze? Red band. Lower black band continues onto foot. Foot: Red on resting surface. Reserved slight raised disk base. Handle: outer part black, red glaze from rim line onto handle. See 42.

46 (P1109) (NEM-P-370) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from two fragments. Only part of base, about half of body, and part of rim preserved. Trace of misfiring red on interior of rim. Small hole at resting surface of base. Est. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.2; Th. 0.3. Fabric: some black inclusions, 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: black glazed. Exterior: Band of vertical black squiggles. Upper black band streaky and uneven. Black, red, black bands. See 42.

47 (P1104) (NEM-P-365) Fig. 110 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments. About two thirds of rim and body missing, both handle except from one handle attachment preserved. Hole in underside. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.035; Th. Handle 0.7.

114 Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/8. Interior, smudged and streaky back glaze. Exterior: Band with black vertical squiggles. Squiggles overlap black bordering line below. Black band, red band, black band continues onto base. Base: Resting surface red, underside reserved, black concentric circle. Red smudged onto handle. See 42.

48 (P978) (NEM-P-145) Fig. 111 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from 20-21 fragments. Small part of rim and side restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.4; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Diluted black glaze. Possibly red line on rim. Exterior: Band with vertical black squiggles, black band below. Red band. Black band continues onto base. Base: Resting surface red. Convex underside with black circle. Dot in center. Handles: outer part black glazed. Red from red line on rim onto handles. See 42.

49 (P1108) (NEM-P-369) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. Half of rim and body and both handles missing. Worn, especially squiggles band. Diam. 7.5; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glazed, very poorly done, liquidy running black paint, slight orange on upper wall. Exterior: Thick black squiggles. Black band, red band, black band continues onto base. See 42.

50 (P984) (NEM-P-151) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Handle, part of rim and body restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Slightly sloping handle. Diam. 7.5; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.2. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glazed, worn. Exterior: Trace of thin black line on top of thin red line on rim. Band of vertical black squiggles. Squiggles continue over black bordering line. Black band, glaze especially worn in middle of band, mistake when making? Red band and another black band continues onto exterior of base. Base: resting surface red, then reserved band. Slightly convex reserved underside with black circle and small circle, nearly dot, around center. Handles: Outer part black glazed, red from rim line on exterior onto handles. See 42.

51 (P987) (NEM-P-154) Fig. 55 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79.

115 Miniature kotyle mended from 11 fragments. Handles, part of base and body restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Misfired all colors brownish. Diam. 7.0; H. 5.2; Diam. base 4.2. Fabric: 10YR 7/3 Corinthian; Decoration: 10R 4/3. Thick ring base. Interior: Black glazed. Very worn. Exterior: Vertical brownish black squiggles. Black band. Red band. Lowest black band continues onto exterior of foot. Foot: Resting surface black glazed. Handles: Red from rim line onto handles. See 42.

52 (P985) (NEM-P-152) Notebook 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Parts of rim and body restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Sloppy executed. Diam. 7.2; H. 5.2; Diam. base 3.6; Th. 0.25. Fabric: 10YR 7/4 Corinthian; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Flat foot. Interior: Black glazed with thin black line on rim. Exterior: vertical black squiggles. Squiggles overlap bordering black line. Red band, then black band. Foot: Red on exterior. Black resting surface and underside. Reserved circle with black dot in center. Handles: Outer part black glaze. See 42.

53 (P1099) (NEM-P-360) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. About two thirds of rim, sides and one handle missing. Decoration worn especially on squiggles band. Sloppy executed. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.0; Diam. base 5.0; Th. 0.4; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glazed, thin reserved line on edge of rim. Exterior: Vertical black squiggles, bordered above by both black and red line on edge of rim. below thin red line. Squiggles overlaps line. Black band, red band continues onto base. Base: Added red on resting surface, underside reserved with black concentric line and small around center. Uneven circles. See 42.

54 (P980) (NEM-P-147) Notebook 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Handle, small parts of rim and base restored in plaster. Chipped rim. Very worn decoration. Diam. 7.2; H. 5.0; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glaze, red thin line on rim. Exterior: Band with vertical brownish black squiggles, black band, red band, black band. Black band continue onto base. Base: Resting surface, added red. Underside reserved. Handles: red from red line onto handles. Traces of black glaze, very worn. See 42.

116 55 (P986) (NEM-P-153) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Base, part of body and rim restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Poorly executed. One handle sloping. Diam. 7.2; H. 5.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/8. Interior: Very sloppy applied black glaze. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Vertical black squiggles overlap bordering black line below. Black band, streaky glaze at places. Red band. Black band on lower body. Handles: Outer parts black glazed. Red from line at rim smudged on handles. See 42.

56 (P983) (NEM-P-150) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Parts of rim, body and handle restored in plaster. Worn and misfired red decoration, lopsided shape. Uneven glazed. Slightly sloping handle. Diam. 7.9; H. 5.0; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Thick base slightly flaring. Interior: Streaky black glaze, misfired red. Exterior: Vertical black squiggles. Black band. Red band, black band continues onto exterior of base. Base: Resting surface black glazed. Slightly concave reserved underside with black circle and small circle around center. Handles: Outer part black glazed, red from rim line on exterior onto handles. See 42.

57 (P979) (NEM-P-146) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments. Part of rim, and body restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Faded and badly preserved glaze. Misfired brownish gray. Diam. 7.4; H. 5.0; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Thick foot like base. Interior: Black glazed, badly preserved. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with vertical black squiggles. Bordered below by red line. Black (intentionally red?) band bordered below by red line. Another black band, black line below. Foot: black glazed. Central reserved underside with one reserved very thin line on black and one small circle around center. Handles: Outer part black glazed. Red from rim line onto handles. See 42.

58 (P1111) (NEM-P-372) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 112 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Handles, smaller part of rim restored in plaster. Very worn. Misfired brownish. Edge of rim worn. Patch of misfired red. Diam. 6.3; H. 4.5; Diam. base 3.8; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 5YR 3/2, 10R 4/4. Interior: Streaky glazed, reddish, brown and black. Exterior: Black thin line on edge of rim. Vertical black squiggles bordered by thin black lines above and below. Red band bordered by thin red lines above and below. Black band continues onto base. Base: red resting surface with

117 reserved band. Underside reserved with black band and tiny circle around center. Glaze from rim line a little smudged on part of handle. See 42.

59 (NEM-P-402) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature kotyle mended from two pieces. More than half of rim and side and both handles missing. Est. Diam. 4.4; H. 2.3; Diam. base 2.8. Fabric: buff, fairly thin, surface lumpy. Interior: brownish black glaze red mottled. Exterior: vertical squiggles decoration. See 42.

60 (NEM-P-158) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle. About one third of rim and piece of side missing. Diam. 5.6; H. 3.5; Diam. base 3.1. Fabric: buff, slightly pinkish, quite thick walls, not very smooth surface. Interior: grayish brownish black glaze. Exterior: thick vertical parallel squiggles decoration. About half misfired red. Slightly raised central projection on underside of base. See 42.

61 (NEM-P-164) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from two fragments. One handle and small bit of rim missing. Diam. 4.9; H. 3.2; Diam. base 2.8. Fabric: creamy buff, pinkish below, fairly hard, thick walls, fairly smooth surface. Interior: red, reddish brown in swirls where paint is thicker. Exterior: Slightly vertical parallel squiggles. Slightly raised center part of underside of base. See 42.

62 (NEM-P-167) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle. One handle missing. Diam. 4.6; H. 3.2; Est. Diam. base 2.8, very uneven. Fabric: buff, fairly soft, quite smooth surface. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: thick vertical parallel squiggles decoration. Slightly raised central projection on underside of base. See 42.

63 (NEM-P-168) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from two fragments. Diam. 4.3; H. 3; Diam. base 2.2. Fabric: buff, pinkish, fairly hard, not very smooth surface.

118 Interior: brick red glaze. Exterior: brick red thick vertical parallel squiggles decoration. Misfired red? Slightly raised central projection on underside of base. See 42. Similar examples NEM-P-387, NEM-P-167 and NEM-P-159 (Missing).

Black-glazed decoration. The kotylai 64-66 are black-glazed throughout. The shape is consistent with the kotylai carrying other kinds of decoration.

64 (P1113) (NEM-P-374) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. One third of rim and side and one handle missing. Black glaze worn. Very chipped rim. Three white circles with black dots on lower body, fits with three finger marks, smudge where thumb would have rested, finger soaked up glaze, left dot in middle. Slight carination on lower body near base, accident in potting? One handle slanting. Diam. 6.1; H. 4.7; Diam. base 3.8; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.5. Fabric: Some black particles, 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Black glazed throughout on exterior and interior, uneven, brown in places. Base: Resting surface added red, reserved underside with thin black line. Corinth XV.3, p. 191, no. 1009, pl. 45. Mid 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

65 (P1112) (NEM-P-373) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle; about half of rim, side and both handles missing. Decoration very worn. Slight trace of firing/stacking mark on exterior. Glaze worn off on handle zone. Diam. 6.5; H. 4.6; Diam. base 3.5; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: Corinthian. 5YR 7/6. Interior: Black glazed misfired red in places. Exterior: Black glazed. Near break regression, body uneven. Base: reserved underside with blobs of black glaze, slightly convex underside, trace of incised circle. See 64.

66 (NEM-P-170) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle mended from three pieces. One handle and part of rim missing. Diam. 4; H. 2.5; Diam. base 1.5. Fabric: dirty greenish buff, fairly hard, quite thin walls. Interior: worn brownish black glaze, mottled red. Exterior: black glazed throughout. See 64.

119 Black vertical bands. 67-70 are very small, diminutive kotylai ranging in height from 1.5 - 2 cm with a decoration of black vertical bands in the handle zone. All of these examples are currently missing, but parallels could be found based on Caskey’s black and white photographs.

67 (NEM-P-173) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. One handle and piece of rim missing. Diam. 3.9; H. 2; Diam. base 1.7. Fabric: buff, fairly hard, good fabric, not very smooth surface. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: thick black vertical line decoration. Corinth VII.5, pp. 68-69, nos. 188, 194, 195, pl. 13. Second quarter – late 6th century B.C.

68 (NEM-P-172) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. One handle and piece of rim and most of base missing. Diam. 3.7; H. 2; Est. Diam. base 1.9. Fabric: buff, slightly pinkish, soft but fairly firm walls, not very smooth surface. Interior: brownish black glaze, mottled red. Exterior: thick black vertical parallel line decoration. See 67.

69 (NEM-P-178) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. Diam. 3; H. 1.7; Est. Diam. base 1.5. Fabric: greenish buff, soft, flaky, surface not very smooth. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: vertical thick black band decoration. See 67.

70 (NEM-P-179) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. Diam. 2.7; H. 1.5; Est. Diam. base 1.5-1.7. Fabric: buff, soft, flaky, pretty thick walls. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: vertical thick black line decoration. See 67. Similar examples, NEM-P-175, NEM-P-176, NEM-P-177, NEM-P-179, NEM-P-180, NEM- P-404, NEM-P-406, NEM-P-407 (Missing)

Semi-black glazed. The miniature kotylai 71-73 are semi-black glazed and appear to have been dipped in black glaze. 72-73 both have incised lines on the body and 71-72 are misfired red in places.

120 71 (P972) (NEM-P-139) Fig. 51 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments. Part of side, handle, rim and base restored in plaster. Worn glaze, decoration hard to tell. Misfired red on rim and side. Running black glaze on exterior. Vessel dipped in black glaze? Diam. 7.8; H. 6.0; Diam. base 4.8; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Black glazed. Possibly thin red line on rim. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Reserved lower body. Base: black glazed exterior. Resting surface red. Underside reserved. Trace of black circle. Handles: Black glazed. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 41, fig. 6, pl. 7, 71 is about 1 cm smaller. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

72 (P1098) (NEM-P-359) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from five fragments. Handle, small part of body and rim restored in plaster. Glaze worn but thick. Misfired red unevenly on both sides. Black glaze uneven applied. Diam. 7.4; H. 5.1; Diam. base 4.2; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 10R 4/8, 10R 4/4. Interior: Red glazed. Exterior: Semi black glazed, worn. Two incised thin lines. Base: Black glazed exterior. Resting surface reserved, thin black line in concave junction between surface and underside. Underside: reserved with two black concentric circles, one of them small, incised circle around center, probably black glazed. Handle: originally black glazed? Closest parallel see 71. None with incision.

73 (P989) (NEM-P-165) Fig. 113 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle, complete except from handle restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Glaze covered body unevenly. Dipped in black glaze. Diam. 4.9; H. 3.1; Diam. base 2.6; Th. 0.2. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/2. Interior: Black glazed. Liquidy black glaze blob dripped from rim. Exterior: 2-3 incised lines on mid body. Intentionally black glazed except from lower part of body and base reserved. Slightly convex underside. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1701, pl. 67. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

Dot rosette decoration. 74 has an unusual shape, being more barrel-like than the other kotylai in this group. The decoration is also unique and consists of a dot-rosette in the handle zone. The whole vessel is misfired orange red, or an experimental use of colors has been applied. No parallels were found for this type of decoration and shape.

74 (P1110) (NEM-P-371) Fig. 12 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88.

121 Miniature kotyle mended from four fragments. About one third of rim, and both handles restored in plaster. Decoration very worn especially on exterior. Chipped on base and rim. Misfired reddish orange? Diam. 6.5; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.2; Th. 0.2; Th. handle 0.8. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Thick, high ring base. Interior light orange slip, thin red line on edge of rim and on underside. Exterior: Thin red? line on edge of rim, with dot rosette? in added red below. Very bad preserved, two red lines below. Red-orange band of firing mark. Two black lines above base. Base: Exterior of base added red, resting surface added red, junction on underside reserved with thick black concentric circle and two smaller circles around dot in center. No parallel found.

GROUP II. CONVENTIONALIZING KOTYLAI This group consists of kotylai and miniature kotylai with Conventionalizing decoration. They range in height from 2.3 - 11.4 cm. The shapes are of the standard kotyle shape.

Linked lotus buds. Two large kotylai, 75-76, have linked lotus bud decoration on the lower body and vertical squiggles in the handle zone. These examples are very similar to examples found in a deposit in Corinth, and may belong to the painters of the BK Workshop.

75 (P937) (NEM-P-104) Figs. 38, 114 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 14 fragments. Decoration very worn. Small piece of side restored in plaster. Diam. 13.4; H. 8.1-11.4; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 5/4, 5Y 2.5/1 Interior: running black paint on rim, red band below. Black glazed, streaky. Exterior: Red line on rim. Zone with vertical lines below. Bordered by black line. Red line above and two black lines below zone with red and black lotus buds alternately linked. Black rays on lower body connected to lotus buds above. Black line below. Base: Red glazed. Resting surface red. Underside reserved with black concentric circle. Smaller black circle. Handles: Outer part black glazed. Delos XVII, p. 101, no. 76, pl. 57:D; Corinth VII.5, p. 60, no. 124, fig. 7, pl. 10. 75 is ca 5 cm taller and has lines instead of band on mid-body. About 500 B.C.

76 (P939) (NEM-P-106) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 39 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Kotyle mended from 11 fragments. Nearly half of vessel, and one handle restored in plaster. Chipped rim. Worn decoration. Diam. 13.2; H. 10.6; Diam. base 7.6; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5Y2.5/1, 10R 4/6 Very thick foot-like base. Interior: Thin red line on edge of rim. Red thin line below rim, otherwise black glazed. Diluted? Exterior: Thin red line on edge of rim. Band with vertical squiggles black lines bordered below by thin brownish black band. Squiggles does not reach upper border line. Alternating black and red lotus buds with interlacing stems red to red and

122 black to black, bordered by black lines above and below. Another black line. Lowest zone with thin black rays bordered above and below by thin black lines. Base: Added red on exterior. Resting surface red with thin black line on edge. Black band on resting surface. Underside reserved with black band and thinner black line near center and small black circle around center. Handle: outer part black glazed with red from line on rim smudged on upper part of handle. See 75.

Ivy-leaf decoration. One large kotyle, 77, has an unusual kind of Conventionalizing decoration consisting of interlaced ivy-leaves on the body and a reserved lower body. The only parallel found is a fragment from the Potters’ Quarter in Corinth, and 77 might date to the first quarter of the 5th century B.C. based on the style of the ivy-leaves.

77 (P940) (NEM-P-107) Figs. 15, 115 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Kotyle mended from 30 fragments. Almost half of vessel, and one handle restored in plaster. Interior glaze and exterior decoration very worn. Well executed. Diam. 12.6; H. 11; Diam. base 6.4; Th. 0.35. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 6/6, 2.5Y 3/1. Interior: Black line on rim. Worn black glaze. Exterior: Two red thin lines on rim. Upper zone black ivy leaf and rosette pattern interlaced with brown squiggles stems. Bordered by three thin lines, black, and red, black. Lower reserved zone with thin line (black or red?) near base. Base: Exterior and resting surface black glazed. Underside reserved. Handles: outer part black glazed. Closest parallel Corinth VII.5, pp. 67-68, no. 186, table 1. First quarter of 5th century B.C.?

MINIATURE CONVENTIONALIZING KOTYLAI Most of the miniature Conventionalizing kotylai have black zigzag decoration in the handle zone (78-91). On the lower body most examples have three bands, black, red, black (78-83), and a few examples have two bands, red and black (84-85). The missing examples all have two bands (86- 91).

78 (P1092) (NEM-P-353) Fig. 44 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments. 2/3 of rim and body missing. Decoration very worn. More worn on one side than other. Decoration practically gone. Diam. 9.0; H. 6.8; Diam. base 4.6; Th. 0.3; Th. rim 0.8. Fabric: 10YR 7/2. Thick ring base. Interior: black glazed with reserved band at edge of rim. Exterior: Thin red line on edge, black zigzag pattern, two red lines, black band, two-three red lines below, black band. One-two red lines, black band, one red line. Intentionally black, red, black band. Base: Resting surface black glazed, reserved underside with one concentric band and dot in center. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 175, no. 567, pl. 52; Corinth VII.5, no. 200, p. 69, pl. 13, table 1. Late 6th – early 5th century B.C.

123 79 (P1095) (NEM-P-356) Fig. 45 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from 11 fragments. Half of rim, body and one handle missing. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.7; H. 6.1; Diam. base 4.7; Th. 0.25; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 10YR 7/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: black glazed, streaky. Exterior: Band with vertical black zigzag, above thin red line and thin black line on edge of rim. Black band, red band, black band. Base: Added red on exterior. Resting surface black glazed junction. Convex underside with red band. Black dot in center. Handle: black glazed. See 78.

80 (P1096) (NEM-P-357) Fig. 46 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from 11 fragments. Two thirds of rim and body and one handle missing. Worn decoration. Faded colors. Very uneven patches of glaze preserved. Black band misfired orange. Est. Diam. 7.5; H. 5.7; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 7/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior black glazed. Exterior: Black zigzag pattern not consequently attached to bordering lines. Black, red, black band. Foot: Black concentric circle and red band on resting surface. Underside slightly convex, reserved with black band and dot in middle. Handle: black glazed outer part. See 78.

81 (P973) (NEM-P-140) Fig. 42 Notebook 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from nine fragments. Handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 7.4; H. 5.7; Diam. base 4.5; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Round, thick flaring base. Interior: Black glazed. Some trace of misfiring red. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with black zigzag pattern bordered below by thin black line. Black band, then red band with black streaky lines in middle, accidental? Black band on lower body continues onto base. Base: black glazed exterior. Red resting surface. Reserved convex underside with black circle on border. Small circle around center. Handle: Outer part black glazed. See 78.

82 (P1100) (NEM-P-361) Fig. 47 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from seven fragments. Two thirds of rim, body and both handle missing. Misfired colors brownish-gray. Diam. ca 7.0; H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/1; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/8. Black zigzag band. Thin black, then red band, black band continues onto base. Slightly convex underside. See 78.

124 83 (P1101) (NEM-P-362) Fig. 48 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from two fragments. Two thirds of rim, body and both handles missing. Glaze worn at places. Diam. 8.0; H. 4.9; Diam. base 3.9; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8. Interior: uneven black glaze. Exterior: Red thin line on edge of rim, below thicker black bordering line above zigzag band. Black band below zigzag overlaps bordering line of zigzag pattern band. Black, red, black band. Base: Flat base. Exterior and resting surface black glazed. Underside reserved. Corinth VII.5, p. 61, no. 131, fig. 7, pl. 10, similar except that 83 has black band below zigzag pattern; Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1720, pl. 67, 83 is taller; zigzag similar to Corinth VII.5, no. 200, p. 69, pl. 13, table 1. Late 6th – early 5th century B.C.

84 (P988) (NEM-P-155) Figs. 43, 64 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle mended from two fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster and one handle missing. Worn decoration. Misfired on one side. Diam. 6.0; H. 4.5; Diam. base 3.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Low flaring disk foot. Interior: Black glazed. Patches of misfired red? Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Uneven zigzag band bordered by thin black line. Red band bordered by black thin line. Black band. Foot: black glazed exterior, flat base with black glazed slightly projecting resting surface, Reserved underside. Handle: outer part black glazed. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 175, no. 567, pl. 52; Corinth VII.5, no. 200, p. 69, pl. 13, table 1; Corinth XIII, pp. 123, 225, no. 287-1, pl. 40. 84 is 1 cm taller. Late 6th – early 5th century B.C..

85 (P1114) (NEM-P-375) Fig. 49 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature kotyle mended from four fragments. About one third of rim and side missing. Worn especially on the black zigzag band. Base chipped. Convex ridge on break at rim. Diam. 6.5; H. 4.3; Diam. base 3.7; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Very streaky, careless applied black glaze. Exterior: Black zigzag pattern band. Blobs of black glaze on one side. Red band, black band. Base: exterior black glazed, slightly convex underside with large black dot. Corinth XIII, pp. 123, 225, no. 287-1, pl. 40. 85 is 0.8 cm taller. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

86 (NEM-P-157) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle. Both handles missing. Diam. 5.7; H. 3.9; Diam. base 3.5. Fabric: greenish buff, quite soft, fairly thin walls, surface not very smooth.

125 Interior: brownish black. Exterior: Zigzag pattern. See 85.

87 (NEM-P-159) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature kotyle. One handle and small bit of rim missing. Diam. 5.5; H. 3.5; Diam. base 3.2. Fabric: very soft, poor fabric, light creamy buff, surface not very smooth, flaky. Interior: red glazed. Exterior: worn zigzag pattern. Slightly raised projection of underside of base. See 85.

88 (NEM-P-390) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 89. Miniature kotyle mended from three pieces. About one fourth of rim and one handle missing. Diam. 4.8; H. 3.2; Diam. base 2.9. Fabric: pinkish buff, less pink on surface, soft. Interior: Worn black glaze. Exterior: zigzag decoration. See 85.

89 (NEM-P-391) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 89. Miniature kotyle. Two thirds of rim and sides, one third base and one handle missing. Diam. 4.8; H. 3.2; Diam. base 3.2. Fabric: soft, grayish greenish buff. Interior: Worn black glaze. Exterior: very worn zigzag decoration. See 85.

90 (NEM-P-396) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 89. Miniature kotyle mended from three pieces. Half of rim, and sides and both handles missing. Diam. 4.6; H. 3.1; Diam. base 2.6. Fabric: light pinkish buff, hard, good fabric, surface not very smooth. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: brownish black zigzag pattern. See 85.

91 (NEM-P-174) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature kotyle. One handle and tiny bit of rim missing. Diam. 3.4; H. 2.3; Diam. base 1.6. Fabric: buff, fairly hard, good fabric, surface not very smooth. Interior: brownish black glaze. Exterior: crude zigzag pattern. Slightly raised reserved projection of underside of base. See 85.

126 Similar examples NEM-P-161, NEM-P-166, NEM-P-174, NEM-P-378, NEM-P-382, NEM- P-388, NEM-P-389, NEM-P-390, NEM-P-391, NEM-P-392, NEM-P-393, NEM-P-394, NEM-P-395, NEM-P-396, NEM-P-397, NEM-P-398, and NEM-P-399 (Missing).

Stepped triangles. One miniature kotyle has a stepped triangle pattern in the handle zone 92. The shape narrows somewhat towards the base, but since the base is restored it is uncertain if it is due to the restoration.

