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Cahiers D'asie Centrale, 19-20 Cahiers d’Asie centrale 19-20 | 2011 La définition des identités Carole Ferret et Arnaud Ruffier (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/1343 ISSN : 2075-5325 Éditeur Éditions De Boccard Édition imprimée Date de publication : 12 décembre 2011 ISBN : 978-2-84743-041-7 ISSN : 1270-9247 Référence électronique Carole Ferret et Arnaud Ruffier (dir.), Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011, « La définition des identités » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 24 décembre 2011, consulté le 06 mai 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/1343 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 6 mai 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 Que signifie être Sarte, Kirghize, Tatar, membre de telle mahalla, de telle corporation, de tel lignage, originaire de telle vallée ou de tel aoul en Asie centrale contemporaine ? Ce numéro 19-20 des Cahiers d’Asie centrale consacré à la définition des identités tente de jeter un éclairage nouveau sur la question. Il analyse différents aspects de la construction identitaire dans plusieurs pays de la zone concernée : Ouzbékistan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Tadjikistan, Turkménistan, mais aussi Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaïdjan, principalement au cours des XXe et XXI e siècles. Si le terme identité a été largement galvaudé ces dernières années, la question identitaire revêt une acuité toute particulière sur le terrain centrasiatique. Sur quels éléments se sont construits et se construisent encore les identités collectives en Asie centrale ? Comment ces éléments se combinent-ils entre eux ? Quel rôle y joue l’État ? Quelle place est réservée aux minorités ? L’identité est-elle essentiellement liée à l’appartenance à un territoire ? Comment certains artefacts culturels sont-ils exploités pour aiguiser la conscience identitaire ? À la recherche d’un équilibre entre les tenants de l’école soviétique, naguère adeptes d’une conception essentialiste de l’ethnos, et les chercheurs occidentaux, actuellement enclins à une position constructiviste, vingt chercheurs – occidentaux et centrasiatiques – tentent de répondre à ces questions, en démêlant les multiples composantes de l’identité et leur imbrication. L’ensemble du volume permet de comprendre que, sans être des créations ex-nihilo totalement artificielles, les identités collectives centrasiatiques, toujours multidimensionnelles, ont été manipulées et se sont construites par des processus de simplification et de modélisation, consistant à gommer certaines différences pour en accentuer d’autres et à remplacer des structures complexes et enchevêtrées par des structures plus simples et plus lisibles, juxtaposées ou emboîtées. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 2 SOMMAIRE Transcription & translittération Avant-propos Bayram Balci Introduction Arnaud Ruffier Éléments d’histoire identitaire de l’Asie centrale Éléments d’histoire de quelques groupes ethniques de l’oasis du Zeravchan dans le contexte politique du khanat de Boukhara et de l’empire de Russie Valerij Germanov Les habitants de Mindon du XVIIIe au début du XXe siècle Histoire d’une identité qui évolue Sergej Abašin La construction des identités collectives d’après les chartes des corps de métier (risāla) en Asie centrale Jeanine Elif Dağyeli Le rôle de l’État dans la construction des identités nationales La production identitaire dans le Tadjikistan post-conflit : état des lieux Antoine Buisson et Nafisa Khusenova Logiques de l’identification générées autour de la distribution de nourriture en Asie centrale : étude de la transformation d’un aspect du mode de légitimation du pouvoir politique Arnaud Ruffier Au-delà de l’ethnicité et de la parenté en Afghanistan : une approche ethnographique des liens transversaux de coopération Alessandro Monsutti Le fait minoritaire Déplacements de populations et identités dans la vallée de Ferghana : les limites du paradigme ethnique Olivier Ferrando Du soviétique tatar au Tatar kazakhstanais. Les voies multiples de la “tatarité” Yves-Marie Davenel Les modalités de l’engagement dans le nationalisme azerbaïdjanais en Iran : de la tutelle soviétique à l’autonomisation progressive Gilles Riaux Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 3 Politique identitaire et construction diasporique en Azerbaïdjan postsoviétique Bayram Balci Les dynamiques locales d’identification Vyjdem vse, kak odin! “Allons-y tous comme un seul homme !” Ethnographie d’un hashar national dans un quartier de Samarkand, Ouzbékistan Christilla Marteau d’Autry Identités et solidarités du quartier industriel des constructeurs aéronautiques de Tachkent Mathieu Lembrez À propos de l’identité actuelle des pasteurs “nomades” de la région de Naryn Amantur Žaparov Pouvoirs, identités et ressources : construction de la solidarité au Kirghizstan