92 (P963) (NEM-P-130) Figs. 40, 116 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature kotyle mended from six fragments, base and part of rim restored in plaster. Poorly preserved decoration. Handles oval in section. Diam. 7.0; p.H. 5.6; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Interior: Thin black line on rim. Black glazed. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with black stepped triangles. Bordered by thin black line. Red band bordered below by purple line. Black band. Handles: Outer part black glazed. Kocybala 1999, p. 44, no. 148, pl. 25; Corinth XV.3, p. 187, no. 995, pl. 44; CVA, [Germany 24], pl. 11 [1135]: 9, the bands are not similar, but the triangles are; 92 is about 0.5 cm taller; Perachora II, p. 276, no. 2660, pl. 112, the bands not that similar, and 92 is taller. Second half of 6th century B.C. - first quarter of 5th century B.C.

GROUP III. SKYPHOI The skyphoi have been distinguished from the kotylai based on their heavy Attic torus ring foot or imitation of the Attic foot. Most of the large skyphoi are semi-black glazed, 93-98. Some examples have two red lines distinguishing the handle zone, or on the mid-body, 93-94, 96. The skyphoi 94-95, 97 have thin black vertical lines projecting from the base.

93 (P941) (NEM-P-108) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Skyphos mended from 14 fragments. Almost half of rim, one handle, and part of side restored in plaster. Diam. 13; H. 11; Diam. base 8; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 6/3; Decoration: 10YR 7/2, 10YR 7/4. Attic type torus ring foot. Interior: Black glazed throughout. Exterior: Black glazed with two red lines on mid body and red line below. Lower body black thin vertical lines bordered by thin black line. Foot: Black exterior, reserved thin resting surface. Incurving face painted red. Underside reserved with thick circle, very thin black circle and dot with hole for compass surrounded by two thicker lines. Handle: worn black glaze. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 43, fig. 7, pl. 7. Early 5th century B.C.

94 (P943) (NEM-P-110) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 117

127 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77. Skyphos mended from 20 fragments. One handle and half of rim, and body restored in plaster. Decoration mostly well preserved. Diam. 12.3; H. 10.3; Diam. base 7.4; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 6/3 Corinthian; Decoration: 5Y 2.5/1. Heavy Attic type torus ring foot. Trace of thin red line on edge of interior rim preserved. Black glazed. Exterior: semi black glazed with two thin red lines. Below two thin red lines above reserved zone on lower body with thin black projecting vertical lines from line below, bordered below by thin black line. Foot: exterior black glazed. Resting surface reserved. Interior of raised ring added red, reserved area where foot meets underside. Underside: reserved with thick black circle, thinner black circle and two thin black circles around black dot in center. Handle: black glazed. Agora XII, p. 257, no. 310, pl. 14, similar except from foot, 94 is smaller; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 43, fig. 7, pl. 7. Late 6th- early 5th century B.C.

95 (P1078) (NEM-P-339) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Skyphos mended from 12 fragments. Part of body, rim, one handle and part of base restored in plaster. Decoration very worn, colors faded. Diam. 10.5; H. 8.5; Diam. base 5.8-6.9; Th. 0.4. Fabric:10YR 7/3. Heavy Attic type torus ring foot. Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Two thin incised lines on exterior left of handle. Two pairs of added red lines below handle at top of wall. Projecting vertical black lines from base. Foot: red on exterior, black glazed resting surface. Interior face of ring base added red. Reserved resting surface. Handle: black glazed. See 94.

96 (P950) (NEM-P-117) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Skyphos mended from 11 fragments, two loose fragments. One handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Diam. 9.8; H. 8.1; Diam. base 5.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/3, 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Black glazed. Very worn. Thin red line on rim. Exterior: semi black glazed except for two red lines on upper and lower body. Foot: exterior red, resting surface reserved, junction with wall and foot red, underside reserved with smaller circle around very small circle around center. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 41, fig. 6, pl. 7. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

97 (P1080) (NEM-P-341) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Skyphos mended from 10 fragments. About half of vessel missing. Hole at exterior edge of base. Decoration almost entirely worn off. Diam. ca 10.5; H. 7.9; Diam. base 5.4-6.5; Th. 0.3; Th. Handle 0.7. Fabric: Light, smooth, 5Y 8/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/4.

128 Interior: Trace of black glaze. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Vertical reddish thin lines projecting from base. Bordered by thin red line above. Foot: exterior black glazed, resting surface reserved. Interior face of base, added red, Underside reserved with indication of one broad black? band, two thinner circles and very small circle around center. Handle: black glazed. See 96.

98 (P1079) (NEM-P-340) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Skyphos mended from 15 fragments. Part of rim, body and one handle restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Misfired red. Diam. 9.7; H. 7.7; Diam. base about 6.5; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 6/8, 2.5YR 4/3. Interior: Rim irregularly black glazed, interior misfired red, bottom black glazed. Exterior: Thin line at edge of rim, black? Intentionally semi black glazed. Red on exterior of foot, black resting surface, possible red on face of interior base, reserved underside with one thick band, black? One thin black glazed line centrally and two thin small circles around dot in center. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 41, fig. 6, pl. 7. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

Petal (lotus-bud) decoration. Only one large skyphos has lotus bud decoration in the handle zone, which could indicate that this type of decoration was more often applied to kotylai. 99 has been misfired red throughout, and is very lopsided, almost as if pressure was applied on it.

99 (P1089) (NEM-P-350) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Skyphos mended from eight fragments. About half of rim, part of body restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Misfired red. Base slanting, lopsided. Diam. 8.2; H. 6.2; Diam. base 4.4; Th. 0.3; Th. handle 0.65. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Interior: Black glazed, misfired red. Added red on upper half. Exterior: Sloppy uneven lines. Lotus bud band. Broad lines between two bands. Foot: misfired red glaze throughout, except from underside with thin red lines and circle around center. Somewhat similar to Corinth XV.3, p. 188, no. 999, pl. 44. No parallels found with same black band between broad bands. Possibly last quarter of 6th century B.C.

MINIATURE SKYPHOI The miniature skyphoi 100-103 have semi-black glazed decoration; 100 is the only example with vertical lines rising from the base, 101-103 have reserved lower bodies. All these examples have an imitation of the Attic torus ring foot, which less heavy and thick.

100 (P1090) (NEM-P-351) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87.

129 Miniature skyphos; about half of vessel missing, part of one handle preserved. Decoration worn. Misfired red on one side. Glaze unevenly applied. Diam. 8.5; H. 6.4; Diam. base 4.4-5.4; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Interior: black glazed. Exterior: Semi black glazed. Vertical straight lines rising from foot. Foot: black glazed, resting surface reserved. Interior face of foot black glazed, underside reserved with two concentric circles around small dot in center. Corinth XV.3, pp. 179-180, no. 941, pl. 93. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

101 (P1087) (NEM-P-348) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature skyphos mended from nine fragments. Both handles, part of rim and body restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.9; Diam. base 4.0-4.7; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Semi black glazed, reserved lower body, thin black line below. Foot: Exterior black glazed, resting surface reserved, added red on interior face of base. Underside reserved with thick black band, smaller black circle around black dot in center. See 100.

102 (P974) (NEM-P-141) Figs. 53, 118 Notebook 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature skyphos mended from five fragments. Very worn and misfired. Small depression on one side, from something pointy? Glaze very poorly preserved. Larger and more loopy handles than normal. Very worn black glaze throughout. Diam. 7.6; H. 5.7; Diam. base 3.5; Th. 0.23. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 5YR 7/6, 10R 5/6. Interior: Black glazed. Red line on rim. Exterior: Semi black glazed, very badly executed. Reserved lower body. Foot: black glazed exterior. Convex underside reserved with black circle. Handles: black glazed. See 100.

103 (P1094) (NEM-P-355) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature skyphos mended from two fragments. Handles missing. Decoration almost completely worn off. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.7; Diam. base 4.5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 5Y 8/2; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Interior black glazed. Thin line on edge of rim. Exterior: Semi black glazed? Reserved lower body. Red line just above base, on exterior of base. Base: underside reserved with black concentric circle. See 100.

130 Combined Petals and Squiggle decoration. Two miniature skyphoi have the unusual decoration of both lotus buds and vertical squiggles, as the miniature kotylai 23-25 mentioned above. 105 has a narrow body similar to the kotylai of this decoration, whereas 104 is poorly preserved.

104 (P1093) (NEM-P-354) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature skyphos mended from two fragments. 2/3 of rim and vessel missing. Decoration almost entirely worn off. Est. Diam. 9.0; H. 6.7; Diam. base 4.8; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2. Interior black glazed. Exterior: Band with vertical black squiggles. Bordered below and above? with thin black line. Band with black lotus buds, two thin black lines below. Thin black line, reserved part above base. Base: black glazed exterior and resting surface, underside reserved with one concentric black band. Closest parallel see 23.

105 (P959) (NEM-P-126) Fig. 119 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78 Miniature skyphos mended from 11 fragments. Quite worn decoration and glaze. Poor execution. Handles seem more loopy than the other skyphoi of this size. Diam. 8.1; H. 6.2; Diam. base 4.0; Th. 0.2. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 2YR 4/6. Interior: Black glazed except from reserved band at rim, traces of red. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Band with vertical straight lines except from below handles. Bordered by red line. Zone on lower body, with badly preserved black pear shaped lotus buds, bordered by black line above and red line below. Two black lines above base. Base: Black glazed also in groove. Reserved underside projecting a little with small black circle. Handles: outer part black glazed. Very similar decoration to 59, but 9 has a heavier more torus-like foot. Closest parallel see 104.

Petals (lotus-bud) decoration. The miniature skyphoi 106-107 have black lotus bud decoration in the handle zone, and both have alternating black, red, black bands on the lower body. 106-107 have an imitation of the Attic torus ring foot, which is less thick and heavy than the Attic prototype.

106 (P971) (NEM-P-138) Notebook 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature skyphos mended from six fragments. Small piece of wall restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 8.0; H. 5.7; Diam. base 5; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6.

131 Interior: Streaky black glaze. Exterior: Thin black line on rim. Band with black lotus buds, poorly preserved, looks like blobs. Black band, then red band. Black glazed lower body continues onto base. Foot: Exterior black glazed. Resting surface black glazed. Added red on junction of foot. Underside reserved with black circle and small circle around center. Handles: outer part black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1718, pl. 67. 106 is taller. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

107 (P975) (NEM-P-142) Notebook 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature skyphos mended from five fragments. Most of rim and one handle restored in plaster. Interior more worn than exterior. Streaks of misfired red. Diam. 7.8; H. 5.5; Diam. base 4.0; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Interior: Very streaky black glaze. Some red misfired patches. Exterior: Band with black lotus buds. Black band, red band, black band. Thin black line below bands. Foot: Exterior and resting surface black glazed. Inner junction with underside added red. Reserved resting surface with circle and tiny circle around center. Handle: outer part black glazed. See 106.

Vertical squiggle decoration. 108-109 are miniature skyphoi with vertical black squiggles in the handle zone, but 109 is currently missing. 108 has black, red, black band on the lower body whereas 109 only has two bands, a red and a black. The type of squiggles on 109 develops into broader bands as seen on 114-115 below.

108 (P1103) (NEM-P-364) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 88. Miniature skyphos mended from six fragments. Both handles, one third of rim and body missing. Misfired red lower body. Diam. 7.2; H. 5.2; Diam. base 4.3; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5YR 6/8, 2.5YR 4/4. Small torus foot. Band with black vertical squiggles, does not touch lower bordering line. Black, red, black band. Foot: red glazed exterior, resting surface, underside reserved with red concentric band and red dot in center. Corinth VII.5, pp. 61-62, no. 139, pl. 11, 108 is 0.5 cm smaller. Late 6th - early 5th century B.C.

109 (NEM-P-156) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature skyphos. Mended from nine fragments, one handle and almost half of rim missing. Est. diam. 6; H.: 4.7; diam. Base: 3.4. Fabric: Buff, rather soft, surface not very smooth.

132 Interior: brownish black, mottled with red and purplish red, probably went over rim. Exterior: very sloppily done. Upper zone with thick brownish black vertical parallel lines. See 108.

Black glazed decoration. Only one miniature skyphos is black-glazed throughout 110. The narrowing of the body towards the base, might support the later date suggested here.

110 (P969) (NEM-P-136) Fig. 54 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 78. Miniature skyphos mended from 11 fragments. Worn glaze. Misfired red and orange at places. Blobs of black glaze on exterior. Decoration very worn. Diam. 8.7; H. 6.4; Diam. base 4.9. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6, 2.5YR 6/8, 10R 4/2. Interior: Black glazed. Worn. Misfired red some places. Exterior: Intended black glazed throughout. Foot: brownish black glaze throughout. Handles: black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 191, no. 1009, pl. 45, 110 is about 2 cm taller. Mid 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

GROUP IV. CONVENTIONALIZING SKYPHOI Conventionalizing skyphoi first appear at Corinth in the last quarter of the 6th century and the shape is more commonly black-glazed than Conventionalizing. Risser states that skyphoi were never a popular Conventionalizing shape in comparison to kotylai, a pattern that is reflected in the Rawson deposit. One example of a large Conventionalizing skyphos, 111, has interlaced lotus on the lower body and vertical squiggles in the handle zone. 111 is the largest skyphos/kotyle in the Rawson deposit and was probably not used as a drinking cup, but rather as a bowl or mixer. 112 has very unusual decoration and colors. The vertical squiggles in the handle zone are in red, the middle zone is black glazed with added white ivy-leaves, a type of decoration to which I was unable to find parallels. Only one Conventionalizing skyphos has meander pattern in the handle zone, 113. It is uncertain if the orange-red coloring is merely misfiring or intentional, but the meander and handle in black may indicate the latter.

111 (P934) (NEM-P-101) Figs. 84, 120 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Upper part of large skyphos mended from 16 pieces, rim not complete, lower part of body and base missing. 1/3 of rim and side restored in plaster. Black glaze very worn, especially the interlacing lotus bud decoration. Worn decoration, rubs off. Est. Diam. 18.6; p.H. 9; Th. 0.3-0.6. Fabric: 7.5YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5Y 2.5/1, 10R 4/6 Interior: blackish-brown diluted glaze. Irregular added red blobs of glaze below rim. Reserved band on rim. Thin red line on interior of rim. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Red line above vertical squiggles black lines bordered by black line below, black line overlaps squiggles. Red line below. Interlaced red and black lotus buds. Bordered below by black, red, and black lines. Handles: outer part black glazed.

133 Corinth VII.5. p. 60, no. 124, fig 7. pl. 10, smaller, but same decoration, and same Munsell; Corinth VII.5, p. 67, nos. 182, 183, pl. 12; Perachora II, p. 276, no. 2668, pl. 114; Ingoglia 1999, pp. 97-98, no. 669, pl. 57; Grasso 1998, p. 114, no. 760, pl. 47. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

112 (P938) (NEM-P-105) Fig. 14 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 77 Skyphos mended from 13 fragments. Part of wall restored in plaster. Quite worn decoration. Two random punctures (not holes) on exterior black band. Diam. 12.5; H. 11.4; Diam. base 8.5; Th. 0.5-0.3. Fabric: 5YR 7/6; Decoration: 2.5Y 3/1, 10R 5/6. Interior: Thin black line followed by thin red line. Diluted black glaze. Exterior: Thin red line on rim. Another red line borders zone with vertical squiggles fired orange-brown and two red lines below. Broad black band. Faded ivy leaf pattern with interlacing stems in added white, but only random blobs preserved. Bordered by red line, then black line. Small thick black rays with thin ends on lower body. Some added red on exterior of foot. Black glazed foot with reserved resting surface. Interior face red glazed. Underside reserved with black band near edge. Poorly preserved black circle, and smaller circle surrounding dot. Handles: outer part black glazed. No parallel found.

113 (P967) (NEM-P-134) Fig. 41 Notebook 6, 1925, p. 78 Skyphos mended from eight fragments. Very worn decoration. Misfired reddish orange at places or intentional experimental use of color? Diam. 8.0; H. 6.2; Diam. base 5.4; Th. 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/8, 2.5YR 5/8. Interior: Thin black line on rim. Red glazed. Exterior: Black closed single meander band, bordered by black line. Red band bordered by lighter red line, dark red band bordered by a lighter line, light red band bordered by lighter red line. Foot: dark red glaze throughout. Underside reserved with tiny red circle around center. Handles: Outer part black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 187, no. 992, pl. 44, 113 is ca 1 cm taller. End of 6th – early 5th century B.C.

MINATURE CONVENTIONALIZING SKYPHOI Only one miniature Conventionalizing skyphos was found in the Rawson deposit, 114. It has a hurried zigzag pattern and a red and a black band on the lower body. The base is an imitation of the Attic type torus foot, but is not as distinct perhaps due to its small size. 115 represents 16 missing examples of very small (diminutive 1.5 - 4 cm) skyphoi, however, the small size made it impossible to distinguish the feet. The following description is from Rawson’s manuscript, “These miniature vessels range in height from 0.013 m to 0.023 m. and in diameter from 0.025 m to 0.044 m. They are crudely made, apparently by hand, with roughly smoothed surface and carelessly finished bases. They resemble skyphoi except that their diameter is greater in proportion to their height, being about twice. They have small, raised bases, rounded bulging sides, straight or slightly incurving rims, from which the two rather larger horizontal handles project. They are entirely glazed inside and on the outside have a band of thick, parallel, vertical

134 lines in dark glaze around the rim, then a wide dark band between two lines. Sometimes the lower line is on the base; sometimes there is an additional line on the base. The bottom of the base has a broad circle of color. There is some variation in color, brown, brownish black and red being used, but it is difficult to say whether it is intentional alteration or accident in firing.”404

114 (NEM-P-166) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 79. Miniature skyphos mended from five fragments, one handle restored in plaster. Est. diam. 4.6; H.: 3.3; diam. Base: 3.3. Interior reddish brown, black in place comes over rim. Exterior: hurried zigzag pattern. Red, then black band continues onto base. Outer part of downward sloping handle black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 310, no. 1689, pl. 67. 114 is taller. Last quarter of 6th century B.C.

115 (NEM-P-178) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature skyphos, complete. H: 0.013 m to 0.023 m.; diam. 0.025 m - 0.044 m. Sloppy execution of black band, appear that lower body was dipped in black glaze? Handles nearly too thick to be pierced through. Corinth VII.5, p. 71, no. 216, pl. 14; Corinth VII.5, p. 69, no. 194, pl. 13. Similar examples NEM-P-171, NEM-P-172, NEM-P-173, NEM-P-175, NEM-P-176, NEM- P-177, NEM-P-179, NEM-P-180, NEM-P-400, NEM-P-402, NEM-P-403, NEM-P-404, NEM-P-405, NEM-P-406 and NEM-P-407 (Missing). 6th – third quarter of 5th century B.C.

GROUP V. MINIATURE HYDRIAI This group consists of 23 decorated examples (116-139), and 27 coarse or undecorated examples (140-166). Almost all the small hydriai have a tall ovoid body: the maximum diameter appears at or just below the shoulder. Often the vertical handle is rather flat and the horizontal handles are mostly lug handles, not necessarily pierced through. Most examples appear to have been string- cut at the base. The dates have been determined by shape as in Corinth XVIII.1, Corinth XV.3 and Kocybala 1999.

Decorated miniature hydriai 116 (P1056) (NEM-P-317) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from missing neck, rim and vertical handle. Very worn glaze. Diam. 5.2; p.H. 6.3; Diam. base 2.7. Fabric: Smooth, light orange, flaking, inclusions, 7.5 YR 7/6; Decoration: 10 R 5/6. Raised flat base, flaring slightly. Wide neck with incised line at transition to neck. Two upright lug horizontal handles, high on shoulder. Three incised small curved lines on reserved underside of base.

404 Rawson 1934, p. 13.

135 Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70, not same foot; Kocybala 1999, p. 93, no. 384, pl. 61, 116 is taller. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

117 (P1139) (NEM-P-432) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature hydria mended from two fragments. Most of neck and rim missing. Est. Diam. 2.6; p.H. 6.1; Diam. 4.9; Diam. base 2.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Gold mica, not Corinthian? Usual shape, but base flares more than usual. Small thick lug horizontal handles. Black glazed throughout, worn. Possible band at lower body near base. Impression of string at underside, string-cut. See 116.

118 (P1060) (NEM-P-321) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria mended from two fragments, half of lower part of body and about half of base restored in plaster. Horizontal handles not preserved. Glaze very worn, chipped rim. Diam. 3.2; H. 5.6; Diam. base ca 2.4; Th. handle 0.5. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Wheelmade. Raised spreading base. Flat vertical handle. Black glazed throughout. Reserved line on edge of rim. Three incised curving lines on underside. Traces of red lines on neck? Kocybala 1999, p. 89, no. 339, pl. 56, fig. 3. End of 6th - Beginning of 5th century B.C.

119 (P1067) (NEM-P-328) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; mended from two fragments, about half of neck and rim restored in plaster. Black glaze completely worn off. Diam. 4.2; H. 5.5; Diam. base 2.4. Fabric: 2.5Y 7/3. Smooth fabric, few particles. Originally black glazed throughout. Reserved underside? Small horizontal lug handles. Flat vertical handle. See 118.

120 (P1128) (NEM-P-421) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Upper part of miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Small parts of neck and rim, lower sides and all of bottom missing. Vertical and one horizontal handle missing. Wheelmade. Diam. Rim 4.8; p.H. 5.2; Diam. 7.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/3. Two red purplish lines on inside of rim, shoulder and lower body. See 118.

121 (P998) (NEM-P-189) Fig. 27 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80.

136 Miniature hydria; complete except from three quarters of rim and vertical handle restored in plaster. Black glaze worn in places. Chips broken off base. Wheel made. Thick black glaze, traces of wheel. Diam. ca. 3.3; H. 5.1; Diam. base 2.7. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 5Y 3/1. Fabric does not seem very coarse. Miniature black glazed hydria with narrow neck, concave part in middle. Wide flat rim with slightly thickened edge, flattish shoulder, round bulging body coming to a rather high spreading foot-like base. Indication of molding where body meets base. Base: indication of string or incision on underside? Uneven, middle part of body convex/bulbous. See 118.

122 (P1137) (NEM-P-430) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature hydria; handles, half of neck and most of rim missing. Wheelmade. Diam. 3.0; p.H. 5.0; Diam. 4.2; Diam. base 2.6. Fabric: 7.5YR 8/3. Raised base, round bulging sides, rather large neck and small wide spreading rim. String-cut. Red glazed throughout, also interior of neck. See 118.

123 (P1048) (NEM-P-309) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments. Bottom and one horizontal handle missing. Diam. 4.4; p.H. 4.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Very soft, coarse, fabric with dark particles and white deposits. Light orange. Low neck, wide splaying rim. Vertical handle flattened. Horizontal lug handles. Added red: band on rim near opening. Band on neck. Possibly on shoulder? Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 123 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

124 (P997) (NEM-P-188) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; complete except for about half of rim and part of neck restored in plaster. Mended from two fragments. Vertical handle slanting. Black glaze worn. Diam. ca. 4.8; H. 4.9; Diam. base 2.5. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: GLEY1 3/N. Wheel made, traces of wheel where glaze is worn off. Small jug with wide rather high neck, large opening, wide splaying rim. Flat shoulder, round body, slightly curving exterior of flat ring base. One flattened vertical handle projecting from rim, lump of clay where attached on exterior/underside of rim. Attached on shoulder at line with two lug horizontal handles, one higher up than the other. Base: unglazed, traces of being string-cut. On neck by vertical handle, trace of fingerprint? Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3256, pl. 123. 6th century B.C.

137 125 (P1040) (NEM-P-301) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; part of side, one horizontal and vertical handle missing. Chip missing from rim. Trace of scorching on one side. Wheelmade. Smoothed surface. Diam. 2.8; H. 4.5; Diam. base 2.6. Fabric: 5YR 6/6; Decoration: 7.5YR 7/6. Raised base, rounded bulging sides, small horizontal lug handles. Concave base with projecting lump in center. Trace of red on interior edge of rim and on lower part of body. Two thin red lines above horizontal handles. Groove on neck, convex. Added red on resting surface and one circles and dot on underside. See 123.

126 (P1062) (NEM-P-323) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; base restored in plaster, otherwise complete. Black glaze worn. Diam. 3.1; p.H. 4.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Smooth, light orange fabric. Wheel made. All handles placed at greatest diameter, one horizontal handle slightly higher up than other. Spreading neck and widely splaying rim. Kocybala 1999, p. 89, pl. 56, no. 339, fig. 3. End of 6th - Beginning of 5th century B.C.

127 (P1065) (NEM-P-326) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; rim and most of neck missing, vertical handle missing, otherwise complete. Black glaze worn off especially on handles. Diam. 3.8; p.H. 4.4; Diam. base 2.1. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2. Wheelmade. Black glazed throughout, traces of black glaze on underside. Groove on lower part of body. Two upright horizontal lug handles. See 126.

128 (P1066) (NEM-P-327) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; most of neck and rim, part of base and underside missing. Black glaze very worn unevenly. Diam. 3.9; p.H. 4.2. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3. Black glazed throughout. Small upright horizontal lug handles. See 126.

129 (P1059) (NEM-P-320) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from neck, rim, one horizontal handle and vertical handle missing. Glaze very worn. Tool-marks or wheel-marks on body? Diam. 3.8; p.H. 4.1.

138 Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Soft, fine, light fabric. Horizontal lug handle, bent upwards. Red glazed throughout. Flat base reserved underside. Traces of string or impressed cloth. Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70, not same foot; Kocybala 1999, p. 89, no. 336, pl. 55. Mid-late 6th century B.C.

130 (P1057) (NEM-P-318) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from one horizontal handle and lower part and base restored in plaster. Glaze very worn. Worn and flaking black glaze. Two small punctures next to each other on lower lip at junction to neck. Diam. 3.3; H. 4.0. Fabric: 10YR 7/3. Black glazed interior and exterior. Slanting vertical handle. Wheelmade. Pronounced shoulder, ovoid body. Fairly high neck, which slopes in slightly. Wide flat rim, flat vertical handle, horizontal handles, mere bosses, slightly bent upward attached on shoulder. Lug handle pierced through. Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70. First half of 5th century B.C.?

131 (P1064) (NEM-P-325) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from most of neck, all of rim, one horizontal and the vertical handle missing. Black glazed, unevenly worn. Diam. 3.9; p.H. 4.0; Diam. base 2.2. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3. Traces of black glazed on underside and string-cut. Lug-like horizontal handle. See 130.

132 (P1119) (NEM-P-412) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; neck, rim, one horizontal and most of vertical handle missing. Decoration mostly worn off. Diam. 5.9; p.H. 4.0; Th. handle 0.5. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 7.5YR 8/3, 10R 5/6. Soft, light orange, slipped. Squat body, globular. Large flattened bottom. Small horizontal lug handle, round. Round vertical handle attachment preserved. Added red: two vertical bands on shoulder. Below vertical handle on lower body two red band. Possibly Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3263, pl. 123, somewhat similar, but 132 is taller. 6th century B.C.

133 (P1138) (NEM-P-431) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature hydria; two thirds of neck and rim and vertical handle missing. Misfired red almost throughout. Wheelmade.

139 Diam. 2.0; p.H. 4.0; Diam. base 2.2. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Thick horizontal lug handles. See 130.

134 (P1061) (NEM-P-322) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from most of neck and rim missing. One horizontal handle preserved. Worn glaze. Small hole at underside of base. Slight misfiring. Diam. 3.7; p.H. 4.0. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Orange, soft fabric. White inclusions. Squat body. Flat vertical handle. Lug handle, not pierced through. Handles on greatest diameter of vessel. Black glazed throughout, also handles, misfired red on one side. Reserved underside with trace of impressed string or cloth, string-cut. Kocybala 1999, p. 90, no. 352, pl. 57; Tocra II, p. 14, no. 1960, pl. 8. Mid – late 6th century B.C.

135 (P1141) (NEM-P-434) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature hydria mended from two fragments. Most of neck, all of rim, vertical handle and part of side missing. Flaking fabric on one side, salt contamination. Wheelmade. Diam. 4.1; p.H. 3.9; Diam. base 2.2; Th. 0.25. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Red glazed throughout. Small thick horizontal lug handles. See 134.

136 (P1051) (NEM-P-312) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86, cf. p. 94. Miniature hydria; complete except from missing neck, most of rim and vertical handle. Glaze very worn. Misfired red except one side remained black, leaned on something in the kiln? Est. Diam. 0.7; p.H. 3.7; Diam. 3.2; Diam. base 1.9. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Inclusions on exterior. Flaring rim. Small horizontal lug handles attached on greatest diameter. Trace of string on cloth on base, string-cut. Misfired red glazed throughout, also on inside of neck, line on base. Plain base, slightly splaying. Black on one side. Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70, not same foot; Kocybala 1999, p. 93, no. 384, pl. 61. Mid 6th century to 5th century B.C.

137 (P1063) (NEM-P-324) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from neck, rim, one horizontal and the vertical handle missing. Uneven glazed. Wheelmade. Use of paring on underside. Diam. 4.3; p.H. 3.7. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Black glazed throughout, even underside of base. Small upright lug handles. See 136.

140 138 (P1000) (NEM-P-191) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle restored in plaster. Black glaze very worn. Small puncture on body. Chips missing from base and rim. Diam. 2.5; H. 3.6; Diam. base 1.9. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2. Wide sloping neck and sloping shoulders, body bulges low down, comes into base with flat ring base. Glaze preserved on interior of rim. Two lug horizontal handles, one slightly higher up than the other. Handles not pierced through. Vertical handle comes of from edge of rim flat, becomes roundish where it joins body on a line with the horizontal handles. Lump of clay where vertical handle was attached. Uneven base. Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3256, pl. 123, 138 is 0.6 cm smaller. 6th century B.C.

139 (P1058) (NEM-P-319) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; lower part of body and base missing. Black glazed worn. Chip missing on vertical handle. Diam. 3.7; p.H. 3.2. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Soft, smooth fabric. Wheelmade. Black glazed on exterior and interior. Reserved edge of rim. Flat vertical handle, small lug horizontal handles, not pierced through. Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70; Kocybala 1999, p. 91, no. 355, pl. 58. End of 6th century B.C.

Undecorated miniature hydriai The undecorated miniature hydriai are similar to the decorated examples in shape, but are more round and squat. Some examples may have been slipped 141-143, 145, 148, 153, and some are somewhat lopsided 151-152. Some might also have been handmade 147, 151, 161-162, 165-166, while others show traces of burnishing 149-150, 160.

140 (P1134) (NEM-P-427) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91. Miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Base, part of sides and rim restored in plaster. Secondary burnt. Very hard gray clay. Traces of scorching, actual black lines; looks like it was placed on the fire and exploded, popped, fits with bottom missing, now restored. P.H. ca 8.0. Fabric: 2.5Y 5/1. Many red and white particles, lumps. Smoothed surface. Large, squat globular body, low neck which slopes in, wide splaying rim, large wide flattened vertical handle rising up from rim, attached on body high on shoulder at line with small rounded horizontal handles. Perachora II, p. 317, no. 3324, pl. 124, very similar shape except that 140 has two lug handles. 6th century B.C.

141 141 (P1029) (NEM-P-290) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from handle and bottom restored in plaster. Red slip. Diam. 3.3; p.H. 7.5. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 5YR 6/6. Coarse light orange fabric. Some large red particles. Smoothed surface. Squat globular body, narrow neck, wide splaying rim, large flat vertical handle, horizontal, round lug handle. Flattened bottom. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124, does the fabric match? 141 is 2 cm taller. 6th century B.C.

142 (P1135) (NEM-P-428) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature hydria mended from six fragments. All of bottom, one horizontal handle and vertical handle missing. Trace of slip? Diam. Rim 3.0; p.H. 7.2; Diam. 7.4. Fabric: 5YR 6/1; Decoration: 5YR 67/6. Light orange. Somewhat coarse fabric. Horizontal lug handle preserved thicker and heavier than usual. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 142 has thinner neck, taller. 6th century B.C.

143 (P1032) (NEM-P-293) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria mended from two fragments, most part of rim and part of body restored in plaster. Burnished on neck and trace of tool on lower body. Darker slip? Diam. 6.1; H. 7.0; Diam. rim ca 3.0. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6, orange coarse fabric with some particles. Smooth surface, lopsided body. Squat jug, globular body, rather narrow neck, wide splaying rim. Small horizontal lug handles, flattened bottom. Vertical flat handle attached at line with other handles, slanting slightly. Horizontal handles one higher up on shoulder than the other. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 143 is about 1.3 cm taller. 6th century B.C.

144 (P1030) (NEM-P-291) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments. Parts of body restored in plaster. Handles missing. Possibly darker slip. Diam. 3.5; H. 6.7. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Light orange, lumpy, large red and small white particles. Squat globular body, flattened bottom, wide neck, flaring rim. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

145 (P1031) (NEM-P-292) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85.

142 Miniature hydria mended from three fragments. Handle, side and one horizontal handle restored in plaster. Trace of faceting tool on lower body. Uneven surface, burnished. Diam. 2.9; H. 6.5. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Coarse, dark orange. Flaking fabric. Some red and white particles. Very globular body, small low neck, wide splaying rim, vertical handle thin and flat. Attached at shoulder at greatest diameter. Possibly slipped. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 145 is about 1 cm taller. 6th century B.C.

146 (P1034) (NEM-P-295) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from handles and part of rim missing. Secondary burning on upper part. Diam. 3.2; H. 6.2. Fabric: 5 YR 6/4; Decoration: 5 YR 6/1. Coarse light orange, some large red and smaller white particles. Two incised lines one below rim and one below neck. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

147 (P992) (NEM-P-183) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; complete except from handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Covered with grayish wash. Handmade? Diam. 2.8; H. 6.0. Fabric: 5YR 7/8. Decoration: 5Y 6/1. Coarse ware, orange, large red and white particles. Squat hydria, globular shape with roughly flattened bottom. Low neck with wide splaying rim from which rises flat vertical handle extending to rounded shoulder. Two round small horizontal lug handles on shoulder just below bottom of vertical handles. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

148 (P1047) (NEM-P-308) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments. Vertical handle, one horizontal handle and bottom restored in plaster. Rim chipped. Diam. 3.8; H. 6.0. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Very soft, light orange. Darker slip. Few red and black particles. Uneven slipped. Surface bumpy. Incision at transition between neck and body. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 148 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

149 (P1121) (NEM-P-414) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments. All handles and part of bottom and side missing. Accidental hole near bottom. Burnishing marks on neck. Diam. Rim 3.6; H. 6.0; Diam. 6.1.

143 Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Small white and black particles. Smooth fabric. Tiny silver mica. Light orange. Squat jug, globular but high flat shoulder, neck moderately high, wide rim, splaying upward sharply. Large flattened body. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

150 (P1131) (NEM-P-424) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91. Miniature hydria mended from two fragments. Part of rim, vertical handle, one horizontal handle and most of one side missing. Holes in exterior. Burnished. Diam. rim 3.0; p.H. 6.0; Max. Diam. 6.2. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/6; Decoration: 2.5Y 6/1, Lumpy uneven surface, gray. Very coarse, small voids. Inclusions. Red core. Fabric very hard burnt, discolored gray from burning, blisterware? No parallel found.

151 (P993) (NEM-P-184) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; complete except from small piece of rim and bottom restored in plaster. Handmade? Diam. 3.1; H. 5.7. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 7.5YR 7/2. Coarse clay, large red and white particles, rough surface. Darker slip? Small squat jug almost globular with rounded sides and slightly flattened bottom. Fairly splaying rim from where round vertical handle rises. Two round horizontal lug handles, one lower than the other. Lopsided. Slight traces of darker slip? Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124, 151 has larger handle, more distinct neck. 6th century B.C.

152 (P1037) (NEM-P-298) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except for vertical handle and part of rim restored in plaster. Flaking exterior. Diam. 3.4; H. 5.5. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4. Coarse light orange. Some large red and gray particles. Lopsided body. Flattened bottom. See 151.

153 (P1120) (NEM-P-413) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; vertical handle, two thirds of rim and neck missing. Diam. Rim 3.0; p.H. 5.3; Diam. 5.7 Fabric: 2.5YR 6/4; Decoration: 7.5YR 7/3. Coarse, some large black particles and smaller white and black. Very small mica, gold? Orange. Lumpy but smoothed surface. Slipped? Two horizontal small lug handles. Large flattened bottom. Flattened vertical handle.

144 Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

154 (P1036) (NEM-P-297) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments, bottom restored in plaster. Diam. 3.7; p.H. 5.0. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Coarse light orange fabric with some particles. Very smoothed and nicely shaped. Flat vertical handle. Round horizontal handles. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 154 has less distinct neck. 6th century B.C.

155 (P1041) (NEM-P-302) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from horizontal handles and bottom restored in plaster. Diam. 3.0; H. 4.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4. Many small red and black particles. Squat jug, globular body, rather high neck, wide splaying rim. Incised lines to distinguish transition from neck to body and neck to rim. Small horizontal lug handles, flattened bottom. Vertical flat handle attached at line with other handles, slanting slightly. Horizontal handles one higher on shoulder than the other. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 155 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

156 (P1039) (NEM-P-300) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria, coarse. Rim, one horizontal handle and bottom missing. Small punctuations on body. Diam. 5.1; p.H. 4.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4. Light orange. coarse. Some red and black particles. Fairly thin walls. Globular body, tall neck. One horizontal lug-handle at greatest diameter. See 155.

157 (P1045) (NEM-P-306) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria, coarse. Fragment, side vertical handle, and one horizontal handle missing. White patches on exterior. Diam. 2.3; p.H. 4.9. Fabric: 10YR 6/3. Gray, hard burned. Slipped? Burnished. Wide high splaying rim practically joins globular body without neck between. Flat vertical handle. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 157 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

158 (P1042) (NEM-P-303) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85.

145 Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle restored in plaster. Rim chipped. Trace of scorching on lower part of body. Diam. 3.0; H. 4.7. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6. Coarse dark orange, many white and red particles. Squat jug, globular body, rather narrow neck, wide splaying rim. Small horizontal handles, flattened bottom. Vertical handle originally attached at line with other handles, one horizontal handle higher on shoulder than the other. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 158 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

159 (P1136) (NEM-P-429) [Nemea Mus.) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91. Miniature hydria; complete except from part of rim and base restored in plaster. Est. Diam. 2.2; p.H. 4.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 7/3. Light yellowish clay. Particles and lumpy. Squat hydria, two horizontal lug-handles not pierced through sloping up and out, flat rather broad vertical handle, short neck, wide splaying rim. One of horizontal handle slightly lower than other. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124, hard to tell if neck is the same, 159 is about 1 cm smaller. Beginning of 6th century B.C.

160 (P1038) (NEM-P-299) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; rim, handles and flake of side missing. Flaking slip. Diam. 5.3; p.H. 4.3. Fabric: 5YR 6/6; Decoration: 7.5YR 7/6. Light orange fabric, coarse. Burnished on greatest diameter? Oval body. Maybe slight trace of vertical handle attachment. Flattened bottom. Thin red line on neck where broken. See 146.

161 (P999) (NEM-P-190) Fig. 81 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; complete except from part of base restored plaster. Traces of white lines from rim onto neck. Tool marks. Handmade? Diam. 1.9; H. 4.0; Diam. bottom 2.2. Fabric: 10YR 8/4. Coarse. Possible slip, gray? Large red and smaller white particles, uneven surface. High narrow neck and splaying rim, sloping shoulders, rounded body and flattened bottom. One flat vertical handle, from rim attached on shoulder at line with two lug horizontal handles. One handle higher up than other. Lug handles not pierced through. Perachora II, p. 312, nos. 3272 or 3273, pl. 124, 161 is about 1 cm smaller. Beginning of 6th century B.C.

146 162 (P1132) (NEM-P-425) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91. Miniature hydria; complete except from restored vertical handle. Small part of rim restored in plaster. Burnished, handmade? Grayish, just worn or possible slip? Diam. 2.4; H. 4.0. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Corinthian fabric, coarse but smooth surface. Some large red particles. Irregular shape. Body rather squat with more sloping shoulders. Neck rather thin and tall, wide splaying rim, largish flattened bottom. Horizontal handles on greatest diameter of body, one lower than the other. Closest parallel Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124, 162 is 1.7 cm smaller. 6th century B.C.

163 (P1046) (NEM-P-307) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments, horizontal handle, lower part of body and bottom missing. Surface uneven. Diam. 2.9; p.H. 3.9. Fabric: 10YR 7/3. White deposits. Somewhat coarse material, some red and black particles. Squat hydria, flat vertical handle, splaying rim, almost no neck. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 163 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

164 (P1075) (NEM-P-336) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature hydria; handles, part of body, all of neck and rim missing. Diam. 4.9; p.H. 3.6. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6. Light orange fabric, small dark particles. very little mica. Squat body, slight traces of handles. Large flattened bottom. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

165 (P1001) (NEM-P-192) Fig. 82 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle and tiny part of rim missing. Small puncture above one horizontal handle. Diam. 1.4; H. 2.8. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Coarse. Uneven surface. Handmade? Some red particles. Possible slip on body (gray) and/or reddish glaze on exterior of rim. High neck, splaying rim, broad sloping shoulders, round body, flattened bottom. Two tiny horizontal lug handles, not pierced through. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124, 165 is 2.9 cm smaller, but bulging shape is very similar. 6th century B.C.

166 (P1002) (NEM-P-193) Fig. 83 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81.

147 Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle missing. Handmade? Darker on edge of rim, slip or just worn? Diam. 1.4; H. 2.8. Fabric: 5YR 7/4. Coarse. Lumpy surface. Some large red particles. Short wide neck, splaying rim, roundish shoulder and body, flattened bottom. Two tiny lug horizontal handles, set low on body. Attachment of vertical handle higher up than lug-handles. Rough edges of body below neck show how body was made first and neck added on. In this case neck was too small to get sides smoothed inside. Could also be that it was just uneven made. Tocra II, p. 94, no. 2370, pl. 42, 166 is 0.4 cm smaller, is very lopsided and has smaller neck. After 500 B.C.

GROUP VI. KALATHISKOI AND FLARING KALATHOI As mentioned in the text, most of the kalathiskoi seem to belong to Pemberton’s Type 3, and according to Pemberton the kalathiskos is a votive and is conservative in shape. Dating more precisely than by 50-year intervals is difficult and the chronology is still tentative. According to Pemberton, Corinth XVIII.1, Type 3 is black and red, beveled and this form appears at the end of the last quarter of the 6th century, is most popular throughout the 5th, and dies out in the mid-4th century B.C. The profile has the following form in the early examples: well-finished, often slightly concave resting surface; straight flare from resting surface to sharp bevel; concave wall with minimum diameter at mid-wall; handles usually of pinched-on form at mid-wall; flaring triangular rim. The rim diameter is usually just slightly greater than the bevel diameter. The decorative system usually shows the following: resting surface and bevel reserved; inner wall with a black band just below the lip; circles on the floor and mid-wall of large or early examples; black band on the exterior wall above the bevel; added red below the handle zone, with a glaze line separating the two lower bands (the two colors may be reversed). The handle zone normally has a decorative pattern enclosed by light glaze lines. The upper wall and rim are black, originally in two separate bands; in later examples they merge. Added purple is never used on Type 3; the added red or brown is put directly on the clay. Typical designs of the handle zone are S's or Z's, zigzags, and various forms of stepped meanders (the latter are found only on Type 3 kalathiskoi, not on the earlier forms). The shape begins to degenerate in the later 5th century B.C. Signs of lateness are banding over the bevel; rounded bevel; sharp contraction of the wall or, conversely, loss of concave profile; minimum diameter placed under the rim; loss of offset of rim from wall; poor surface finish; and imprecise banding (although this can occur on some early examples). Eight examples from the Rawson deposit has zigzag in the handle zone 167-174, 5 have zeta-decoration 175-179, and one has meander 180. One example has no decoration in the handle zone, its decoration is linear 181, one has S’s 182, and a miniature kalathiskoi 183, also have linear decoration.

167 (P1004) (NEM-P-195) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from two fragments. Part of rim and side restored in plaster. Worn. A bit chipped on exterior. Fingerprint? Diam. 6.7; H. 4.9; Diam. base 5.8. Fabric: 2.5YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 4/6.

148 Interior: Slight incurving rim, possibly added red. Red line below rim. Black circle on underside. Exterior: Rim black glazed. Black band. Handle zone with black zigzag pattern overlapping band above, bordered by red line above and black band below. Red band. Flattened bottom and resting surface reserved. Lug handles reserved. Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 235, pl. 15; has the flaring, thickened rim of Corinth VII.5, p. 75, no. 239. Second half of 5th century B.C.

168 (P1007) (NEM-P-198) Fig. 36 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos; part of rim and wall restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Diam. 5.5; H. 4.8; Diam. base 5.2; resting surface 2.5. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Reserved thin red (?) line on edge of rim. Faded black thin line just below rim. Thin black line on mid-body. Black circle at bottom. Exterior: added red on rim, black band below rim. Handle zone: black zigzag pattern bordered above and below by thin black line. Lower part of body bordered above by thin black line, black slight onto edge of base. Base and resting surface reserved. Tiny lug handles have added red lines as continuing borderlines of zigzag pattern. Corinth XVIII.1, pp 172-173, no. 542, pl. 51, 168 has less sharp bevel. 5th century B.C.

169 (P1143) (NEM-P-443) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Kalathiskos mended from five fragments. More than half of rim and upper side missing. Decoration very worn. Misfired red on one side. Diam. 6.5; H. 4.7; Diam. base 3.2; bevel 1.2. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/8. Interior: A thick red line just below edge of rim, thin black line. Red band on lower body. Exterior: Black band. Uneven black zigzag pattern at handle zone. Tiny lug handles. Red band. Black band. Reserved bottom. See 168.

170 (P1144) (NEM-P-444) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Kalathiskos mended from two fragments. More than one third of rim and side missing. Worn decoration. Incised lines overlapping on underside. Diam. 5.7; H. 4.6; Diam. base 4.0; bevel 0.9. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/4. Interior: black line at bottom. Exterior: Black band. Uneven black zigzag pattern at handle zone. Tiny lug handles. Red band. Black band. Reserved bottom. See 168.

171 (P1016) (NEM-P-207) Fig. 121 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81

149 Kalathiskos mended from three fragments. Part of rim and part of body restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Misfired red. Somewhat lopsided. Poor execution of zigzag pattern. Diam. 5.9; H. 4.6; Diam. base 4.4; bevel 0.8. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5YR 7/6, 10R 4/4. Interior: Two thin red lines just below rim. Exterior: Added red on wide flaring rim. Red band. Handle-zone: black very irregular zigzag pattern bordered above and below by thin black line. Red band, black line just above bottom. Two very small horizontal lug handles. Reserved bottom. See 168.

172 (P1010) (NEM-P-201) Fig. 122 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from four fragments. About one third of rim and part of body restored in plaster. Decoration quite worn especially where restored. Diam. 5.8; H. 4.6; Diam. rest surf 3.5; bevel 1.1. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Red line just below rim. Red band at bottom with brush stroke projecting. Exterior: Flaring rim black glazed. Sloppy red band. Handle zone: Black zigzag pattern with black thin lines above and below. Sloppy execution. Red band with black band just above base. Reserved resting surface and underside. Reserved horizontal lug-handles. See 168.

173 (P1011) (NEM-P-202) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from six fragments. Part of bottom and bits of wall restored in plaster. Decoration very worn especially one side, faded. Diam. 6.0; H. 4.3; Diam. base/resting surface 4.0; sloping bottom part 0.8. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: Black band below rim. Reserved interior with black very irregular line/band on underside, running glaze. Exterior: Flaring part of rim black glazed. Extremely thin black line below. Red band. Handle-zone: black zigzag pattern bordered above and below by black lines. Another black line, red band and another black line below. Black band on edge of bottom. Bottom incised black circle. See 168.

174 (P1015) (NEM-P-206) Fig. 37 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos; complete except from two smaller parts of rim restored in plaster. Worn decoration. Misfired red on one side. Sloppy execution. Little lopsided. Diam. 5.5; H. 4.2; Diam. resting surface 2.5; bevel 1.1. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Red line just below rim, red line on lower body. Exterior: Added red on wide flaring rim? Red band. Handle-zone: black irregular zigzag pattern bordered above and below by thin black line. Red band bordered below by black line. Black band near bottom. Two very small horizontal lug handles. Reserved bottom. See 168.