Boris Pétric Artefacts culturels et identification communautaire Tradition musicale, identité et nationalisme en Asie centrale Jean During Chant du destin et identité nationale : la promotion du falak tadjik Ariane Zevaco À chacun son cheval ! Identités nationales et races équines en ex-URSS (à partir des exemples turkmène, kirghize et iakoute) Carole Ferret En guise de conclusion L’identité, une question de définition Carole Ferret Notes de recherche L’identité ethnique et la politique d’intégration sociale au Kazakhstan Sanat Kuškumbaev Identité nationale et gestion du fait minoritaire en Asie centrale : analyse des affrontements interethniques d’Och en juin 2010 Bayram Balci Islam and Secular State in Uzbekistan: State Control of Religion and its Implications for the Understanding of Secularity Henrik Ohlsson Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 4 Comptes-rendus de lecture Pierre Leriche et Chakirjan Pidaev, Termez sur Oxus. Cité-capitale d’Asie centrale IFEAC, Maisonneuve et Larose [Publication AURORHE n° 3], 2008, 163 p. et XVI pl. Johanna Lhuillier Sébastien Peyrouse, Turkménistan. Un destin au carrefour des empires Paris, Belin, La documentation française [Asie Plurielle], 2007, 184 p. Élise Luneau Arne Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 280 p. Asal Khamraeva-Aubert Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 5 Transcription & translittération 1) Les ethnonymes, les toponymes les plus courants, les noms des personnages historiques les plus célèbres ainsi que quelques mots usités dans les études centrasiatiques sont écrits en transcription simplifiée, éventuellement accordés en genre et en nombre. Nous avons opté de préférence pour une transcription francisée, sauf quand l’usage majoritaire était différent. 2) Les mots non usités, les toponymes plus rares, les noms de personnes et tous les noms d’auteurs sont écrits en translittération d'après les tableaux suivants. Les noms communs translittérés s'écrivent en italique et restent invariables. Ils peuvent être suivis, à la première occurrence, de leur traduction en français entre guillemets anglais. 3) Les mots des langues actuellement écrites en alphabet latin (ouzbek, azéri, par exemple) conservent, lorsque le contexte l’y autorise, leur orthographe en vigueur. Table de translittération pour les caractères arabes, persans et turc tchagataï Ce système correspond à la translittération Arabica (norme DIN-31635), à laquelle ont été ajoutées quelques lettres pour le persan et le turc tchagataï. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 6 Voyelles courtes Table de translittération du cyrillique en alphabet latin Ce système s'inspire de la norme ISO 9 de 1995, avec certaines simplifications pour les langues non slaves. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 7 alt. altaïen az. azéri bach. bachkir bou. bouriate iak. iakoute kal. kalmouk kar. karatchaï-balkar kara. karakalpak kaz. kazakh kha. khakasse kir. kirghize koum. koumyk nog. nogaï ouïg. ouïghour ouz. ouzbek tadj. tadjik tat. tatar touv. touva turkm. turkmène Autres conventions Les guillemets français (« ») encadrent les citations et les paroles en discours direct. Les guillemets anglais (“ ”) encadrent les traductions littérales des mots ou expressions en langue étrangère, les tours particuliers, familiers, jugés peu appropriés, avec lesquels l'auteur prend une certaine distance, ou encore ils se placent à l'intérieur d'une citation encadrée par des guillemets français. L'italique signale les mots laissés dans la langue originale, les mots qui se désignent eux-mêmes et les titres des ouvrages. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 8 Abréviations Pour les archives : CGA Central’nyj gosudarstvennyj arhiv respubliki Uzbekistan / O’zbek Respublikasi Markaziy RUZ Davlat Arxivi “Archives centrales d’État de la République d’Ouzbékistan” RGVIA Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj voenno-istoričeskij arhiv “Archives d’État historiques et militaires de la Russie” AVPRI Arhiv vnešnej politiki Rossijskoj imperii “Archives de la politique extérieure de l’empire de Russie” f. fond “fonds” op. opis’ “inventaire, registre” d. delo “dossier ” č. čast’ “partie” l. list “folio” Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 19-20 | 2011 9 Avant-propos Bayram Balci 1 Quand les Cahiers d’Asie centrale ont vu le jour en 1995 au sein de l’Institut français d’études sur l’Asie centrale, l’édition et la publication de cette revue, la seule de langue française consacrée exclusivement à l’Asie centrale, étaient soumises à d’autres difficultés et aléas de réalisation que ceux d’aujourd’hui. Les mutations technologiques, la communication par email, Internet ont révolutionné notre façon de travailler à cette production scientifique entre Tachkent et la France. Les Cahiers d’Asie centrale ont su s’adapter et relever les défis technologiques, mais les
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