150 175 (P1142) (NEM-P-442) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Kalathiskos mended from two fragments. About half of rim and sides restored in plaster. Decoration almost entirely worn off. Hard to tell how large bands and details. Small hole at exterior at red band. Diam. 5.7; H. 4.7; Diam. Base 3.8. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Interior: black thin line on edge of rim, red thin line on bevel of rim. Exterior: black glazed band. Handle zone: Zeta pattern, black line on small lug-handle. Bordered above and below by thick black line. Red band below, black band below. Reserved bottom, disk foot. Incised circle on underside of foot and trace of tool. Closest parallel Corinth XVIII.1, p. 88, no. 55, pl. 8, 175 is about 1 cm smaller. Early 5th century B.C.

176 (P1009) (NEM-P-200) Fig. 52 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from seven fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Misfired red on one side. Diam. 5.7; H. 4.7; Diam. base resting surface 3.0; bevel 1.4. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Overhanging down turned rim. Interior: Reserved rim, below black band. Black line below. Exterior: Added red on lip. Black band. Handle-zone with black Zeta pattern bordered above and below by thin black line. Two horizontal lug-handles. Red band. Thin black line below. Black band continues onto base. Resting surface and underside reserved. Flat slightly raised bottom, low rounded bevel. Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 239, pl. 15, table 1. Second half of 5th century B.C.

177 (P1013) (NEM-P-204) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 123 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from eight fragments. Small part of rim and bottom restored in plaster. Unevenly worn decoration. Diam. 5.1; H. 4.3. Fabric: 10YR 7/3, Light Corinthian, some particles; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/6. Very concave sides, spreading over-hanging rim, curved sloping underside, flattened base. Interior: Black band on edge of rim, black line, possibly black line on bottom. Exterior: Flaring rim red glazed. Black band with one or two? added red or black? lines. Handle zone reserved with zeta pattern bordered above and below with thin black lines. Red band with black line on reserved below. Black band onto bottom. Concave part of bottom preserved. Lug-handles with line of black on top. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 88, no. 57, pl. 8, fig. 5, early type 3, 177 has little smaller. Second quarter of 5th century B.C.

178 (P1014) (NEM-P-205) [Nemea Mus.] Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81.

151 Kalathiskos mended from five fragments. Part of wall restored in plaster, one lug handle broken off. Decoration worn. Misfired on one side. Diam. 5.2; H. 4.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Interior: Black band just below rim, thin black line below. Black line on bottom. Exterior: rim added red. Black band. Handle zone: black Zeta pattern bordered above and below by black line. Red band. Black band on lowest part of body. Bottom reserved. Black line from handle zone onto lug handle. See 177.

179 (P1012) (NEM-P-203) Fig. 124 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos. Misfired gray/brown colors. Mended from five fragments. Part of bottom and rim restored in plaster. Diam. 5.0; H. 4.2; underside diam. 3.0; bevel 1.1. Fabric: 2.5Y 7/1; Decoration: 10R 5/4. Interior: Upper part black-glazed? Exterior: Flaring rim added red or black band?. Handle-zone with black zeta pattern bordered above and below by thin black? line. Two horizontal lug- handles. Red? band. Thin black line below. Black? band continuing onto base. Resting surface and underside reserved. Flat slightly raised bottom, low sharp bevel. Trace of scorching on underside? Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 239, pl. 15, table 1. Second half of 5th century B.C.

180 (P1008) (NEM-P-199) Fig. 125 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from 12 fragments. About half of rim and parts of body restored in plaster. Quite worn decoration. Sloppy execution. Diam. 5.6; H. 4.9; Diam. base 3.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Black line. Exterior: Black glazed thick rounded rim continues onto body. Handle-zone with black broken single meander bordered above and below with thin black lines. Smudged onto lug-handles. Red band, with black thin line below. Black band continuing onto upper part of base. Raised foot. Projecting underside reserved. Unusual rim. Decoration: Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 231, pl. 15, table 1; foot: Corinth VII.5, p.73, no. 226, pl. 15; no parallel with the same rim. Early 5th century B.C.

181 (P1005) (NEM-P-196) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from three fragments. Large part of base and tiny part of rim restored in plaster. Several small punctuations on exterior. Chipped rim. Very worn, lopsided. Diam. 7.3; H. 4.1; Diam. base 5.5. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6.

152 Lopsided because one side has collapsed either from firing or restoration. Slightly concave sides, flaring rim, thick and flattened on top, squat, broad in proportion to its height. Two rather conical shaped lugs set quite high up. Interior: rim has added red on interior. Two black lines on lower body. Bottom black glazed. Exterior: Very worn decoration. Thin line on overhanging of rim. Two red lines just above lug handles (lumps). Two black lines, the upper thicker than the other. Lower body added red glaze continues onto resting surface of base. Slight trace of red on edge of underside of bottom, otherwise underside reserved with two incised lines from compass? Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 172-173, no. 542, fig. 5, pl. 51, same height, but 181 has less sharp bevel About 500 B.C.

182 (P1006) (NEM-P-197) Fig. 126 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Kalathiskos mended from seven fragments. About half of rim and parts of body restored. Worn and fainted decoration. Diam. 5.9; H. 4.7; Diam. base 3.8. Fabric: 10YR 7/4 Corinthian; Decoration: 10R 5/4. Interior: Trace of red on edge of rim. Black thin line below rim. Reserved interior except from thin black circle near edge of bottom. Exterior: Black-glazed rim. Thick red line below rim on upper body. Handle zone: horizontal alternating looping S’s. Small lug handles. Two black lines on lower part of body. Red band with thin red line just above base. Edge of bottom black, underside reserved. Slightly convex underside. No parallel found.

183 (P1017) (NEM-P-208) Fig. 127 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Diminutive kalathiskos mended from five fragments, one fourth of rim and part of body restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Diam. 4.0; H. 3.2; Diam. resting surface 2.9; bevel 1.0. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration 2.5YR 4/6. Ring like base. Interior: Thin black line on edge of rim, red band. Exterior: Red and black thin line on flaring beveled rim. Black band. Red line. Black band bordered above and below with thin red bands. Black on lowest part of body onto bevel. Resting surface reserved. Lump in center. Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 86-87, no. 38, pl. 16, fig. 5, 183 is 1.4 cm smaller; Corinth VII.5, p. 75, no. 244, fig. 10, pl. 15. Beginning – late 5th century B.C.

FLARING KALATHOI This group consists of flaring kalathoi represented by 184-185 and three additional examples all currently missing. Parallels were found based on Caskey’s black and white photographs.

184 (NEM-P-260) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83.

153 Flaring kalathos mended from two fragments, almost half of rim and piece of side missing. Diam. Rim: 3.4; H.: 2.3; diam. Base: 2.2. Fabric: light greenish buff, very soft and flaky, surface not very smooth. Three bands on reserved, black brownish bands on rim and base, red band on base. Corinth XV.3, p. 338, no. 2054, pl. 73; Perachora II, p. 303, no. 3103, pl. 121, 3103 has dots on rim, 184 has a thin line. Beginning of 6th century B.C. Similar examples NEM-P 449, NEM-P-450, and NEM-P-451 (Missing).

185 (NEM-P-259) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature kalathos. 185 is 0.018 m, diameter of rim about 0.047 m, and fragments of one other. This is a small bowl with wide flanged rim spreading above rather straight sides, large flattened bottom and broad flat basket handle. Entirely covered with brownish black paint. Corinth XV.3, p. 341, no. 2096, Pl. 74; Corinth XV.3, p. 332, no. 1977, pl. 72, 185 has straight rim and much coarser clay. Late 6th – early 5th century B.C.

GROUP VII. KRATERISKOI All of the krateriskoi in this group are currently missing. However, information has been constructed from Rawson’s manuscript and Caskey’s photographs. The following is from Rawson’s manuscript, “These tiny vases range in height from 0.015 m to 0.029 m and in diameter from 0.025 m to 0.047 m. They are on the whole rather carefully and definitely shaped although not always well finished. They seem to be wheelmade. They have a rather high small simple base flattened on the bottom, from which the sides spread out to rounded swelling shoulders, then curve in again and out in a slightly flaring or sometimes an almost straight rim. There are two large vertical loop handles usually rising a little above the rim where they are flattened and pressed closed against it sides. These vases are entirely glazed inside and out and on the bottom black, brownish black, red or mottled, but in practically every case the glaze has almost entirely worn off owing to the softness of the clay.”405

186 (NEM-P-211) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Krateriskos. Part of rim and one handle missing. Diam. Rim; H. 3.5; Diam. base 2.4; Greatest diam. 4.2. Fabric: coarse light reddish fabric, full of small particles, surface pitted, not very smooth, quite thick walls. Interior and exterior brownish black glazed throughout. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 169, no. 511, pl. 50; Corinth XV.3, p. 315, no. 1767, pl. 68; Corinth XV.3, p. 313, no. 1731, pl. 67. Late 6th - beginning of 5th century B.C.

405 Rawson 1934, pp. 13-14.

154 187 (NEM-P-218) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Krateriskos. Diam. Rim 4.4; H. 3.2; Diam. base 2.3. Fabric: light creamy buff, rather soft pitted fabric, surface very rough and uneven. Interior: reserved. Exterior: red on rim and handle, added red line below handle. Band on underside of base. See 186.

188 (NEM-P-219) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Krateriskos. Part of one handle and almost half of rim missing. Diam. Rim 4.7; H. 2.9; Diam. base 2.4. Fabric: light greenish buff, soft, surface very rough and uneven. Black glazed throughout, very worn. See 186.

189 (NEM-P-230) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Krateriskos. Small part of rim missing. Diam. Rim 3.5; H. 2.3; Diam. base 1.9. Fabric: dark brownish buff, quite soft, fairly thin walls, surface not very smooth. Black glazed throughout, very worn. See 186.

190 (NEM-P-221) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Krateriskos. Part of one handle and almost half of rim missing. Diam. Rim 3.8; H. 2.2; Diam. base 2. Fabric: pinkish buff, very soft, surface not very smooth, pitted. Black glazed throughout, mottled red. See 186.

191 (NEM-P-235) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Krateriskos. Diam. Rim 3.3; H. 1.9; Diam. base 2. Fabric: creamy buff, very pink, quite soft, surface not very smooth. Reddish brown glaze throughout, very worn. See 186. Similar examples NEM-P-218, NEM-P-220, NEM-P-221, NEM-P-222, NEM-P-223, NEM- P-224, NEM-P-225, NEM-P-226, NEM-P-227, NEM-P-228, NEM-P-229, NEM-P-230, NEM-P-231, NEM-P-232, NEM-P-233, NEM-P-234, NEM-P-236, NEM-P-237, NEM-P- 238, NEM-P-239, NEM-P-436, NEM-P-437, NEM-P-438, NEM-P-439, NEM-P-440, and NEM-P-441 (Missing).

155 GROUP VIII. MINIATURE BOWLS Miniature bowl with two handles There are three examples, 192, 198, NEM-P-170, and fragments of five others all currently missing. These miniature bowls may be considered together as bowls with two handles. Although they are not exactly identical, they are entirely painted brownish black and have small ring bases and flaring curving sides.

192 (NEM-P-263) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature bowl with two handles. 192 (height 0.022 m, diameter 0.046 m) has a narrow flattened rim from which projects a round horizontal loop handle with straight lug-like projections on either side. Only one handle is preserved; the second has been restored in plaster on the analogy of some example of this shape, which have two. One of the fragments mentioned above also has handles of this type. Somewhat similar to Corinth XV.3, p. 328, nos. 1917 or 1926, pls. 71, 111, 117. Late 6th century B.C. Similar examples NEM-P-263 and NEM-P-170 (Missing).

Small handle-less bowls Six examples, 193-195, NEM-P-249, NEM-P-250, NEM-P-251, and fragments of six others, all currently missing. These bowls range in height from 0.027 m to 0.035 m and in diameter from 0.058 m to 0.062 m. Except 193 these handle-less bowls have low foot-like bases flat on the bottom, rounded sides, and incurving rims which are slightly raised and thickened. They are entirely painted brownish black. Of the fragmentary examples of this shape, four are very much smaller and entirely painted.

193 (P1025) (NEM-P-248) Fig. 128 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature bowl mended from four fragments. Black glaze very worn, almost gone on one side. Chipped at rim and base. Diam. Rim 6.3; H. 3.3; Diam. base ca 4.0. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5Y 2.5/1. Small bowl with incurving molded rim. Low foot-like base, flat. Black glazed throughout except from lower part of body and base, very irregular glazed. Base string-cut. Dipped in black glaze? Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1948, pl. 71. Late 6th – beginning of 5th century B.C.

194 (NEM-P-252) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Small handle-less bowl mended by three fragments. Almost one fourth of rim and piece of side missing. Diam. Rim: 5.5; H: 2.7; diam. Base: 3.5. Fabric: grayish buff, rather fine, quite hard, fairly thin walls. Interior and exterior black glazed, very worn.

156 Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1948, pl. 71, 194 is completely black-glazed. Late 6th - early 5th century B.C.

195 (NEM-P-258) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Small handle-less bowl. About one third of rim and side missing. diam. Rim: 7.1; H: 2.1-2.4; diam. Base: 4.1; diam. Opening: 5.8. Fabric: buff, quite smooth surface, thick walls but rather good fabric. Black brownish glazed throughout except from underside of base. Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1943, pl. 71, 193 is taller, but shape with flaring sides is similar. Late 6th - early 5th century B.C.

196 (NEM-P-263) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature bowl with two handles. One handle and almost one third of rim missing. diam. Rim: 4.6; H: 2.2; diam. Base: 2.1. Fabric: buff, fairly hard, quite rough surface, thin walls. Mottled black brownish glaze throughout. See 195.

197 (NEM-P-253) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Small handle-less bowl. About one fourth of rim and piece of side missing. diam. Rim: 3.3; H: 2.1; diam. Base: 2.1. Fabric: pinkish grayish buff, surface uneven, not very smooth, fairly thin walls. Interior and exterior black glazed, very worn. See 195.

198 (NEM-P-264) Fig. 73 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature bowl with two wishbone handles. Most of one handle and small bit of rim missing. diam. Rim: 4.3; H: 1.9; diam. Base: 1.8. Fabric: pinkish buff, quite rough surface, thin walls but rather good fabric. Mottled black brownish glaze throughout. See 195.

199 (NEM-P-259) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Small bowl with flanged rim and basket handle. About half of rim missing. Est. diam. Rim: 4.7; H: 1.8; diam. Base: 2.6. Fabric: buff, rather soft and flaky, rough texture, inclusions. Black brownish glaze throughout. See 195. Similar examples NEM-P-249, NEM-P-250 and NEM-P-251 (Missing).

157 GROUP IX. CUPS This group contains four very different cups 200-203, of which 202-203 are currently missing. 200 is a one-handled cup, with a deep bowl and a ring base, which may be misfired intentionally. Two additional examples of this type are currently missing. The unique two-handled cup 201, has round vertical handles, bulging body and ring base. Its decoration is unusual; it consists of dot rosette in the handle zone bordered by cable patterns on each side. 201 is also secondarily burnt near the edges of the rim, which could indicate it was reused as a lamp.

200 (P1018) (NEM-P-209) Fig. 129 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. One-handled cup mended from eight fragments. Part of rim and body restored in plaster. Decoration very worn. Misfired red intentionally? Very irregularly applied glaze. Several small punctuations on exterior. Diam. Rim 9.8; H. 4.9; Diam. base 5.3; Th. handle 0.7. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 5YR 6/6, 2.5YR 4/6. Bowl with rounded sides, ring base of low foot-like base. Skyphos-like horizontal handle. Interior: Black near rim, remainder interior red glazed. Exterior: Misfired red on rim/handle zone. Black glaze on body, lower body misfired red. Reserved underside, slightly raised center. Handle: black glazed. Corinth XV.3, p. 207, no. 1114, pl. 47, 200 is 1 cm taller. Little after the middle of the 5th century B.C. Similar examples NEM-P-478 and NEM-P-491 (Missing).

201 (P1019) (NEM-P-212) Fig. 130 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Small cup; complete except from part of rim and one handle restored in plaster. Traces of scorching on the edge of rim near handles. Diam. Rim 6.2; H. 4.8; Diam. base 4.1; Th. handle 0.9. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 6/6. Small cup with vertical handles, round bulging body, splaying rim, spreading ring base or foot. Interior: Thin black line just below rim. Exterior: Thin black line on edge of rim. Handle-zone, one dot rosette in center on each side. Vertical border panel patterns on each side of the two handles. Bordered below by two thin red lines. Black glaze on underside of the two handles, accidental? Added red on base. Reserved resting surface and slightly concave underside. Trace of red on upper part of one handle. Imitation of Mycenaean ware? Corinth VII.5, p.131, no. 567, pl. 35, same shape, but not same decoration, 201 is 2.6 cm smaller; Corinth XV.3, pp. 191-192, no. 1012, pl. 45, similar base, but not decoration, 201 1.9 cm smaller; Corinth XV.3, p. 312, no. 1728, pl. 67, same decoration, but 201 has more rounded body and is 0.9 cm taller. Late 6th century B.C.?

202 (NEM-P-235) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91. Miniature cup, coarse. Diam. Rim 4; H. 3.4; Diam. 4.9. Fabric: coarse, full of particles, gritty, surface only roughly smoothed, dirty grayish-brown.

158 Squat body with bulging sides, coming in to flattened rounded base, wide neck with slightly splaying rim from which rises two flat vertical handles. Corinth XV.3, p. 315, no. 1760, pl. 68. Late 6th century B.C.

203 (NEM-P-210) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Miniature cup with one handle? Diam. Rim 3.3; H. 2; Diam. Base: 1.9. Fabric: rather soft creamy buff, fairly good fabric, surface not very smooth, pitted. Worn brownish black, pitted. Corinth XV.3, p.315, no. 1764, pl. 68. Late 6th century B.C.

GROUP X. MINIATURE SAUCERS Nine examples 204 - 207, NEM-P-244, NEM-P-245, NEM-P-468, NEM-P-469, NEM-P-470, and four additional bases, all currently missing. These small plates range in height from 0.009 m to 0.016 m and in diameter from 0.04 m to 0.069 m. They have large flattened bottoms, out- curving sides, and wide flaring slightly rolled rims.406

204 (NEM-P-240) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature saucer. Two holes pierced in side just below rim. Diam. Rim: 6.9; H.: 1.6; est. diam. base: 3.7. Fabric: buff, slightly flaky and soft, surface not very smooth. Interior: band of red on rim, then two brown lines, broad red band on sloping inner part. Exterior: reserved. Bottom five brown circles. Corinth XV.3, p. 327, no. 1911, pl. 71. Late 6th century B.C.

205 (NEM-P-241) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature saucer. About one fourth of rim missing, has two small holes pierced on one side of rim. Diam. Rim: 5.4; H.: 1.2; diam. base: 4.2. Fabric: buff, fairly hard, quite thin walls. Black glazed throughout. Corinth XV.3, p. 329, no. 1929, pl. 71. Similar examples NEM-P-468 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

206 (NEM-P-242) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83.

406 Rawson 1934, p. 22.

159 Miniature saucer. Two small pieces of rim missing. Two holes on exterior of rim. Diam. Rim: 5.1; H.: 1.1; diam. base: 3.3. Fabric: buff, quite soft flaky, surface not very smooth, thick heavy walls, uneven, warped, perhaps handmade. Interior: concentric circles in brownish black, three red bands,. Somewhat similar to Corinth XV.3, p. 332, nos. 1979, 1983, pl. 72, but 206 is decorated. Late 6th century B.C.

207 (NEM-P-243) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature saucer. Two holes on exterior of rim. Diam. Rim: 4; H.: 0.9; diam. base: 2.4. Fabric: buff, slightly pinkish, quite soft, thick, surface not very smooth. Interior: concentric circles in brownish black, one red band. See 204. Similar examples NEM-P-244, NEM-P-245, NEM-P-468, NEM-P-469, and NEM-P-470 (Missing).

GROUP XI. MINIATURE AMPHORAI This group consists of three miniature amphorai, two rather coarse examples, 208, 210 and one black-glazed example, 209. 208 and 210 are rather squat, globular and not very well-preserved. The shape of 209 is similar to a miniature hydria, but traces of the horizontal handles are not preserved.

208 (P1073) (NEM-P-334) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature amphora; complete except from two thirds of neck and rim missing. Handles missing. Bottom flaking. Diam. 4.9; H. 4.65; Diam. Rim 4.0. Fabric: 10YR 5/2. A lot of smaller particles. grayish fabric with salt inclusions? Rough surface. Squat globular body, wide low neck, slightly splaying rim, small flattened bottom. Indications of two small horizontal handles. No parallel found.

209 (P1140) (NEM-P-433) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature decorated amphora; one handle, most of neck and rim missing. Black glaze worn and misfired red almost throughout. Est. Diam. Rim 1.3; p.H. 4.3; Diam. 3.3; Diam. base 1.8. Fabric: 5YR 6/6. Wheelmade. Bulging body, raised base, rather narrow neck, two vertical flat handles joining neck just below rim and body on shoulder. Corinth XV.3, p. 325, no. 1885, pl. 70. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

160 210 (P1074) (NEM-P-335) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature amphora; both handles missing. One handle restored in plaster. Chips of rim missing. small voids on exterior. Diam. Rim 3.1; H. 4.1; Diam. 4.3. Fabric: 2.5Y 6/1. Coarse gray fabric, full of particles, rough. Very small flattened bottom, wide low neck, rather high splaying rim. Two flattened handles? Rather pointed bottom. Closest parallel Corinth XV.3, p. 325, no. 1888, pl. 70. Late 6th century B.C.

GROUP XII. MINIATURE PHIALAI Nine complete examples, 211-213, NEM-P-472, NEM-P-480, NEM-P-482, NEM-P-498, NEM- P-499, NEM-P-500, all currently missing. They range in height from 0.01 m to 0.023 m and in diameter from 0.046 m to 0.067 m. Fifteen unpainted and seven entirely painted fragmentary ones. These small dishes have large flattened bottoms, rounded sides with slightly incurving rims, and inside a raised round boss.407

211 (NEM-P-481) Notebook 6, 1925, p. 93. Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. Nos. NEM-P-480, 211 and NEM-P-482 have slight traces of painted bands. Possibly Corinth XV.3, p. 335, no. 2020, pl. 73. Similar examples NEM-P-480, NEM-P-482, NEM-P-499, NEM-P-498 and NEM-P-500 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

212 (NEM-P-479) Area PP10. Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. Nos. NEM-P-472 and 212 are coarse and crudely made. Corinth XV.3, p. 335, no. 2021, pls. 73, 118, similar but 212 is coarse ware. Similar example NEM-P-472 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

213 (NEM-P-483) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. 213 is decorated with concentric circles of red and dark brown and a red omphalos. Corinth XV.3, p. 336, no. 2026, pl. 73, 213 does not have dots on rim, otherwise similar. Similar example NEM-P-499 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

407 Rawson 1934, pp. 22-23.

161 GROUP XIII. PYXIDES This group contains one large black-figured pyxis 214, and two miniature cylindrical powder pyxides 215-216. It is interesting that the most popular form of powder pyxis in the Archaic period is absent from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth, and according to Pemberton, Corinth XVIII.1, it seems to have been used almost exclusively as a grave gift. The powder pyxis continued into the Classical period, although with a different, taller shape.

214 (P1150) (NEM-P-486) Fig. 131 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Black-figure pyxis fragment; fragment of half side and about one third of base of pyxis. Decoration worn, Decoration flaking, salt contamination. Thin walls. Misfired red on places. P.H. 7.2; Diam. base 11.0; Th. rim 0.4. Fabric: 5YR 6/4; Decoration: 10R 4/8, 10R 5/6, 2.5YR 4/6. Interior slipped. Exterior: Band of alternating black palmettes and lotus buds, incised and added red for details. Bordered below by two black bands. Zone on lower body with kind of ivy-leaf pattern, looks more like bunch of grapes. Band on edge of base. Reserved underside. No parallel found.

215 (P1023) (NEM-P-216) Fig. 132 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Small powder pyxis mended from seven fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster. Slip worn off on one side. Diam. 7.1; H. 5.2; Diam. bottom 7.5; Th. ca 0.4. Fabric: 7.7YR 7/6. Soft fabric, rubs off very easily. Small cylindrical powder pyxis with straight sides, thickened upright rim which projects slightly, projecting rounded base with two incised lines. Bottom is slightly convex. Slipped exterior, two incised lines on top of base. Slight concave bottom with two incised lines on edge and small circle around dot in center. Corinth XV.3, p. 351, no. 2187, pl. 77, shape and details the same, but 215 is 2.3 cm taller; Corinth XV.3, p. 350, no. 2179, pl. 77, same height but not same details. Late 6th - beginning of 5th century B.C.

216 (P1024) (NEM-P-217) Fig. 133 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Miniature powder pyxis; complete except from chip on rim. Trace of paring near base. Wheelmade. Possibly light rosy slip. Diam. 4.3; H. 2.8; Diam. bottom 4.4; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 10YR 7/4. Very smooth, light Corinthian fabric. Reserved interior. Exterior: Projecting rounded base, bottom slightly convex. Black line on slightly thickened rim. Black line above base, red on exterior of base. Red line on resting surface Six? black circles on bottom, poorly preserved. Corinth XV.3, p. 351, no. 2187, pl. 77, same but Corinth example does not have decoration; Corinth XV.3, p. 317, no. 1784, pl. 68, 216 is about 1 cm larger, but similar decoration. Second half of 6th – beginning of 5th century B.C.

162 GROUP XIV. DECORATED EXALEIPTRA Exaleiptra are characterized by deep, incurving rims, designed as barriers against spillage. The Corinthian exaleiptron, often a grave offering elsewhere, is found almost exclusively in domestic deposits in Corinth. The shape typically receives Conventionalizing decoration, and the main decorative zone is the shoulder. These three miniature exaleiptra, 217-219, are all of light Corinthian clay, and the decoration easily rubs off. 217 has linear decoration, whereas 218-219 have Conventionalizing decoration.

217 (P1151) (NEM-P-487) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Fragment of side and part of base of exaleiptron. Chipped. Decoration worn. H. 3.4; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Interior: Reserved on rim, bottom red glazed? Exterior: Added red on edge of rim, edge of reflex handles, below handle zone. Black lines above and on base. Corinth VII.5, p. 99, no. 371, pl. 21, shape and size similar, but not decoration. Late 6th or early 5th century B.C.

218 (P1152) (NEM-P-488) Fig. 134 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Fragment of upper part and side of exaleiptron. Mended from four fragments. One handle complete. Decoration worn in places. P.H. 2.3; Th. 0.50-0.4. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2; Decoration: 5YR 5/4. Light, greenish. Soft fabric. Straight collar, with round rolled edge and side, reflex horizontal handle. Black on edge of handle above and below. Five very thin lines below. Band with dots/ “net.” Bordered below by two thin black lines. Black band. Red band on inner rim. Somewhat similar Corinth VII.5, p. 100, no. 379, pl. 22, 216 is smaller. About mid 5th century B.C.

219 (P1153) (NEM-P-489) Fig. 135 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Two non-joining fragments of small exaleiptron. Decoration worn, but glaze well-preserved. P.H. 2.0; Th. 0.2. Fabric: Corinthian 10YR 8/3; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Fine, light, soft fabric. Interior of bottom black glazed. Exterior: Black band above and below reflex handles. two red lines, row of black dots/lotus buds bordered below by red thin line, then black line. On inner rim: red and black band. Corinth VII.5, p. 99, no. 372, pl. 21, 219 is smaller. Late 6th or early 5th century B.C.

163 KOTHONS The two kothons 220-221 are both currently missing. They have flat resting surface; wide, low convex wall rounding to rim descending into interior and one horizontal reflex handle. According to Amyx these examples are a sub-group of exaleiptra, and can be combined with the exaleiptra above.

220 (NEM-P-255) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature kothon with one handle. H. 2.0; diam. Mouth: 2.6; diam.: 3.9; Est. diam. Base: 2.1. Fabric: Soft flaky fabric, pinkish buff, not very smooth surface. Corinth XV.3, p. 337, nos. 2037, 2038, pl. 73. Second half of 6th century B.C.

221 (NEM-P-256) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature kothon with one handle. H. 1.6; diam. Mouth: 2.2; diam.: 3.3; Est. diam. Base: 1.8. Fabric: rather soft flaky fabric, not very smooth surface. See 220. Similar example NEM-P-257 (Missing).

GROUP XV. OINOCHOAI This group consists of two small oinochoai, 222-223. 222 is of the cylindrical broad-bottomed type with trefoil mouth and has Conventionalizing decoration. 223 is an undecorated trefoil oinochoe except from a line of added red on the rim.

222 (P1155) (NEM-P-492) Fig. 126 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Cylindrical, broad-bottomed oinochoe mended from 11 fragments; base, part of body and handle restored in plaster. Glaze faded, hard to make out decoration. Diam. trefoil 3.2; p.H. w. handle 11.8; p.H. without handle 8.6; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/6. Squat with straight sides, sloping only slightly towards base, broad flat shoulder, tall thin neck with trefoil lip and high thick flat handle, attached to flat part of shoulder. Handle, lip and neck black glazed. Red on lower neck. On shoulder band with vertical black lines bordered by thin red lines above and below. Two thin black lines, zone with black key pattern? bordered by two thin red lines below. Row of black dots, black band below. Red band, black band. Corinth VII.5, p. 104, no. 404, pl. 24, not quite same decoration. Second quarter or middle of 5th century B.C.

223 (P1049) (NEM-P-310) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Small trefoil oinochoe; handles, part of neck and half of rim missing.

164 Diam. Rim 6.0; p.H. 8.2; Diam. base 4.1. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4. Soft, light orange, few particles. inclusions. Wheelmade. Longish, barrel like shape with bulging sides, rather large base, wide neck. Vertical handle attached very high on shoulder. Flat base. Trefoil rim. Added red: on edge of rim, lines between neck and body, On upper part of handle attachment. Incised thin line at trefoil mouth and 0.3 cm above base on exterior. Corinth XV.3, p. 200, no. 1063, pl. 46, very similar but 223 has even rounder body, and indication of foot. 223 has no decoration except from lines. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

GROUP XVI. MINIATURE KERNOI 224-225 represents the kernoi from the Rawson deposit, all currently missing. 224 appear to have thicker walls than 225, and the parallel was found based on Caskey’s black and white photograph. Rawson states that there are, “Nineteen examples, NEM-P-265, NEM-P-266, NEM- P-268, NEM-P-269, NEM-P-270, NEM-P-452, NEM-P-453, NEM-P-454, NEM-P-455, NEM-P- 456, NEM-P-457, NEM-P-458, NEM-P-459, NEM-P-460, NEM-P-461, NEM-P-462, NEM-P- 463, and bases and fragments of twenty-one additional. These vessels must have some religious significance or use. They are all made of rather soft clay, which runs off easily, but are of quite fine fabric. They are simple shallow dishes with large flattened bottoms, thin rounded or straight side, plain straight or slightly spreading and thickened rims, one side of which is pressed down making the dish scoop shaped. Small rudimentary handles rise from the rim on the sides. Inside are three little bowls, which vary in height and diameter. There are faint traces of red bands on the rim of some of the dishes and on the rim of the bowls. They range in height from 0.011 m to 0.02 m, in longitude diameter from 0.05 m to 0.069 m, in transverse diameter from 0.047 m to 0.06 m. In some cases the bowls are the same height and size, no. NEM-P-271, while in others, no NEM-P-267, two are tall while the third is very shallow with an omphalos in the middle.”408

224 (NEM-P-267) Fig. 87 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature kernos. Diam.: 4.9—5.5; H.: 1.7; diam. Base: 0.5. Fabric: pinkish buff, soft, rubs off easily, surface not very smooth. Thick walls. Undecorated. Corinth XV.3, pp. 332-333, nos. 1985-1989, pl. 72. 6th – 5th century B.C.

225 (NEM-P-271) Fig. 88 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature kernos. Diam.: 6-6.9; H.: 0.7-1.6; diam. Base: 0.5. Fabric: light creamy buff, soft, rubs off easily, fairly coarse fabric, particles, surface not very smooth. Walls moderately thin.

408 Rawson 1934, pp. 23-24.

165 Undecorated. See 224. Similar examples NEM-P-265, NEM-P-266, NEM-P-268, NEM-P-269, NEM-P-270, NEM- P-452, NEM-P-453, NEM-P-454, NEM-P-455, NEM-P-456, NEM-P-457, NEM-P-458, NEM-P-459, NEM-P-460, NEM-P-461, NEM-P-462 and NEM-P-463 (Missing).

GROUP XVII. KANA These miniature dishes, kana, 226-227, are small decorated votive dishes. 226-227 and four additional examples, are all currently missing. These small dishes vary considerably in type of handle and in decoration but are essentially alike with large flattened bottoms, upturned sides from which rise three rudimentary handles.

226 (NEM-P-261) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Kanoun. Est. Diam. Rim: 4.3; H.: 1.3; est. diam. Base: 3.2. Fabric: buff, soft, flaky, surface not very smooth, lumpy, fairly thin. Black glazed throughout, very worn. Corinth XV.3, p. 326, no. 1902, pl. 70; Corinth VII.5, no. 568, p. 131, fig. 25. Mid 6th – 5th century B.C.

227 (NEM-P-262) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Kanoun. Est. diam. Rim: 4.6; H.: 1.3; diam. Bottom: 4.3. Fabric: light buff, slightly greenish, rather soft. Surface note very smooth. Brownish black glazed throughout, except underside, very worn. Decoration similar to Corinth XV.3, p. 326, no. 1900, pl. 70. Similar examples NEM-P-261, NEM-P-465, NEM-P-466, and NEM-P-467 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

GROUP XVIII. MINIATURE DISHES This group consists of coarse shallow miniature dishes, 228-229, and what Rawson dubbed “scoop” shaped dishes 230. These and seven additional examples are all currently missing. Regarding the “scoop” shaped dishes, Rawson states, “This is a group of curious small vessels ranging in height from 0.012 m to 0.026 m. They look as though a round pat of clay had been turned up straight on two sides and pinched between the fingers, causing the third side to turn up too, and the fourth side had been left flat, making a kind of scoop. They may have represented libation vases or have had some religious significance.”409

409 Rawson 1934, p. 23.

166 Coarse. 228 (NEM-P-246) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature coarse shallow dish. Diam. Rim: 6.7; est. H.: 1.6. Fabric: gray biscuit, pinkish buff, exterior, particles of all kinds, surface not at all smoothed, walls thick, uneven, clay soft, flaky. Handmade, crude, undecorated. Similar to Corinth XV.3, p. 333, no. 1983, pl. 72, 228 has greater diameter, is more shallow and is of coarser fabric. Late 6th century B.C.

229 (NEM-P-247) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83. Miniature coarse shallow dish. Diam. Rim: 3.6; est. H.: 0.9-1.3. Fabric: buff, full of particles, soft, powdery, quite thick walls. Handmade, crude, undecorated. One side higher than the other. Corinth XV.3, p. 332, no. 1978, pl. 72, 229 has straight rim. Similar examples NEM-P-471, NEM-P-473 (Missing). Late 6th century B.C.

“Scoop-shaped.” 230 (NEM-P-274) Fig. 57 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Miniature scoop shaped dish. Diam. 3.1-4.3; H.: 1.9. Fabric: light brick red, coarse, full of particles, fairly hard, surface not at all smooth. Undecorated. Closest parallel Perachora II, p. 301, no. 3059, pl. 120. Similar examples NEM-P-475, NEM-P-476, NEM-P-477, NEM-P-474, and NEM-P-484 (Missing). Mid - late 6th century B.C.

GROUP XIX. MINIATURE JUGS This group contains a miniature jug 231, the only of its kind in the Rawson deposit. It has a wide splaying rim, and Piet de Jong’s watercolor of 231 provides a nice reconstruction.

231 (P1068) (NEM-P-329) Figs. 13b, 137 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Decorated miniature jug mended from five fragments. Handle and part of rim and neck missing. Trace of misfiring red. Diam. rim 3.5; H. 3.9; Diam. base 2.0. Fabric: 5YR 6/8.

167 Wheelmade. Wide splaying rim, small neck, bevel near base, slightly raised base. Resting surface might have been reserved, or just worn. Black glazed throughout. Added white: at least four white thin lines on neck. Corinth XIII, p. 312, no. D 49-k, pl. 57 (Deposit 49). Third quarter of 5th century B.C.

MISCELLANEOUS

GROUP XX. ARGIVE All of the possible vessels of Argive production are presented in this group. However, regarding all the entries in the Miscellaneous group the production might be wrongful assigned by the author due to lack of information regarding local fabric groups. For example the group of Asine, red ware, might be Argive, the White fabric group might be Acrocorinthian or Argive or Phliasian fabric.

Most of the examples in this group are hydriai 232-237, 240-244. This group also contains two possible Argive imitations of Attic cups 238-239. The coarse or undecorated miniature hydriai are all of a light-dark orange fabric with red and white particles 235-237, 240-244. 244 is very bulbous compared to the other miniature hydriai, and it has tiny lug handles. 233 has an unusual decoration of lines, horizontal bands and dots on the shoulder and mid-body. 232 and 234 both have linear decoration, 232 in red, orange and black, 234 in purple and black.

232 (P990) (NEM-P-181) [Nemea Mus.] Figs. 75, 138 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Small hydria mended from five fragments. Part of rim, base and lower body restored in plaster. Seven chips/holes on body. Fingerprint or tool-mark on neck? Diam. 4.5; H. 8.3; Diam. base 4.7. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4; Decoration: 2.5YR 5/8. Small hydria with quite flat shoulder and straight sloping sides coming to a ring base. Rather small neck with thick flat splaying rim, rim slight projecting edge. Vertical handle raising from rim, round, but flattened near rim, attached at shoulder at line with two horizontal round loop handles. Decoration: Near opening thin black line, broader red line and thinner black line at outer edge of black. Red band on neck. From band three pair of two black lines, in between them on either side one black dot, bordered by thin black line. Reserved handle zone bordered above and below by red thin line. Black band bordered by red bands above and below. Base: Exterior added red. Underside reserved, trace of tool but no glaze. No parallel found.

233 (P1052) (NEM-P-313) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle, one horizontal handle and neck missing. Decoration very worn. Misfired light red on one side. Diam. 7.1; p.H. 6.3; Diam. base 3.9; Th. 0.5. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3. Light, few particles. smoothed surface.

168 Wheelmade. Round, squat body with raised, ring-like base. Thick slightly flattened horizontal handle on shoulder. Vertical handle even higher on shoulder. Reserved below neck. Handle zone bordered by thin black lines above and below. Near handles three vertical black lines with six dots in between. On other side nine vertical lines? Three black lines on lower body now glaze worn off. Thin black line in between body and base. Resting surface on base added red. On shoulder and upper part light orange-red smudge, from misfiring. Three black dots on horizontal handle. Typical Mycenaean hydria decoration on later vessel. A little similar to Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3263, pl. 123, not quite the same decoration and 233 is more bulgy. Beginning of 6th century B.C.

234 (P991) (NEM-P-182) Figs. 76, 139 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; whole except for rim restored in plaster. Glaze worn. Traces of burnishing. H. 6.9; Diam. base 3.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 10R 4/4. Shape: Rounded body, sloping to a low flat ring base. Tall neck. Two vertical lug-like handles rising from curve of shoulder, sloping out slightly, rather large. One vertical handle, flat where it rises from rim, becoming more rounded when it joins shoulder. Decoration: Careless execution. Dull black glaze. Broad band around base of neck. On interior of neck added red. Line below and above handles. Red preserved on line below, partly. On handle zone vertical lines between attachment of the three handles. Band on lower body above base. Underside reserved. Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 197-199, nos. 215-216, pl. 54. About second quarter of 6th century B.C.

235 (P994) (NEM-P-185) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; vertical handle and one third of rim restored in plaster. Trace of tool mark on neck. Burnished surface. Handmade? Diam.. 3.0; H. 5.7. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6. Coarse fabric, large red and white particles. Light orange. Unevenly made, squat jug with longish neck, wide splaying rim, sloping shoulder, round body and flattened bottom. Two round horizontal lug handles rather low on sides, one lower than the other. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

236 (P995) (NEM-P-186) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria; part of body below vertical handle restored in plaster. Possibly covered by darker slip? Handmade? Unevenly made. Diam. 3.0; H. 6.1. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Coarse, large red and white particles. Light orange fabric. Squat jug. Rather straight neck, wide splaying rim, rounded body. One side more rounded than other. Fairly flattened body, two small horizontal lug-handles, one higher than the other One

169 handle no hole through it. Vertical handle roundish, rises from edge of rim, attached on body at line with horizontal handles. Ridge across vertical handle. See 235.

237 (P996) (NEM-P-187) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 80. Miniature hydria mended from three fragments, bottom restored in plaster. Handmade but burnished. Possibly slipped. Diam. 2.5; H. 5.0. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/4, coarse, lumps, red and white particles. Rounded body, wide neck, splaying rim. One flat vertical handle coming off rim, attached on shoulder at line with the two horizontal lug handles. See 235.

238 (P1020) (NEM-P-213) [Nemea Mus.] Figs. 70, 140 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Argive imitation of small sessile kantharos. Mended from four fragments. One handle and small part of rim restored in plaster. Chipped at rim. Mottled and worn black glaze. Diam. 6.7; H. 5.6; Diam. base 4.4; Th. rim 0.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4. Gold mica 40% ca Munsell. Small cup with round sides, wide, slightly flaring collar like neck and rim, ring base. Two horizontal wishbone handles, sloping upwards. Decoration: Interior: Black glazed. Exterior: Black glazed also on exterior of base. Underside reserved with black band on resting surface. Good quality black shiny glaze although not Attic. Imitation of Attic cup-skyphos but with “local” handles? No parallel found.

239 (P1021) (NEM-P-214) [Nemea Mus.] Figs. 71, 141 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Argive imitation of an Attic-type Skyphos. Mended from three fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster. Shiny black glaze worn. Diam. 7.3; H. 6.3; Diam. base 4.1. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6. silver? mica, less than 238. Small tallish Attic imitation skyphos with low spreading foot, body slopes right into foot, no stem, very narrow where they join. Large upright round horizontal handles. Interior: Red line on edge of rim, very poorly preserved. Black glazed. Exterior: Rim and small black glazed band. Silhouette style decoration without incision: Band with a kind of leaf pattern, crude palmette blobs with line in between and interlacing stems, black band below. Lower part and exterior of base black glazed. Resting surface reserved, inner part black and most inner part reserved. Handles: black glazed. Blob of glaze on foot. Shiny black glaze, Attic looking, even more distinct than 238. Shape similar to Agora XXIII, p. 294, no. 1626, pl. 106; Corinth XIII, p.153, no. 281, pl. 40, fig. 9, similar shape but not decoration; Ure 1927, pp. 9, 85, no. 85-45, pl. 9. Late 6th or early 5th century B.C.?

170 240 (P1028) (NEM-P-289) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete with one handle and bottom restored in plaster. Vertical handle missing. Burnished, tool-marks on body. Diam. 3.4; p.H. 5.8. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/6. Dark red, bumpy surface. Large gray and red particles. Squat globular body, low neck, flaring rim. Horizontal lug handles in upright position. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

241 (P1043) (NEM-P-304) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from one horizontal handle missing. One side pressed flat. Diam. 2.0; H. 4.1. Fabric: 10YR 8/4; Decoration: 10YR 6/2. Coarse dark orange fabric, many large red and black particles. Miniature squat hydria, short neck with flaring rim, globular body, flattened bottom. Flattened vertical handle, two horizontal lug handles attached on greatest diameter of body. Vertical handle attached slightly higher up on shoulder. Pressed part slight gray from scorching? Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 241 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

242 (P1122) (NEM-P-415) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; all of neck and rim and all three handles missing. Diam. 5.5; p.H. 3.1. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/8. Orange-red fabric. Small black and white particles, tiny mica. Very squat globular body, large flattened bottom. Smoothed surface. Trace of tool mark near neck. No parallel found.

243 (P1124) (NEM-P-417) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria?; all of neck, rim and handles missing. Surface covered in dirt or something blackish, does not look like scorching. Diam. 4.2; p.H. 2.7. Fabric: 5YR 6/6. Red fabric, very few particles. Tiny mica. Very squat body, large flattened bottom, how many handles? One handle, vertical? Seem rough but surface smoothed? No parallel found.

244 (P1129) (NEM-P-422) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria mended from two fragments. Small part of side missing. Possibly darker slip. Diam. 3.9; H. 6.3-7.4; Diam. opening 6.3. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6. Dark orange fabric. Argive?

171 Squat globular body. Horizontal handles rather high on body. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3275, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

GROUP XXI. ASINE, RED FABRIC This group consists of miniature undecorated vessels in a distinctly darker orange-red fabric than the other vessels in the Rawson deposit. 245-247 are coarse miniature jugs, 248 is a coarse miniature chytra, 249-251 are coarse miniature amphorae, and 252-254 are coarse miniature hydriai. Some examples seem to have been covered in slip, 245-246, 249, 251, and several examples have traces of burnishing, 246, 248-249, 253-254.

245 (P1069) (NEM-P-330) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature coarse jug; complete except from handles missing. Flaking glaze. Salt contamination? Possibly covered by slip. Roughly smoothed. Diam. Rim 3.3; H. 6.3; Diam. 5.3. Fabric: 10R 5/6; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Dark red, coarse, large gray, white and black particles. Irregular shape, wide neck, small splaying rim, globular body, flattened bottom. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3271, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

246 (P1076) (NEM-P-337) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Coarse miniature jug?; handles (?), neck and rim missing. Trace of tool mark where neck was applied. Piece of straw preserved at bottom, impressed. Diam. 5.3; p.H. 3.5. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6. Dark red. Smoothed surface, flaking in places. Possibly slipped. Squat globular body, large flattened body, no sign of handles, possibly one vertical handle, but surface is smoothed throughout so it does not seem likely. No parallel found.

247 (P1003) (NEM-P-194) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 81. Miniature one-handled jug; complete. Traces of white glaze? Chip missing on rim. Handmade? Diam. Rim 3.3; H. 2.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6. Coarse, inclusion lime? Black and few large red inclusions. Ca 7% Munsell inclusion. Small squat jug with wide mouth, splaying thick rim, no neck. Longish sloping shoulder, rounded body, “almost squat bicone shape,” slightly flattened bottom. One round vertical and slanting handle from flat edge of rim and attached to body where most rounded. Perachora II, p. 321, no. 3353, pl. 124, hard to tell, Perachora example not complete, 247 is 2.4 cm smaller. Second half of 6th century B.C.

172 248 (P1070) (NEM-P-331) Fig. 67 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Chytridion; complete except from part of rim and neck restored in plaster. Burnished. Diam. Rim 4.0; H. 5.6; Diam. 5.9. Fabric: 5YR 5/6. Coarse dark red, large red, black and white particles. Miniature chytra with squat globular body, almost no neck, wide splaying rim around large opening, one flattened vertical handle attached on shoulder, roughened spot opposite indicates there must have been another. Corinth XV.3, p. 354, no. 2218, pl. 77, 248 is smaller, Corinth example has one handle and base; Amphora?: Corinth XV.3, p. 325, no. 1886, pl. 70, 248 is 1 cm taller. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

249 (P1071) (NEM-P-332) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 142 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature amphora; complete except from restored part of rim and one handle. Possibly trace of slightly lighter slip. Trace of burnishing on neck. Est. Diam. Rim 3.4; pH. 5.3. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/6. Coarse red fabric. Few large yellow and black particles. Nicely shaped ovoid body, low wide neck, small splaying rim, roundish handle. Small flattened bottom. Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3252, pl. 124; somewhat similar to Tocra II, p. 69, no. 2306, pl. 36, fig. 28, 249 has no base and thinner less angled handles. Late 7th – 6th century B.C.

250 (P1116) (NEM-P-409) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature amphora; handles, part of rim and piece of side missing. A lot of small punctuations on exterior. Larger punctuation at bottom. Traces of handle attachments. Possibly two vertical handles missing. Rough on rim where handles were attached. Diam. Rim 3.6; H. 5.1; Diam. 5.2. Fabric: 10R 5/6, Decoration: 2.5YR 5/4. Coarse fabric. Little mica. Dark red. Very large particles. Rough surface. Irregular shape, very squat globular body, slightly flattened bottom, wide low neck, splaying rim. Somewhat similar to 245.

251 (P1072) (NEM-P-333) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 87. Miniature amphora; most of rim and neck missing - and handles if any. Roughness and coloration of clay indicate two handles? Smoothed surface throughout. Gray on surface, possibly slip? Diam. 5.1; H. 4.8; Diam. Rim 4.0; Th. rim 0.4 Fabric: 2.5YR 5/8. Tiny mica. Dark red. Some large black and few small red particles. Squat shape, very low neck, splaying rim, flattened bottom. Corinth XV.3, p. 325, no. 1886, pl. 70, 251 is 1 cm taller. Beginning of 5th century B.C.

173 252 (P1115) (NEM-P-408) Fig. 68 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; most of vertical handle, two horizontal handles and all of bottom missing. Glaze or slip flaking off, salt contamination? Handmade? Can tell on interior how neck was carelessly applied. Diam. Rim 4.1; p.H. 5.0. Fabric: 10R 4/6; Decoration: 10R 5/6. Coarse, dark red fabric. Large black and white particles. Pebbles. Some mica. Squat jug, short neck, wide splaying rim. Ridge on rim near handle. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124; Tocra II, p. 72, no. 2350, pl. 37. 6th century – after 500 B.C.

253 (P1033) (NEM-P-294) Fig. 69 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; fragment of upper part of hydria. One horizontal handle preserved. Burnished. Uneven. Diam. 3.0; p.H. 4.6. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/6. Red fabric, coarse with some black particles. Squat globular body, small neck with flaring rim. Round horizontal handle. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

254 (P1130) (NEM-P-423) Fig. 143 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria mended from two fragments, small part of side, all of neck and rim, vertical and one horizontal handle missing. Burnished, trace of tool mark below break of handle. Diam. 6.0; p.H. 4.0. 5YR 6/6. Red fabric. Small red and black particles. Squat body, perhaps a little more squat than usual. No parallel found.

GROUP XII. WHITE FABRIC WARE All the examples in this group are miniature hydriai in a very white light fabric, 255-261. Some are undecorated, 255-256, 259, others have incision 257, 260 Some examples have different linear decoration. A red band 257-258, red and black bands 260, and a black band, 261.

255 (P1126) (NEM-P-419) Fig. 58 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria? mended from nine fragments. All three handles missing. Wheelmade. Diam. Rim 4.4; H. 7.5; Diam. 7.6; Diam. base 3.5. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/3. Very light, nearly white fabric, many red and black particles, small. Some large black particles. Bulging sides, narrowing down to large raise base, large low neck, thick wide splaying rim. Incised line on neck. No parallel found.

174 256 (P1117) (NEM-P-410) Fig. 59 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; most of neck, all of rim and vertical handle missing. Two small punctuations below horizontal handles. Wheelmade. Diam. rim 6.3; p.H. 6.8; Est. Diam. 2.4; Diam. base 3.4. Fabric: 7.5YR 8/3. Soft, white fabric. Smoothed surface. Decided raised base, ovoid body coming in to rather narrow neck. Two thick upright projecting horizontal lug handles. Two incised lines on lower body. Below bulging a little. Flat base. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 87, no. 47, fig. 1, pl. 7, 256 has less distinct foot. First quarter of 5th century B.C.

257 (P1127) (NEM-P-420) Fig. 60 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90, cf. p. 94. Miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Horizontal handle and part of body restored in plaster. Diam. rim 3.7; H. 6.8; Diam. 6.5. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2, White fabric, red, black and white particles. Rounded handles. Horizontal handle lug-like. Thin red uneven line on edge of rim. Incised lines on neck. Somewhat similar to Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124, 257 is about 1 cm taller. 6th century B.C.

258 (P1125) (NEM-P-418) Fig. 61 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria? Most of neck, all of rim and handles missing. Punctuation on bottom. Est. Diam. Rim 3.1; p.H. 6.7; Diam. 6.5; Diam. base 3.6. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/2; Decoration: 7.5YR 7/4. Very light almost white fabric, small black and red particles. Decided raised base, ovoid body, wide low neck. Perhaps slipped. Smoothed surface. Trace of one vertical and one horizontal handle. Added red band just below greatest diameter, very worn. Only one horizontal handle? No parallel found.

259 (P1123) (NEM-P-416) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature hydria; vertical handle and most of rim missing. Est. Diam. Rim 3.3; p.H. 5.4; Diam. 5.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/4. Light fabric, small black and white particles. Squat globular shape. Short neck. Lumpy but smoothed surface. Only one of horizontal lug handles pierced through. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

260 (P1053) (NEM-P-314) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from missing horizontal handle, vertical handle and most of neck and rim. Small punctuations on exterior.

175 Diam. 5.4; p.H. 5.8 Fabric: 10 YR 8/3. Smooth, light color fabric. White inclusions. Wheelmade. Smoothed surface, raised base. Thin incised line on upper part of neck. Horizontal small lug handle. Rounded vertical handle attachment. Band, probably black, on interior of neck. Thin red line on edge of rim on exterior. Black band above and below handle zone. Band on lower body. Possibly black glaze on exterior of base. Reserved underside with trace of string-cut. Handle: possible red on edge? Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3254, pl. 123. 6th century B.C.

261 (P1055) (NEM-P-316) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; neck, rim, one horizontal, vertical handle and lower body and bottom missing. Very worn glaze. Trace of white “wash.” Diam. 4.6; p.H. 3.4. Fabric: 10YR 7/4; Decoration: 2.5Y 8/3. White inclusions. Semi-coarse clay, many small particles. Small lug handle. Flattened bottom. Flat vertical handle attachment. Black band on interior and exterior of neck. Shoulder above handle zone: vertical black lines bordered above and below by thin black lines. Number and spacing uncertain. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 123. 6th century B.C.

GROUP XXIII. ATTIC The group consists of the imported Attic fragments in the Rawson deposit. 262 is a restored example of a Attic kylix with palmette decoration. 263-267 are rim and base fragments of Attic Type cup-skyphoi 263-264, 266, and Corinthian Type skyphoi 265, 267.

262 (P1022) (NEM-P-215) [Nemea Mus.] Figs. 62-63, 144 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 82. Attic kylix. Mended from 15 fragments. Most of rim and lower part of body restored in plaster. Glaze on handle very worn. Misfired red at places, especially stacking ring on interior floor. Red wash on reserved zones? Thick shiny metallic black glaze, no doubt Attic. Est. Diam. ca. 20.1; H. 9.9; Diam. base 7.4; Th. rim 0.5. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6. Silver mica. Attic. Shape: Lip passes gradually into the bowl without the sharp offset of the lip-cup. Flat curving body, stemmed hollow foot. Rounded horizontal handles. Interior: Black glazed with misfired red tondo due to stacking in the kiln, lighter misfired red on small diameter tondo (intentionally reserved). Exterior: lip black glazed. Reserved band with combined bud - leaf pattern. Traces of thin black interlacing stems, bordered above and below by thin black lines. Three thin red lines, one thicker red band, three thin red lines, angled black buds with three thin red lines below. Thin black band. Reserved part above foot, then three thin red lines. Foot black glazed both on exterior and interior. Handle black glazed, reserved interior. Shape: Agora XII, pp. 91-92, 264, no. 413, pl. 19, fig. 4; Decoration: Corinth XIII, pp. 158- 160, no. D 9-g, pl. 43; Corinth XIII, pp. 158-160, no. 262, fig. 9, pl. 36; Vanderpool 1946, p.

176 314, no. 220, pl. 62, 262 is slightly larger; two parallels with incision, Roberts 1986, p. 22, nos. 32-33, pl. 7. Early 5th century B.C.

263 (P1156) (NEM-P-493) Figs. 64, 145 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 94. Cup-skyphos Attic black-figure rim fragment. P.H. 5.8; Th. 0.4; Diam. 22.5. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6; Decoration: 2.5YR 4/8. Slightly out-turned rounded rim with light carination on exterior below rim. Tall, straight wall. Interior black glazed with thin reserved line on edge of rim. Exterior: Edge of rim black glazed, dot ivy band below. Bordered by thick black band below. Main zone: branches and two thin straight black lines crossing each other. Trace of object at lower left at break. Probably the CHC group. Agora XXIII, p. 281, no. 1498, pl. 102, perfect parallel except from lip-band; Agora XXIII, p. 290, no. 1588, pl. 105, lip-band. Late 6th century B.C.

264 (P1157) (NEM-P-494) Figs. 65, 146 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 94. Cup-skyphos Attic black-figure rim fragment. Slightly misfired red on exterior. P.H. 4.1; Th. 0.4; Diam. 18.0. Fabric: 5YR 6/8 Inset lip, concave. Interior black glazed with thin reserved band on edge of rim. Exterior: Black glazed rim and band. Reserved figured zone: Bearded man to right, head in profile, arm raised, elbow bent, behind him wing. Incision for details. There should be some traces of added colors, but it is largely missing. Probably the CHC group. Ure 1927, pp. 65, 90, no. 112-69, pl. 20, men flanked by sphinxes; shape very similar to Agora XII, p. 276, no. 575, pl. 25. 490-480 B.C.

265 (P1158) (NEM-P-495) Figs. 66, 147 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 94. Corinthian-type black-glazed skyphos. Single fragment of base and lower wall. Est. Diam. 8.1; p.H. 3.2; Diam. base 5.8. Fabric: 5YR 6/6. Attic ring base. Interior black glazed, now matt. Exterior: wall black glazed. Reserved zone with fine lines at base of wall. Reserved zone extends to top of foot, black-glazed below and extending onto resting surface. Underside reserved with miltos; at center careful small dot, small concentric black band and larger thin black concentric circle, Agora XII, pp. 81, no. 314, 257, pl. 14; Corinth XV.3, p. 180, no. 942, pl. 43; Corinth XV.3, p. 190, no. 1003, pl. 44. 470-460 B.C.

266 (P1159) (NEM-P-496) Fig. 148 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 94.

177 Base fragment of large Attic-type skyphos. Dull interior with a red spot on floor. Some stray drips on the reserved resting surface. Base slightly chipped. Max. Diam. 9.2; Diam. base 9.1; p.H. 2.0; Th. 0.7. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/4; Decoration: 10R 4/6. Ring foot with torus exterior face and broad, flat resting surface. Underside slightly convex. Interior black glazed. Exterior: black glazed, resting surface reserved, interior face of foot black glazed, underside reserved with diluted red glaze. Thin black concentric circle around smaller circle around black dot in center. Agora XII, pp. 84, 259, fig. 4, pl. 16. 470 – 460 B.C.

267 (P1160) (NEM-P-497) Fig. 149 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 94. Corinthian-type skyphos fragment. Base and some of wall of skyphos mended from three fragments. Slip worn and flaking. Base chipped and glaze mottled. P.H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.8; Th. 0.3. Fabric: 10YR 8/4 soft, light fabric; black: 5Y 2.5/1, but more matt; red: 2.5YR 6/6. Interior black glazed, circle of red at bottom. Exterior: Thick, matt black glaze, bordered below by line where glaze is worn off. Black bands. Lower wall and top of foot reserved with red wash. Resting surface and interior face of foot black glazed, underside reserved with red with one fugitive black circle around black dot at center. Agora XII, pp. 81-83, 257, no. 313, pl. 14. About 480 B.C.

GROUP XXIV. LOCAL WARE/LAKONIAN IMITATION This group consists of four peculiar undecorated miniature cups that could be locally produced 268-271. The fabric is light and soft and has some black and red particles. 268-269 are almost identical in shape, and the shape is an imitation of a Lakonian shape, the Lakaina. 270 has a small lug-like notch of a handle on one side of the rim, maybe it was a thymiaterion? 271 is a miniature kalathos with a basket handle, and has traces of a rosy slip on the exterior.

268 (P1146) (NEM-P-446) Figs. 78, 150 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 “Lakaina” type cup; mended from three fragments, one fourth of rim, several pieces of sides and base restored in plaster. Wheelmade (lines visible from the wheel). One side bulging more than the other. Uncertain if made crude or the restoration made shape lopsided. Diam. 5.8; H. 5.5; Diam. base 4.0; bevel 0.5; Handle Th. 0.8. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Both some large and small red and black particles. Light almost white fabric. Bulging body narrow neck with wide spreading rim curving in slightly, and rather sharply to large flattened base. Two thick horizontal and flattened loop handles set low, one higher up than other. Smoothed surface. Added red: two red bands on interior of neck. Incised lines on exterior of neck and body. Somewhat similar to Stibbe 1994, pp. 35-37, pl. 3.1, 268 is undecorated. Third quarter of 7th – second quarter of 6th century B.C.

178 269 (P1147) (NEM-P-447) Fig. 79 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 92. “Lakaina” type cup; most of base restored in plaster otherwise complete. Wheelmade, handles added afterwards. Diam. 6.2; H. 5.2; Diam. bottom ca 3.9. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Red and black particles. Light almost white fabric. Squat bulging body, wide spreading upturned rim, large flattened body. Two thick, heavy flattened loop handles set low on body. One slightly higher up than other. Somewhat similar to Stibbe 1994, pp. 35-37, pl. 3.1, 269 is undecorated. Third quarter of 7th – second quarter of 6th century B.C.

270 (P1145) (NEM-P-445) Figs. 77, 151 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Coarse kalathiskos mended from four fragments, about one fourth of rim and side restored in plaster. Three almost aligned small holes at one side. One small handle not preserved. Lopsided caused by restoration. Possible lighter slip, flaking off. Lumpy. Thymiaterion? Diam. 5.8; H. 4.3; Diam. base 3.2. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Coarse. A lot of red and black particles. Gritty. Shape: Like kalathiskos, but without neck. Flat rim, flattened base, lug-like handle on edge of rim. Somewhat similar to Tocra II, p. 72, no. 2330, pl. 37. Second half of 5th century B.C.

271 (P1148) (NEM-P-448) Figs. 80, 152 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 92. Kalathos with basket handle; about two thirds of rim restored in plaster. Fabric flaking in places. Light red on one side, slip? Surface smoothed with some tool across body. Diam. 6.9; H. 4.0; H. with handle 5.1; Diam. base 4.1; bevel 0.7. 7.5YR 7/6. Porous? Few tiny mica. Black and white particles. Some large black and red inclusions. Wide slightly rolled rim, flat large basket handle, large flattened bottom, very uneven and lumpy. Impression of cloth. Shape: Corinth XV.3, p. 340, no. 2093, pl. 74, same shape and bevel, but 271 is not decorated except from slip; Corinth XIV, p. 134, nos. 51-55, pl. 49, fig. 52. Beginning of 5th – last quarter of 5th century B.C.

GROUP XXV. MISCELLANEOUS COARSE WARE This group consists of the miscellaneous miniature coarse ware, which could not be assigned to any other fabric groups, 272-279. There are five hydriai 272-276. 277 is a trefoil oinochoe, 278 is an amphora, and 279 an one-handled cup.

272 (P1027) (NEM-P-288) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85.

179 Miniature hydria; complete except from handles and bottom restored in plaster. Very irregular rim. Traces of scorching on body. Possibly slipped. Diam. 3.5-4.0; p.H. 6.5. Fabric: 2.5YR 4/6. Red-purple coarse fabric with a lot of particles. Rough surface. Smoothed rough surface. Squat body, very low wide neck, small splaying rim, probably had flattened bottom. Two horizontal handles, one higher on body than other. One flattened vertical handle, horizontal handles lower on shoulder than vertical handle is attached. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, does the fabric match? 272 is 1 cm taller. 6th century B.C.

273 (P1035) (NEM-P-296) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle and bottom restored in plaster. Trace of scorching on about half of vessel. Small hole on surface at mid body. Diam. 3.1; p.H. 6.0. Fabric: Two different colors of red: 2.5YR 6/4, 2.5YR 6/8; Gray from secondary burning: 2.5YR 5.1. Vertical handle attached on greatest diameter as well as horizontal handles. Rim with small pleat. Smoothed by uneven surface. Wide splaying uneven rim. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 273 has less distinct neck. 6th century B.C.

274 (P1054) (NEM-P-315) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle and bottom restored in plaster. Chip missing at rim. Diam. 3.1; p.H. 4.8; Diam. 5.1 Fabric: 10 YR7/4. Orange? Horizontal lug handles. Added red: Interior of slightly splaying rim and neck. Trace of four vertical bands. Band on lower body. Possibly slightly darker slip. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3275, pl. 123, 274 is smaller, no knobs on handle as 3275. 6th century B.C.

275 (P1044) (NEM-P-305) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Miniature hydria; complete except from vertical handle and neck missing. Secondary burnt. Rough surface. Diam. 4.1; p.H. 3.2. Fabric (burnt): 7.5YR 5/2. Coarse, many particles, probably orange clay. Bottom part made first with thick sides, then neck and rim added later. Globular, horizontal lug handles attached on greatest diameter. Flattened bottom. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, 275 has lighter clay. 6th century B.C.

276 (P1026) (NEM-P-254) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 83.

180 Miniature hydria?, coarse. Trace of scorching on upper part. Small opening. Diam. 3.8; H. 2.3; Diam. mouth 0.7. Fabric: 10R 5/6. Coarse, reddish fabric. Gray and white particles. Handmade, bulky, irregular. Round bowl with slightly flattened bottom and circular mouth. Possibly Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124, does the fabric match? 6th century B.C.

277 (P1050) (NEM-P-311) Figs. 14a, 153 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 86. Coarse trefoil oinochoe; fragmented, upper part preserved. Scorching near breakage. P.H. 5.0; Est. Diam. 3.5; Th. handle 0.6. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6. Dark orange fabric. Baked hard, fabric gray. Large red and small black particles. Squat globular body, low neck, flat vertical handle. Smoothed surface. Corinth XV.3, p. 321, no. 1845, pl. 69, similar shape, but 277 is undecorated coarse fabric. Beginning of 5th century B.C.?

278 (P1133) (NEM-P-426) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 91 Miniature amphora; both handles missing otherwise complete. Diam. Rim 2.9; p.H. 3.7; Diam. 3.9. Fabric: ? Decoration: 2.5YR 6/8, 2.5YR 5/6. Dark orange fabric. Coarse. Large particles. Squat bulging body, large flattened base, fairly high almost straight collar-like neck. Close to Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3252, pl. 124, 278 is 1.5 cm smaller and has more rounded body and coarser clay. 6th century B.C.

279 (P1118) (NEM-P-411) Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 90. Miniature coarse one-handled cup; complete except from about one third of rim missing. Trace of scorching. Small holes on exterior. Diam. Rim 5.0; H. 5.4; Diam. 6.5; Th. handle 0.5. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/6. Coarse. Red-brown, full of large black particles. Some silver mica. Squat, globular body, no neck, narrow widely splaying rim, large flattened bottom, wide flattened handle. Perachora II, p. 321, no. 3353, pl. 124. 6th century B.C.

GROUP XVI. LIDS The two examples in the group consists of two very different kinds of lids 280-281. 280 is a reused base of a small vessels, cut before it was decorated, and then used as a lid for a thymiaterion, which the secondary burning and the grooves suggests. 281 on the other hand, is a coarse ware lid, today currently missing. The knob-like handle indicates that it was a lid for a pyxis.

181 280 (P1149) (NEM-P-485) Fig. 154 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 93. Fragment of small vessel used as lid for a thymiaterion. Fragment of base. Deliberately cut. Trace of scorching on one side above, on cut, and on base. About half of side missing. Misfired red-orange. P.H. 3.6; Diam. base 2.8; Th. 0.3-0-5. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/6. No mica, no inclusions. Sound Attic, heavy. Interior: three thick black bands, misfired red. Exterior: One broad band on mid body, one below and one above base. First band grooved, incised lines with black/red glaze in them. Flat base. Underside reserved with incised circle. Cut first - glazed after (glaze on cut). Shape somewhat similar shape to flaring kalathiskos, but 280 has grooves on body. Closest parallel Agora XXIX, pp. 210-212, 383, no. 1444, pl. 109. Date?

281 (NEM-P-464) Corinthian? Miniature lid. 281 is a unique example of a miniature lid with a knob-like handle and decorated with bands of red and brownish black. Possibly Perachora II, p. 281, no. 2741, pl. 114, 281 is smaller? 6th century B.C.?

GROUP XVII. LAMPS Both of these lamps are Corinthian terracotta lamps dating to the 6th century B.C., 282-283. Both show sign of being used; they have been scorched on the nozzles and 282 has been misfired red on the rim.

282 (L165) (NEM-P-273) Fig. 155 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Lamp mended from three fragments. About one third of rim and side and nozzle missing. glaze worn at places, trace of scorching at nozzle. Diam. 8.9; H. 2.0; Diam. Opening 5.8. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/4; red: 5YR 5/6. Dark orange fabric, with much silver mica. Heavy. Sides rounded below, going straight up to rim which projects almost imperceptibly, rim flattened on top, slopes down towards inner side, very slightly. Bottom of inside raised in middle with very slight lump. Underside flattened, only center slightly concave. Hole for nozzle in rim, only hole, no actual nozzle. Rim: black glaze on rim and larger red “band,” but looks rather like misfiring, very uneven applied glaze. Interior red glazed. Corinth IV.2, pp. 31-35, 131, no. 23, pl. 1, 282 is glazed; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 175, no. 567, pl. 52. Late 6th century B.C.

283 (L164) (NEM-P-272) [Nemea Mus.] Fig. 156 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84.

182 Complete except from nozzle restored in plaster. Black glaze mostly worn off. Trace of scorching at nozzle? H. 1.9; Diam. opening 4.8; outside Diam. 7.3; spout opening 1.6. Fabric: 10YR 8/3. Uneven, pitted surface. Sides curving, spreading out slightly to rim, which is flat on top. Flattened bottom, concave underside. At center, inside conical projection to the level of the rim. Corinth IV.2, pp. 38-39, fig. 18; Corinth IV.2, p. 131, no. 29, pl. 1. 6th century B.C.

GROUP XVIII. TERRACOTTA FIGURINES Ten examples of the Argive type of seated female figure were found, none of which is complete, 284-293 . These figures have crudely modeled faces, pinched into beak-like noses with big round lumps for eyes, set on either side, rolls of clay put on above the eyes meeting over the nose and either falling down on each side of the neck to the shoulder or wound around the head meeting in back. Above this is another roll of clay representing a kind of polos and ending at the back of the head in round lumps. The shoulders are sloping with a kind of breast-band made of two strips of clay curved across the chest ending on its left shoulder in a flat disc and on its right in an elaborate kind of bow with a double buckle. 294 is the only standing figurine in the deposit, 295 a small complete Archaic terracotta head, and 296 is the only animal figurine in the deposit, probably a dove, but the worn condition makes it hard to determine.410

284 (NEM-P-275) (NEM-TC-5) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended fragments of upper body of seated terracotta figurine. Preserved almost to waist, top of head and arms broken off. P.H. 5.8; P. width: 6.7. Fabric: Buff surface, pinkish biscuit, fairly hard, surface not very smooth. Top of head, probably a polos, broken off; crudely modeled face with beak-shaped nose, pinched out into nose; round big eyes set in strands of hair coming from forehead down on either side of neck, sloping shoulders with a breast-band made with two strips of clay ending on right shoulder in a sort of bow or fibula made of three blobs of clay. Broken off a little below the breast-band. Signs of a white plaster-like material having covered the whole thing; traces of it on bosom, breast-band and below. On upper fold of breast-band, near bow, traces of red, traces of white on back also. Back crudely modeled, no decoration. AH II, p. 19, no. 36, pl. 42, fig. 5; Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 268-270, nos. 979-983, pl. 138; Cook 1953, p. 62, no. I-3, pl. 22. Early 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

285 (NEM-P-276) (NEM-TC-6) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended fragments of seated terracotta figurine. Preserved to waist, with a small piece of skirt in front and stumps of the two supporting legs behind preserved. Stumps of arms also preserved. P.H. about 10.8; P.width: 7.6.

410 Rawson 1934, pp. 37-40.

183 Fabric: Creamy buff; rather coarse fabric, quite soft, surface not very smooth. Beak-faced figurine with long neck, beak nose, very large round eyes; headdress consisting of strips of clay laid around the head, projecting a little in back where they do not meet; underneath this, a sort of flaring polos. Sloping shoulders, breast-band of two strips of clay ending in three blobs making sort of bow on its right shoulder. Stumps of arms visible just below breast-band. Body curves in to waist, then out again for the bottom of the skirt and in the back two peg-like legs, which supported it, begin. Whole thing probably back and front covered with white stucco- like material; traces of red paint on breast-band and bands of headdress and both eyes. AH II, p. 19, no. 40, pl. 42, fig. 10; Higgins [1954] 1969, nos. 979-983, pl. 138. Early 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

286 (NEM-P-277) (NEM-TC-7) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended fragments of seated terracotta figurine. Skirt and one supporting leg missing, tip of nose broken off; otherwise what is preserved is complete. P.H. 3.1; w. across shoulders and arms: 8. Fabric: Light creamy buff, which has turned light brick-red over most of the front. Biscuit darker, grayish-tan, pretty soft, rubs easily; surface in front fairly smooth; in back very rough, pitted, fine particles showing. Very slight traces in cracks showing that it may have been covered in white. What is preserved is in good condition. Beak-face with end of nose broken off; very large round eyes, blobby. High spreading polos, with thick strands of hair coming down from either side of top of nose, past the eyes and onto the neck. Breast-band of two rolls of clay, ending in circular disc or its left shoulder and an elaborate bow arrangement on its right. Both arms preserved – extend out from below breast-band for ca. 1.5 cm and then turn over in little folds. Body curves in at waist and out again for beginning of skirt where it is broken off. One of the back supporting legs preserved – slopes outward and backward, and diminishes toward the end. Cook 1953, p. 62, no. I-3, pl. 22. Mid 6th – early 5th century B.C.

287 (NEM-P-280) (NEM-TC-10) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended fragments of seated terracotta figurine. Upper part well preserved, arms broken off, skirt and supporting legs missing. Mended from two fragments. P.H. 8.3; P. width: 5.7. Fabric: Light brick-red, core same as surface only a little darker. Fairly soft, cracks in places where clay was probably too dry when modeled. Surface moderately smooth. Whole thing probably covered in white. Beak-face with round, globular eyes, a high polos with strips of clay extending from sides of top of nose and down over edge of eyes down against the neck. Necklace or breast-band of two rolls of clay, ending in a disc on its right shoulder, and on its left is an elaborate double bow. Just stumps of arms remains, fairly narrow waist, skirt curves out immediately in front, legs in back, stump of one leg preserved. Figure very sway-back. Flattened hair slightly raised from back of neck. See 285.

184 288 (NEM-P-281) (NEM-TC-11) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended fragments of seated terracotta figurine. See 285.

289 (NEM-P-282) (NEM-TC-12) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Seated terracotta figurine mended of three fragments. One side of upper part of skirt and all the upper part of body missing. P.H. 6.8; p. width: 3.5. Fabric: Light brick-red, not very good fabric, flakes or chips off easily. Surface moderately smooth, covered with yellowish white stucco-like substance. Stump of one supporting leg preserved. Skirt curves out from waist giving impression of figure being seated. Skirt flares slightly at bottom. Feet made of two oval pats of clay fastened on the back of the skirt and projecting at the front from under the skirt. See 285.

290 (NEM-P-283) (NEM-TC-13) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Fragment of head of seated terracotta figurine. Head and part of neck well preserved. Surface apparently coated with white. P.H. 3.6; greatest width preserved: 2.3. Fabric: light brick-red, biscuit and surface which is not very smooth. Beak-face, nose projects quite far, has large round blobby eyes, high polos with side pieces of strips of clay extending back from nose across top of eyes and extending out at the back slightly. Only small part of sloping neck well preserved, other side broken off. See 285.

291 (NEM-P-279) (NEM-TC-9) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Lower body of seated terracotta figurine mended from 10 fragments. Head and part of neck, arms, supporting legs, parts of skirt and feet missing. P.H. 9; P. width across knees: 4.3. Fabric: Very light brick-red on surface in front; back tannish buff; biscuit very light red, grayish in places. Quite soft, cracks and crumbles easily. Looks as though whole surface had been covered with white. Very badly broken an damaged. Hardly any traces of the breast-band or necklace, just slightly raised band. Most of the skirt preserved, ca. 0.6 cm thick, waist becomes thinner and there it widens out at knees and falls straight to the bottom of skirt, which is finished off straight, feet broken off. Stump of one supporting leg preserved. Proportions of this figurine slightly smaller than the previous ones. See 285.

292 (NEM-P-284) (NEM-TC-14) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Lower body of terracotta figurine mended of two fragments.

185 P.H. 4.3; P. width: 6.3. Fabric: Light brick-red throughout. Poor fabric, flakes off easily, also cracks. Soft, surface very rough. Whole thing covered with yellowish white stucco-like substance. Rather a shapeless piece, but the left shoulder is well preserved and the breast-band or necklace can be located by two depressions or grooves, with a flattened loop on left shoulder. See 285.

293 (NEM-P-278) (NEM-TC-8) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 84. Mended seated terracotta figurine from 16 fragments. Head, most of arms, skirt and leg and end of other missing. Looks like whole thing had been covered with white; considerable traces remain. P.H. 11.7; P. width across arms: 7.9; P. length of leg: 5. Fabric: Light reddish brown surface, dark brownish gray biscuit, quite hard and firm, fairly smooth surface, quite good fabric. Head missing, evidently had pretty long wide neck, breast-band or necklace is raised much higher than others, projects 0.5 cm and is twisted like a robe ending in knots or bows or loops of some kind on both shoulders which are pretty much broken. Arms begin to project and then are broken off. Narrows for waist and out again for skirt in front, where it is broken off, and in back for leg which extends outward and backwards. Whole length not preserved. On the back there is a thickening where necklace ends and which extends up through the neck as far as preserved. AH II, p. 20, no. 50, pl. 43, fig. 7, 293 has one twisted breast-band; Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 268-70, nos. 979-983, pl. 138. Early 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

294 (NEM-P-285) (NEM-P-15) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Standing terracotta figurine mended from five fragments. One supporting arm and small bit of skirt missing. Surface much worn. P.H. 11; max. width: 5.7. Fabric: pinkish tan with rather dirty grayish tan core. Not very good fabric, rather soft, cracks, flakes. Surface fairly soft. Whole thing apparently covered with yellowish white. (More likely a deposit on it.) High polos from which a veil flows down on either side and probably was wound around under the chin. Badly worn so it is difficult to tell how the drapery was arranged. However, some attempt of modeling, crude nose, chest projects, waist indicated. Two supporting legs extend from under drapery where arms would be and support the figure in a standing position. Proportion of figure rather squat. Higgins [1954] 1969,p. 218, no. 816 (and 815), pl. 111, closest parallel, but 294 seem to be a crude imitation, not that elaborate. Early 6th – mid 5th century B.C.

295 (NEM-P-286) (NEM-TC-16) Fig. 56 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Complete archaic terracotta head. Part of polos missing, otherwise intact.

186 P.H. 5.3; w.: 3.7. Fabric: Light brick-red, rather soft, cracked as though clay had been too dry. Surface fairly smooth but there are frequent voids and imperfections. Must have been made in a mold. Hole on top of head where polos broken. Looks as though head were hollow. Probably face made in mold then hair added on afterwards. Apparently all covered with yellowish white (deposit only). Very nice archaic head, well shaped nose, eyes not very distinct but rather bulging, nicely curved brows. Mouth has archaic smile, determined chin, rather pinched. Neck very thick, probably made when molded head joined on to body. Hair parted in middle, brought down over forehead, side locks, zigzagging curls of thick strips of clay. Fairly high polos now broken had an uneven edge made by blobs of clay of different heights being strung around it. Back of head quite flat. Perachora I, pp. 213-214, no. 73, pl. 93, no exact parallel, 295 has different haircut and polos more like a crown bent outwards, possibly head as attachment on kalathos?; Jenkins 1934, pp. 30-31, pl. 14, figs. 4-5. Mid – last quarter of 6th century B.C.

296 (NEM-P-287) (NEM-TC-17) Fig. 34 Notebook: 6, 1925, p. 85. Terracotta animal figure mended from four fragments. Body and neck preserved in four fragments; head, tail and feet missing. P.H.: 3.8, p. length: 3.3; p. width: 2.6. Fabric: Light brick-red with a grayish tinge, not very good fabric, breaks off in flakes, surface fairly smooth, entirely covered with yellowish white. Must be a duck, quite a long neck, head broken off. Neck swells in front in a life-like manner. Body rounded, no actual indication of feathers or wings but shape suggests wings. Tail broken off, projection underneath suggests feet. Perachora I, p. 227, nos. 156 or 157, pl. 100; Dove?; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 178, no. 595, pl. 53, plastic ware, Siren?; Perachora I, p. 236, no. 202, pl. 105, duck; AH II, p. 41, no. 257, pl. 48, fig. 14; Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 59-60, no. 101, pl. 19, somewhat similar, 296 does not have hole on back. Late 6th century B.C.

187

APPENDIX

ANCIENT SOURCES

Antiphon, Speeches. Trans. Maidment, K. J. ed. 1941. Minor Attic Orators, Volume I: Antiphon, Andocides, Cambridge. Antiph. 6.45: καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ βουλευτηρίῳ Διὸς βουλαίου καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς βουλαίας ἱερόν ἐστι καὶ εἰσιόντες οἱ βουλευταὶ προσεύχονται. …in that very chamber itself stands a shrine of Zeus the Councillor and Athena the Councillor, where members offer prayers as they enter…

Pausanias, Periegesis, Books II, III, and VI. Trans. Jones, W.H.S. 1918. Pausanias - Description of Greece, London. Paus. Per II.12.4. τούτῳ βασιλεύοντι Ἀσωπὸς Κηλούσης εἶναι λεγόµενος καὶ Ποσειδῶνος ἐξεῦρε τοῦ ποταµοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ, ὅντινα οἱ νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ εὑρόντος καλοῦσιν Ἀσωπόν. While he was king, Asopus, said to be the son of Celusa and Poseidon, discovered for him the water of the river which the present inhabitants call after him Asopus.

Paus. Per. II.15.1-3. Φλιασίοις µὲν δὴ τοσαῦτα λόγου µάλιστα ἦν ἄξια: ἐκ Κορίνθου δ᾽ ἐς Ἄργος ἐρχοµένῳ Κλεωναὶ πόλις ἐστὶν οὐ µεγάλη. παῖδα δὲ εἶναι Πέλοπος Κλεώνην λέγουσιν, οἱ δὲ τῷ παρὰ Σικυῶνα ῥέοντι Ἀσωπῷ θυγατέρα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις Κλεώνην γενέσθαι: τὸ δ᾽ οὖν ὄνοµα ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου τούτων ἐτέθη τῇ πόλει. ἐνταῦθά ἐστιν ἱερὸν Ἀθηνᾶς, τὸ δὲ ἄγαλµα Σκύλλιδος τέχνη καὶ Διποίνου: µαθητὰς δὲ εἶναι Δαιδάλου σφᾶς, οἱ δὲ καὶ γυναῖκα <ἐκ> Γόρτυνος ἐθέλουσι λαβεῖν Δαίδαλον καὶ τὸν Δίποινον καὶ Σκύλλιν ἐκ τῆς γυναικός οἱ ταύτης γενέσθαι. ἐν Κλεωναῖς δὲ τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ µνῆµα Εὐρύτου καὶ Κτεάτου: θεωροὺς γὰρ ἐξ Ἤλιδος ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἰόντας τῶν Ἰσθµίων αὐτοὺς ἐνταῦθα Ἡρακλῆς κατετόξευσεν, ἔγκληµα ποιούµενος ὅτι οἱ πρὸς Αὐγείαν πολεµοῦντι ἀντετάχθησαν. [2] ἐκ Κλεωνῶν δέ εἰσιν ἐς Ἄργος ὁδοὶ δύο, ἡ µὲν ἀνδράσιν εὐζώνοις καὶ ἔστιν ἐπίτοµος, ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ καλουµένου Τρητοῦ, στενὴ µὲν καὶ αὐτὴ περιεχόντων ὀρῶν, ὀχήµασι δέ ἐστιν ὅµως ἐπιτηδειοτέρα. ἐν τούτοις τοῖς ὄρεσι τὸ σπήλαιον ἔτι δείκνυται τοῦ λέοντος, καὶ ἡ Νεµέα τὸ χωρίον ἀπέχει σταδίους πέντε που καὶ δέκα. ἐν δὲ αὐτῇ Νεµείου [τε] Διὸς ναός ἐστι θέας ἄξιος, πλὴν ὅσον κατερρυήκει τε ὁ ὄροφος καὶ ἄγαλµα οὐδὲν ἔτι ἐλείπετο: κυπαρίσσων τε ἄλσος ἐστὶ περὶ τὸν ναόν,

188 καὶ τὸν Ὀφέλτην ἐνταῦθα ὑπὸ τῆς τροφοῦ τεθέντα ἐς τὴν πόαν διαφθαρῆναι λέγουσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ δράκοντος. [3] θύουσι δὲ Ἀργεῖοι τῷ Διὶ καὶ ἐν τῇ Νεµέᾳ καὶ Νεµείου Διὸς ἱερέα αἱροῦνται, καὶ δὴ καὶ δρόµου προτιθέασιν ἀγῶνα ἀνδράσιν ὡπλισµένοις Νεµείων πανηγύρει τῶν χειµερινῶν. ἐνταῦθα ἔστι µὲν Ὀφέλτου τάφος, περὶ δὲ αὐτὸν θριγκὸς λίθων καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου βωµοί: ἔστι δὲ χῶµα γῆς Λυκούργου µνῆµα τοῦ Ὀφέλτου πατρός. τὴν δὲ πηγὴν Ἀδράστειαν ὀνοµάζουσιν εἴτε ἐπ᾽ ἄλλῃ τινὶ αἰτίᾳ εἴτε καὶ ἀνευρόντος αὐτὴν Ἀδράστου: τὸ δὲ ὄνοµα λέγουσι τῇ χώρᾳ Νεµέαν δοῦναι θυγατέρα Ἀσωποῦ καὶ ταύτην. καὶ ὄρος Ἀπέσας ἐστὶν ὑπὲρ τὴν Νεµέαν, ἔνθα Περσέα πρῶτον Διὶ θῦσαι λέγουσιν Ἀπεσαντίῳ. These are the things that I found most worthy of mention among the Phliasians. On the road from Corinth to Argos is a small city Cleonae. They say that Cleones was a son of Pelops, though there are some who say that Cleone was one of the daughters of Asopus, that flows by the side of Sicyon. Be this as it may, one or other of these two accounts for the name of the city. Here there is a sanctuary of Athena, and the image is a work of Scyllis and Dipoenus. Some hold them to have been the pupils of Daedalus, but others will have it that Daedalus took a wife from Gortyn, and that Dipoenus and Scyllis were his sons by this woman. Cleonae possesses this sanctuary and the tomb of Eurytus and Cteatus. The story is that as they were going as ambassadors from Elis to the Isthmian contest they were here shot by Heracles, who charged them with being his adversaries in the war against Augeas. [2] From Cleonae to Argos are two roads; one is direct and only for active men, the other goes along the pass called Tretus Pierced, is narrow like the other, being surrounded by mountains, but is nevertheless more suitable for carriages. In these mountains is still shown the cave of the famous lion, and the place Nemea is distant some fifteen stades. In Nemea is a noteworthy temple of Nemean Zeus, but I found that the roof had fallen in and that there was no longer remaining any image. Around the temple is a grove of cypress trees, and here it is, they say, that Opheltes was placed by his nurse in the grass and killed by the serpent. [3] The Argives offer burnt sacrifices to Zeus in Nemea also, and elect a priest of Nemean Zeus; moreover they offer a prize for a race in armour at the winter celebration of the Nemean games. In this place is the grave of Opheltes; around it is a fence of stones, and within the enclosure are altars. There is also a mound of earth which is the tomb of Lycurgus, the father of Opheltes. The spring they call Adrastea for some reason or other, perhaps because Adrastus found it. The land was named, they say, after Nemea, who was another daughter of Asopus. Above Nemea is Mount Apesas, where they say that Perseus first sacrificed to Zeus of Apesas.

Paus. Per. II.17.1. ῥεῖ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ὕδωρ Ἐλευθέριον καλούµενον: χρῶνται δὲ αὐτῷ πρὸς καθάρσια αἱ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ τῶν θυσιῶν ἐς τὰς ἀπορρήτους.

189 Beside the road flows the brook called Water of Freedom. The priestesses use it in purifications and for such sacrifices as are secret. Paus. Per. III. 24.2. προελθόντι δὲ ἀπὸ Ζάρακος παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν ἑκατόν που στάδια καὶ ἐπιστρέψαντι αὐτόθεν ἐς µεσόγαιαν καὶ ἐπαναβάντι σταδίους ὡς δέκα, Κυφάντων καλουµένων ἐρείπιά ἐστιν, ἐν δὲ αὐτοῖς σπήλαιον ἱερὸν Ἀσκληπιοῦ, λίθου δὲ τὸ ἄγαλµα. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὕδατος ψυχροῦ κρουνὸς ἐκβάλλων ἐκ πέτρας: Ἀταλάντην θηρεύουσαν ἐνταῦθά φασιν, ὡς ἠνιᾶτο ὑπὸ δίψης, παῖσαι τῇ λόγχῃ τὴν πέτραν καὶ οὕτω ῥυῆναι τὸ ὕδωρ. Going on from Zarax beside the sea for about a hundred furlongs, and then turning inland, and going up country for about ten furlongs, you come to the ruins of Cyphanta. Among the ruins is a grotto sacred to Asclepius: the image is of stone. There is also a spring of cold water gushing from a rock. They say that Atalanta was hunting here, and that, being tormented with thirst, she struck the rock with her spear, and so the water flowed out.

Paus. Per. VI. 4.2. γεγόνασι δὲ αὐτῷ Νεµείων µὲν νῖκαι καὶ Ἰσθµίων ἀναµὶξ δυόδεκα, Ὀλυµπίασι δὲ καὶ Πυθοῖ, τῇ µὲν δύο, τρεῖς δὲ ἐν Ὀλυµπίᾳ. τὴν τετάρτην δὲ Ὀλυµπιάδα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἑκατόν—πρώτην γὰρ δὴ ἐνίκησεν ὁ Σώστρατος ταύτην—οὐκ ἀναγράφουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι, διότι µὴ αὐτοὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα ἀλλὰ Πισαῖοι καὶ Ἀρκάδες ἔθεσαν ἀντ᾽ αὐτῶν. He won at the Nemean and Isthmian games combined twelve victories, three victories at Olympia and two at Pytho. The hundred and fourth Festival, when Sostratus won his first victory, is not reckoned by the Eleans, because the games were held by the Pisans and Arcadians and not by themselves.

Paus. Per. VI. 22.7. ἀπέχει δὲ ὡς πεντήκοντα Ὀλυµπίας σταδίους κώµη τε Ἠλείων Ἡράκλεια καὶ πρὸς αὐτῇ Κύθηρος ποταµός: πηγὴ δὲ ἐκδιδοῦσα ἐς τὸν ποταµὸν καὶ νυµφῶν ἐστιν ἱερὸν ἐπὶ τῇ πηγῇ. ὀνόµατα δὲ ἰδίᾳ µὲν ἑκάστῃ τῶν νυµφῶν Καλλιφάεια καὶ Συνάλλασις καὶ Πηγαία τε καὶ Ἴασις, ἐν κοινῷ δέ σφισιν ἐπίκλησις Ἰωνίδες. λουοµένοις δὲ ἐν τῇ πηγῇ καµάτων τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀλγηµάτων παντοίων ἰάµατα: καλεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς νύµφας ἀπὸ Ἴωνος λέγουσι τοῦ Γαργηττοῦ, µετοικήσαντος ἐνταῦθα ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν. Distant from Olympia about fifty stades is Heracleia, a village of the Eleans, and beside it is a river Cytherus. A spring flows into the river, and there is a sanctuary of nymphs near the spring. Individually the names of the nymphs are Calliphaeia, Synallasis, Pegaea and Iasis, but their common surname is the Ionides. Those who bathe in the spring are cured of all sorts of aches and pains. They say that the nymphs are named after Ion, the son of Gargettus, who migrated to this place from Athens.

190 Pindar, Nemean Odes. Trans. Race, W.H. 1997. Pindar –Nemean Odes (2), Cambridge. Pindar Nem. X.30-40. γαίᾳ δὲ καυθείσᾳ πυρὶ καρπὸς ἐλαίας ἔµολεν Ἥρας τὸν εὐάνορα λαὸν ἐν ἀγγέων ἕρκεσιν παµποικίλοις. …and in earth baked by fire olive oil came to the fine men of Hera's city in jars with richly painted sides.

Plato, Laws. Trans. Bury, R.G. 1914. Plato – Works (10), Cambridge. Plato Leg. IV.716e. βίον καὶ δὴ καὶ διαφερόντως πρέπον, τῷ δὲ κακῷ τούτων τἀναντία πέφυκεν. ἀκάθαρτος γὰρ τὴν ψυχὴν ὅ γε κακός, καθαρὸς δὲ ὁ ἐναντίος, παρὰ δὲ µιαροῦ δῶρα οὔτε. … but for the wicked, the very opposite. For the wicked man is unclean of soul, whereas the good man is clean; and from him that is defiled no good man, nor god, can ever rightly receive gifts.

Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. Trans. Rackham, H. 1938. Pliny the Elder – Naturalis Historia, Cambridge. Pliny the Elder NH 13.1-5. Most interesting is the following passage from 13.2. vnguentis cognomina dedere aliis patriae, aliis suci, aliis arbores, aliis causae, primumque id scire convenit, mutatam auctoritatem et saepius transisse gloriam. laudatissimum fuit antiquitus in delo insula, postea mendesium. nec mixtura et compositione tantum hoc accidit, sed iidem suci varie alibi atque alibi praevaluere aut degeneravere. irinum corinthi diu maxime placuit, postea cyzici, simili modo rhodinum phaseli, quam gloriam abstulere neapolis, capua, praeneste. The names of unguents are due, some of them, to the original place of their composition, others, again, to the extracts which form their bases, others to the trees from which they are derived, and others to the peculiar circumstance under which they were first made: and it is as well, first of all, to know that in this respect the fashion has often changed, and that the high repute of peculiar kinds has been but transitory. In ancient times, the perfumes the most esteemed of all were those of the island of Delos, and at a later period those of Mendes. This degree of esteem is founded, not only on the mode of mixing them and the relative proportions, but according to the degree of favour or disfavour in which the various places which produce the ingredients are held, and the comparative

191 excellence or degeneracy of the ingredients themselves. The perfume of iris, from Corinth, was long held in the highest esteem, till that of Cyzicus came into fashion. It was the same, too, with the perfume of roses, from Phaselis, the repute of which was afterwards eclipsed by those of Neapolis, Capua, and Præneste.

Plutarch, Pericles. Trans. Perrin, B. 1914. Plutarch – Lives (III), London. Plutarch, Per, XIX, 2. αὶ πόλεµον ἐνδελεχῆ καὶ βαρὺν ἐξέκλεισεν, ᾧ συνείχετο πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἡ χώρα βαρβαρικαῖς ἀναµεµιγµένη γειτνιάσεσι καὶ γέµουσα λῃστηρίων ὁµόρων καὶ συνοίκων: ἐθαυµάσθη δὲ καὶ διεβοήθη πρὸς τοὺς ἐκτὸς ἀνθρώπους περιπλεύσας Πελοπόννησον, ἐκ Πηγῶν τῆς Μεγαρικῆς ἀναχθεὶς ἑκατὸν τριήρεσιν. … and shut out the perpetual and grievous war in which the country was all the time involved, in close touch as it was with neighboring communities of Barbarians, and full to overflowing of robber bands whose haunts were on or within its borders. But he was admired and celebrated even amongst foreigners for his circumnavigation of the Peloponnesus, when he put to sea from Pegae in the Megarid with a hundred triremes.

Strabo, Geography. Jones, H.L. 1917. The Geography of Strabo, Cambridge. Strabo Geo.VIII.6.19. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ἡ Νεµέα µεταξὺ Κλεωνῶν καὶ Φλιοῦντος καὶ τὸ ἄλσος, ἐν ᾧ καὶ τὰ Νέµεα συντελεῖν ἔθος τοῖς Ἀργείοις, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Νεµεαῖον λέοντα µυθευόµενα, καὶ ἡ Βέµβινα κώµη: διέχουσι δ᾽ αἱ Κλεωναὶ τοῦ µὲν Ἄργους σταδίους ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι, Κορίνθου δὲ ὀγδοήκοντα. καὶ ἡµεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀκροκορίνθου κατωπτεύσαµεν τὸ κτίσµα. And here too, between Cleonae and Phlius, are Nemea and the sacred precinct in which the Argives are wont to celebrate the Nemean Games, and the scene of the myth of the Nemean lion, and the village Bembina.

Strabo Geo. VIII.6.20. ὁ δὲ Κόρινθος ἀφνειὸς µὲν λέγεται διὰ τὸ ἐµπόριον, ἐπὶ τῷ Ἰσθµῷ κείµενος καὶ δυεῖν λιµένων [ὢν] κύριος, ὧν ὁ µὲν τῆς Ἀσίας ὁ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐγγύς ἐστι . . . καὶ ῥᾳδίας ποιεῖ τὰς ἑκατέρωθεν ἀµοιβὰς τῶν φορτίων πρὸς ἀλλήλους τοῖς τοσοῦτον ἀφεστῶσιν. ἦν δ᾽ ὥσπερ ὁ πορθµὸς οὐκ εὔπλους ὁ κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν τὸ παλαιόν. Corinth is called "wealthy" because of its commerce, since it is situated on the Isthmus and is master of two harbors, of which the one leads straight to Asia, and the other to Italy; and it makes easy the exchange of merchandise from both

192 countries that are so far distant from each other. And just as in early times the Strait of Sicily was not easy to navigate, so also the high seas…

Strabo Geo.VIII.6.25. τὴν δὲ Σικυῶνα πρότερον Μηκώνην ἐκάλουν, ἔτι δὲ πρότερον Αἰγιαλεῖς: ἀνῴκισε δ᾽ αὐτὴν ἀπὸ θαλάττης ὅσον εἴκοσι σταδίοις οἱ δὲ δώδεκά φασιν ἐπὶ λόφον ἐρυµνὸν Δηµήτριος: τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν κτίσµα ἐπίνειόν ἐστιν ἔχον λιµένα. ὁρίζει δὲ τὴν Σικυωνίαν καὶ τὴν Κορινθίαν ποταµὸς Νεµέα: ἐτυραννήθη δὲ πλεῖστον χρόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ τοὺς τυράννους ἐπιεικεῖς ἄνδρας ἔσχεν, Ἄρατον δ᾽ ἐπιφανέστατον, ὃς καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἠλευθέρωσε, καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἦρξε παρ᾽ ἑκόντων λαβὼν τὴν ἐξουσίαν, καὶ τὸ σύστηµα ηὔξησε προσθεὶς αὐτῷ τήν τε πατρίδα καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις τὰς ἐγγύς. Ὑπερησίην δὲ καὶ τὰς ἑξῆς πόλεις ἃς ὁ ποιητὴς λέγει, καὶ τὸν Αἰγιαλὸν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἤδη συµβέβηκεν εἶναι µέχρι Δύµης καὶ τῶν ὅρων τῆς Ἠλείας.

In earlier times Sicyon was called Mecone, and in still earlier times Aegiali, but Demetrius rebuilt it upon a hill strongly fortified by nature about twenty stadia (others say twelve) from the sea; and the old settlement, which has a harbor, is a naval station. The River Nemea forms the boundary between Sicyonia and Corinthia. Sicyon was ruled by tyrants most of the time, but its tyrants were always reasonable men, among whom the most illustrious was Aratus, who not only set the city free, but also ruled over the Achaeans, who voluntarily gave him the authority, and he increased the league by adding to it both his native Sicyon and the other cities near it. But Hyperesia and the cities that come in their order after it, which the poet mentions, and the Aegialus as far as Dyme and the boundaries of Eleia already belonged to the Achaeans

Xenophon, Hellenica. Trans. Marchant, E.C. 1968. Xenophon – Works (2), London. Xenophon Hell. IV.7.2. ἐκ δὲ τούτου τοῖς Λακεδαιµονίοις τὸ µὲν ἐπ᾽ Ἀθηναίους ἢ ἐπὶ Βοιωτοὺς στρατεύειν οὐκ ἐδόκει ἀσφαλὲς εἶναι ὄπισθεν καταλιπόντας ὅµορον τῇ Λακεδαίµονι πολεµίαν καὶ οὕτω µεγάλην τὴν τῶν Ἀργείων πόλιν, εἰς δὲ τὸ Ἄργος φρουρὰν φαίνουσιν. ὁ δὲ Ἀγησίπολις ἐπεὶ ἔγνω ὅτι εἴη αὐτῷ ἡγητέον τῆς φρουρᾶς καὶ τὰ διαβατήρια θυοµένῳ ἐγένετο, ἐλθὼν εἰς Ὀλυµπίαν καὶ χρηστηριαζόµενος ἐπηρώτα τὸν θεὸν εἰ ὁσίως ἂν ἔχοι αὐτῷ µὴ δεχοµένῳ τὰς σπονδὰς τῶν Ἀργείων, ὅτι οὐχ ὁπότε καθήκοι ὁ χρόνος, ἀλλ᾽ ὁπότε ἐµβάλλειν µέλλοιεν Λακεδαιµόνιοι, τότε ὑπέφερον τοὺς µῆνας. ὁ δὲ θεὸς ἐπεσήµαινεν αὐτῷ ὅσιον εἶναι µὴ δεχοµένῳ σπονδὰς ἀδίκως ὑποφεροµένας. ἐκεῖθεν δ᾽ εὐθὺς πορευθεὶς εἰς Δελφοὺς ἐπήρετο αὖ τὸν Ἀπόλλω εἰ κἀκείνῳ δοκοίη περὶ τῶν σπονδῶν καθάπερ τῷ πατρί. ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο καὶ µάλα κατὰ ταὐτά. After this it seemed to the Lacedaemonians that it was not safe for them to undertake a campaign against the Athenians or against the Boeotians while leaving in their rear a hostile state bordering upon Lacedaemon and one so large

193 as that of the Argives; they accordingly called out the ban against Argos. Now when Agesipolis learned that he was to lead the ban, and when the sacrifices which he offered at the frontier proved favourable, he went to Olympia and consulted the oracle of the god, asking whether it would be consistent with piety if he did not acknowledge the holy truce claimed by the Argives; for, he urged, it was not when the appointed time came, but when the Lacedaemonians were about to invade their territory, that they pleaded the sacred months. And the god signified to him that it was consistent with piety for him not to acknowledge a holy truce which was pleaded unjustly. Then Agesipolis proceeded straight from there to Delphi and asked Apollo in his turn whether he also held the same opinion as his father Zeus in regard to the truce. And Apollo answered that he did hold quite the same opinion.

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203 Ure, P.N. 1927. Sixth and fifth Century Pottery from Excavations made at Rhitsona by R.M. Burrows in 1909, and by P.N. Ure and A.D. Ure in 1921 and 1922, London. Valavanis, P. 2004. Games and Sanctuaries in Ancient Greece. Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea, Athens, Athens. Vanderpool, E. 1946. “The Rectangular Rock-Cut Shaft,” Hesperia 15, pp. 265-336. Vierneisel, K. 1961. “Neue Tonfiguren aus dem Heraion von Samos,” AM 76, pp. 25-59. Vollgraff, W. 1906. “Fouilles d'Argos. B. Les établissements préhistoriques de l'Aspis,” BCH 30, pp. 5 – 45. Voyatzis, M.E. 1990. The Early Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea and Other Archaic Sanctuaries in Arcadia, Göteborg. Walter, H. 1957. “Frühe samische Gefäße und ihre Fundlage I,” AM 72, pp. 35-51. Wells, B. 2002. “Evidence for Cult at the Acropolis of Asine from Late Geometric through Archaic and Classical Times,” in New Research on Old Material from Asine and Berbati – in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Swedish Institute at Athens, ed. B. Wells, Stockholm, pp. 94-133. Whitbread, I.K. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study, Athens. Williams, II, C.K. 1965. “Nemea, 1964,” AJA 69, pp. 178-179. Williams, II. C.K. et al. 1973. “Corinth, 1972: The Forum Area,” Hesperia 42, pp. 1-44. Wright, J.C. et al. 1990. “The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project: A Preliminary Report,” Hesperia 59, pp. 579-659. Zaidman, L.B., and P.S. Pantel. 1992. Religion in the Ancient Greek City, Cambridge. Østby, E. ed. 2005. Ancient Arcadia - Papers from the Third International Seminar on Ancient Arcadia, held at the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 7-10 May 2002, Athens.

204 TABLES

Shape Available Missing Total Kotylai 77 60 137 Skyphoi Corinthian 20, Attic 5 17 42 Hydriai Corinthian 51, Argive 0 77 11, Asine 3, White 7, Misc 5 Kalathiskoi/Flaring Corinthian 17, Local 2 5 24 kalathoi Krateriskoi 0 32 32 Bowls 1 10 11 Cups Corinthian 2, Argive 2, 2 9 Local 2, Misc 1 Saucers 0 9 9 Amphorai Corinthian 3, Asine 4, 0 8 Misc 1 Phialai 0 10 10 Pyxides 3 0 3 Exaleiptra/kothons 3 3 6 Oinochoai Corinthian 2, Misc 1 0 3 Kernoi 0 19 19 Kana 0 6 6 Dishes 0 10 10 Jugs Asine 3 1 4 Kylix Attic 1 0 1 Lids 1 1 2 Lamps 2 0 2 Figurines 0 13 13 Bronze pin 0 1 1 Total 229 198 428

Table 1. The Rawson deposit, shapes, fabric, available, and missing material.

Pattern No. Zigzag 8 Squiggle and Petals 2 Ivy Leaf 2 Stepped Triangles 1 Meander 1

Total 14

Table 2. Table of Conventionalizing Decoration on kotylai/skyphoi, available portion of Rawson deposit.

Period Fabric description

Proto Corinthian (Early 7th cent.) Very fine, fired hard; most common colors – pale yellow to yellowish green. Corinthian (late 7th - early 6th) Fine clay; fired hard, but less so than in Proto- Corinthian. Shades of yellow, pale green, yellowish or pinkish buff. Corinthian (late 6th - early 5th) More variable clay; sometimes hard, but there is also a soft fine powdery clay of darker color than usual (i.e. shades of brown and buff). Corinthian (late 5th and 4th) Mostly soft and muddy colors (browns and reds); low fired.

Table 3. Fabrics, after Jones 1986, p. 175

Table 4. Corinthian Conventionalizing decoration, Corinth VII, v, table 1.

FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of the NE Peloponnese, Nemea Valley highlighted. http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Index.htm#CONTENTS (December 7, 2009)

Fig. 2. The Nemea Valley, Sanctuary of Zeus marked with star. http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Geog.htm (December 7, 2009)

' B ,E G- I-J'K - N 0 P O R S u v w x - I AA BB F GG'H JJ SS, I.A,D FF GG' HH KK I LL 'MM' NN'001 PP ?00 RR I 1 2 2 3 !3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 4 5

8 ?I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~B~~~~E~N - EAi r

' ; ' 9 ; '.ff/ .. *ojQ _00 lp 200 K 10 10 " 11 . r J J ! * 11 12

13 -;' 13 14 2 14 ? 15 o .o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; / - ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ?r -I CEMOTRY C/)

18 L 18 tzl FOONTAR 1-d 10i 19 m 20 S 20 21 21 22 - 22

23 239 t-4 24 24 35 O '* '-t,. * ; ^ '3 r- 25 ~~~ j 282

26 28 m * eP 2717 ''' *, * ? 7 j1 f~~~~~~~~~//,/ 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 - 31

32 32

33 33

34 . . 34 35 35 36 38 37 r .? ` 37 38 38

39 39

40 40

A i C D E F H I. I J K L. M N O P Q ,R S. T U V W X Y: Z AA BB CCDD EE f FF GG HH II JJ KK LL: MM NN 00 PP OQ RR SS i I I A I I i s i I FIG. 1. Grid plan of sanctuary and stadium.

Fig. 3. Grid plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus and its surroundings, Miller 1976, fig. 1 (Site of Rawson deposit marked with a star, PP 10).

Nemea shrine 700 m

Fig. 4. Grid plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus, Bravo 2006, fig. 1 (Deposit in PP 10, 700 m east).

Fig. 5. Map of PP 10. Google Earth, and gridplan, after Miller 1976, fig. 1. GPS Coordinates: 37°48'36.47"N - 22°43'3.08"E (PP 10 marked with star).

South

North

Fig. 6. Area PP 10, June 2009, view toward south. Author

Fig. 7. Road between Corinth and Argos, no. 23 is the Sanctuary of Zeus, Marchand 2009, p. 139, fig. 11.

Fig. 8. Plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus, loci of votive deposits marked in green, after Bravo 2006.

598 JAMES C. WRIGHT ET AL.

.... /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. S /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... 304~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....

30 2~~~~~~~~~~..... 13Ol6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

Phlius ...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * lena

01 04 j 601~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

ROADS STREAMS-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-LAND ABOVE SOOm SITES * N 1Km~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....0. 3 7! ~ ~ -4--- FIG. 4. Mapshowing the distributionof sites recordedby the NVAP survey (John Cherry

other Europeannations in the establishmentof the new state createdbe-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... strong relationships tween Greeceand these nations. Such forcesresulted in a series of migrationsre-~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... that largely versedthe demographictrends of the previous three centuries,and rural~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... generally brought Greeksinto moredirect contact with the nationaland internationalsystems surrounding~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... now them.45 Therefuge afforded by geographicalisolation was consideredless necessarywith the~~~~~~~~~~~~......

Fig. 9. Map of sites 510 and 512 with kilns, Wright et al. 1990, p. 598, fig. 4.

45 McGrew (passim) describesthe migrations;Vergopoulos ([footnote 35 above]pp. 101-162) discussesthe increasinginvolvement of the countrysidein commercializedagriculture.

Fig. 10. Piet de Jong watercolor 26 (P951). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ514).

Fig. 11. Piet de Jong watercolor 27 (P956). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ515).

Fig. 12. Piet de Jong watercolor 74 (P1110). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. No. UCPdJ515).

Fig. 13a-c. Piet de Jong watercolors 277, 231, and 42 (P1050, P1068, and P970). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ522-23, UCPdJ517).

Fig. 14. Piet de Jong watercolor 112 (P938). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ509).

Fig. 15. Piet de Jong watercolor 77 (P940). Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati (Inv. Nos. UCPdJ510).

Fig. 16. Vermicular Painter kotyle, Amyx and Lawrence 1996, no. 158, pl. 37

Fig. 17. Photos of kotylai from Locri. http://www.archeocalabria.beniculturali.it/archeovirtualtour/calabriaweb/locriparapezza1.htm (December 7, 2009)

Fig. 18. Schalenturm, Walter 1957, p. 48, fig. 2, pl. 70.

Fig. 19. Plan of Marzabotto, Bentz and Reusser 2007, p. 40, fig. 12 (Tinia Temple and spring sanctuary marked with stars). .

Fig. 20. Plan of Asine, Wells 2002, p. 96, fig. 1. Deposits marked.

Fig. 21. Asine figurine of figure holding a bow, Wells 2002, p. 115, fig. 20.

Fig. 22. Prosymna figurines, Blegen 1939, p. 422, fig. 10.

Fig. 23. Photos of graffito pieces from Nauplio Museum. Author.

Fig. 24. Tegea figurine, Dugas 1921, p. 424, no. 346, fig. 63.

Fig. 25. Perachora figurines, Perachora II, pp. 243-246, figs. 79, 243-255.

Fig. 26. Archaic head of terracotta figurine from the Argolid, Jenkins 1934, pp. 39-40, fig. 5, pl. 16.

Fig. 27. Miniature decorated hydria 121 (P998). Author.

Fig. 28. Metaponto. Satyr figurine from Pantanello, Carter 1994, p. 194, fig. 7.18.

Fig. 29. Metaponto. Pottery from Pantanello, Carter 1994, p. 195, fig. 7.

Fig. 30. Plan of Metaponto, Carter 1994, p. 163, fig. 7.1 (Pantanello Sanctuary and Metaponto marked with stars).

Fig. 31. Aegina, Nemea?, and Zeus, LIMC I, no. 16, p. 283, s.v. Aigina.

Fig. 32. Nemea, Herakles, and the Nemean lion, LIMC VI, no. 5, p. 430, s.v. Nemea.

Fig. 33. Stelai from the Hill of the Nymphs, Athens, Daux 1958, p. 366, figs. 4-5.

Fig. 34. Photo of terracotta figurines 284-296. Film no. N-34-18. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

Fig. 35. Kotylai from the Shrine of Opheltes, Bravo 2006, pp. 272-273, figs. 199-200.

Fig. 36. Kalathiskos 168 (P1007). Author.

Fig. 37. Kalathiskos 174 (P1015). Author.

Fig. 38. Kotyle 75 (P937). Author.

Fig. 39. Kotyle 76 (P939). Author.

Fig. 40. Conventionalizing kotyle 92 (P963). Author. Fig. 41. Conventionalizing skyphos, misfired orange-red 113 (P967). Author.

Fig. 42. Conventionalizing kotyle 81 (P973). Author. Fig. 43. Conventionalizing skyphos, misfired red on one side 84 (P988). Author.

Fig. 44. Conventionalizing kotyle 78 (P1092). Author. Fig. 45. Conventionalizing kotyle 79 (P1095). Author.

Fig. 46. Conventionalizing kotyle, misfired red 80 (P1096). Author. Fig. 47. Conventionalizing kotyle, misfired gray 82 (P1100). Author.

Fig. 48. Conventionalizing kotyle 83 (P1101). Author. Fig. 49. Conventionalizing kotyle 85 (P1114). Author.

Fig. 50. Kotyle 35 (P976), misfired red on one side. Author.

Fig. 51. Kotyle 71 (P972), misfired red on rim. Author. Fig. 52. Kalathiskos 176 (P1009), misfired red on one side. Author.

Fig. 53. Kotyle 102 (P974), misfired red on lower body. Author. Fig. 54. Kotyle 110 (P969), misfired red on body. Author.

Fig. 55. Kotyle 52 (P987), misfired grayish-brown. Author.

Fig. 56. Archaic head 295. Film no. N-34-19. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

Fig. 57. Scoop shaped dishes 230. Film no. N-34-11. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

Fig. 58. White fabric hydria 255 (P1126). Author. Fig. 59. White fabric hydria 256 (P1117). Author.

Fig. 60. White fabric hydria 257 (P1127). Author. Fig. 61. White fabric hydria 258 (P1125). Author.

Fig. 62. Attic kylix 262 (P1022). Author.

Fig. 63. Attic kylix 262, detail. (P1022). Author.

Fig. 64. Attic rim fragment 263 (P1156). Author.

Fig. 65. Attic rim fragment 264 (P1157). Author.

Fig. 66. Attic base fragment 265 (P1158). Author.

Fig. 67. Asine miniature cup 248 (P1070). Author. Fig. 68. Asine miniature amphora 252 (P1115). Author. Fig. 69. Asine miniature hydria 253 (P1033). Author.

Fig. 70. Argive imitation of Attic 238 (P1020). Author.

Fig. 71. Argive imitation of Attic 239 (P1021). Author.

Fig. 72. Cup from the Vrysoula deposit, Pemberton 1970, p. 297, no. 110, pl. 73.

Fig. 73. 198. Film no. N-34-16. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

Fig. 74. Attic palmette kylix, Corinth XIII, p. 221, no. 275-4, fig. 20, pl. 39.

Fig. 75. Argive miniature hydria 232 (P990). Author. Fig. 76. Argive miniature hydria 234 (P991). Author.

Fig. 77. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 270 (P1145). Author. Fig. 78. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 268 (P1146). Author.

Fig. 79. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 269 (P1147). Author. Fig. 80. Lakonian imitation/Local ware 271 (P1148). Author.

Fig. 81. Diminutive coarse hydria 161 (P999). Author. Fig. 82. Diminutive coarse hydria 165 (P1001). Author. Fig. 83. Diminutive coarse hydria 166 (P1002). Author.

Fig. 84. Large skyphos, 111 (P934). Author.

Fig. 85. Kotyle 3 (P948). Author. Fig. 86. Kotyle 24 (P953). Author.

Fig. 87. Kernoi 224. Film no. N-34-11. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

Fig. 88. Kernoi 225. Film no. N-34-16. Archives, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

25% Missing Available 75%

Fig. 89. Missing and available material, percent, Rawson deposit.

Whole/Restored 163 vessels 229 Base fragments of skyphoi/kotylai Additional base 270 fragments 263 Present

Fig. 90. Missing and available material, numbers, Rawson deposit. 23%

Miniatures Regular Sized Vessels

77%

Fig. 91. Chart of distribution of miniature and regular sized vessels among the surving portion of the Rawson deposit.

23%

Conventionalizing Other 77%

Fig. 92. Chart of similar decoration patterns, kotylai/skyphoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit.

3

Conventionalizing Other

14

Fig. 93. Chart of similar decoration patterns, kalathiskoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit.

1 1 Zigzag 2 8 Zeta's Linear Meander S's 5

Fig. 94. Chart of similar decoration patterns, Conventionalizing kalathiskoi of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit.

17%

Not misfired Misfired

83%

Fig. 95. Chart with distribution of misfirings of both missing and available material of the Rawson deposit.

9%

Miniatures Misfirings 91%

Fig. 96. Chart with distribution of misfirings, among miniatures of the surviving portion of the Rawson deposit.

Attic 6

Miscellaneous 8

Asine 10

White Fabric/Local 11

Argive 13

Corinthian 181

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Fig. 97. Distribution of fabrics in the available portion of the Rawson deposit.

90 82 78.3 80

70 61.2 60

50 42.4

Percent 40 33.2

30

18.8 20 17 13.2 12 10.39.3 10 7.4 6 4.8 3.7

0

Other Other Other Other Plates Phialai Phialai Kotylai Kotylai Hydriai Hydriai Hydriai Pyxides

Aryballoi Kalathiskoi Kalathiskoi Kalathiskoi Other shapes Other

Kotylai/Skyphoi Kotylai/Skyphoi Miniature hydriai hydriai Miniature

Rawson deposit Corinth Sites Perachora Cyrene

Fig. 98. Distribution of miniature shapes in percentage, Rawson deposit, Corinth, Perachora, Cyrene. After Corinth XVIII, i, Perachora I, and Kocybala 1999, p. 98.

Fig. 99. 14 (P944), Søren Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 100. 16 (P945), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 101. 17 (P1077), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 102. 20 (P1082), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 103. 23 (P946), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 104. 26 (P951), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 105. 27 (P956), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 106. 35 (P976), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 107. 37 (P1107), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 108. 42 (P970), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 109. 44 (P977), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 110. 47 (P1104), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 111. 48 (P978), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 112. 58 (P1111), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 113. 73 (P989), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 114. 75 (P937), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 115. 77 (P940), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 116. 92 (P963), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 117. 94 (P943), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 118. 102 (P974), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 119. 105 (P959), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 120. 111 (P934), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 121. 171 (P1016), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 122. 172 (P1010), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 123. 177 (P1013), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 124. 179 (P1012), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 125. 180 (P1008), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 126. 182 (P1006), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 127. 183 (P1017), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 128. 193 (P1025), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 129. 200 (P1018), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 130. 201 (P1019), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 131. 214 (P1150), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 132. 215 (P1023), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 133. 216 (P1024), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 134. 218 (P1152), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 135. 219 (P1153), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 136. 222. (P1155), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 137. 231 (P1068), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 138. 232 (P990), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 139. 234 (P991), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 140. 238 (P1020), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 141. 239 (P1021), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 142. 249 (P1071), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 143. 254 (P1130), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 144. 262 (1022), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 145. 263 (P1156), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 146. 264 (P1157), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 147. 265 (P1158), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 148. 266 (P1159), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 149. 267 (P1160), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 150. 268 (P1146), Author. Scale 1:2. Fig. 151. 270 (P1145), Author. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 152. 271 (P1148), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 153. 277 (P1050), S. Handberg . Scale 1:2.

Fig. 154. Drawing of 280 (P1149), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.

Fig. 155. 282 (L164), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2. Fig. 156. 283 (L165), S. Handberg. Scale 1:2.