DOCSLIB.ORG

Livonia and Rus', 1260–1330

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Livonia and Rus', 1260–1330 chapter 6 Livonia and Rus’, 1260–1330 6.1 Prince Dovmont’s Seizure of Power in Pskov Lithuanian rulers came to play an increasingly important role in the affairs of Livonia and the Russian territories in the last third of the 13th century. The area controlled by Lithuania began to expand rapidly towards the east and the south, where the small Russian principalities were forced one after the other to recognize their dependency on the emerging new power. The Lithuanian ruler Mindaugas renounced his cooperation with the Teutonic Order c. 1262.1 Shortly afterwards his wife Martha died. The Hypatian Chronicle says the king then wished to marry Martha’s sister, who was the wife of Duke Dovmont of Nalsen. When Dovmont learned of this, he decided to join Duke Treniota’s plot to assassinate the king. When Mindaugas sent his army with Dovmont against Prince Roman of Briansk in 1263, Dovmont unexpectedly turned back and killed Mindaugas and his two sons on 5 August 1263.2 Dovmont was one of the leading dukes in Nalsen, the region located in the north-east of Lithuania on the border with Polotsk.3 Treniota’s nephew Tautvila, who was also prince of Polotsk, was also involved in this conspiracy. It appears that Dovmont with- drew from the ensuing succession struggle after having taken his revenge, for it was Treniota and Tautvila who came into conflict over Mindaugas’ inheri- tance. Treniota killed Tautvila in the winter of 1263–64. Rule in Polotsk was secured by Dovmont’s rival Duke Gerdenis of Nalsen, who had also taken over in Nalsen, or one of the dukes dependent on him.4 Mindaugas’ retinue itself then killed Treniota, and in 1264 Mindaugas’ Orthodox son Vaišelga, who was 1 Ivinskis, “Mindaugas,” pp. 371–73; Gudavičius, Mindaugas, p. 339. 2 Ипатьевская летопись, pp. 859–60; NL1, pp. 84, 313; LR, lines 7121–32. Cf. Летописи белорусско-литовские, ed. Nikolai N. Ulashchik (Moscow, 1980) (PSRL 35), pp. 93–94, 150–51, 198–99; Хроники, pp. 32–33, 135. 3 On Nalsen, see Berkholz, “Vermischte Bemerkungen,” pp. 33–36; Johansen, “Riga-Wisby- Urkunde,” p. 102; Gudavichius, “Литва”, pp. 219–25. 4 Ипатьевская летопись, pp. 860–61; NL1, pp. 84, 313; Pickhan, Gospodin Pskov, pp. 133–34; Michał Giedroyć, “The Rulers of Thirteenth-Century Lithuania: a Search for the Origins of Grand Duke Traidenis and his Kin,” OSP, New Series 17 (1984), 16–20; Giedroyć, “Arrival of Christianity in Lithuania: Early Contacts,” pp. 12, 16; Rowell, “Between Lithuania and Ruś,” pp. 4–6; Liubov V. Stoliarova, “Мария Дмитриевна—жена Псковского князя Довмонта,” in Средневековая Русь 1 (1996), pp. 58–75, at p. 65. On the chronology, see Hrushevskyi, © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���5 | doi ��.��63/9789004�84753_008 Livonia and Rus’, 1260–1330 235 dependent on the princes of Volhynia, came to power in Lithuania. In the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle Vaišelga is described as a friend of the Teutonic Order and as a virtuous helper of Christians; after returning home from Rus’ after the death of his father he asked the master of the Livonian Order for help against his father’s murderers and urged them to remember “that he too is a Christian”.5 With the backing of troops from Galicia-Volhynia, Vaišelga advanced to Nalsen, so that Dovmont and his retinue were forced to flee to Pskov. Around 1267 Vaišelga handed over power to the Christian Shvarn, the son of Daniil Romanovich who was married to a daughter of Mindaugas. Vaišelga then retired to a monastery, where he was murdered shortly afterwards by Daniil’s second son Lev. It is not known to what extent Shvarn was actually able to secure his power in Lithuania; he died c. 1268–69. The pagan Traidenis (d. 1281/82) from the rival dynasty was able to impose himself as grand duke of Lithuania.6 In November 1263 Grand Prince Aleksandr Iaroslavich died in Gorodets on the river Volga while on his way back from his fourth journey to the Horde. The following year his son Prince Iurii was driven from Novgorod “because he was still young” and replaced by Prince Iaroslav Iaroslavich of Tver. There was perhaps concern among the people of Novgorod that the internal conflict in Lithuania would spill over into the north-west of Rus’, which was why they would prefer an experienced warrior as their ruler.7 Iaroslav (d. 1271/72) there- after secured the position of grand prince of Vladimir. Pskov was at this time also allied to Grand Prince Iaroslav, whose son Sviatoslav represented him there. When Dovmont together with his retinue and their families arrived in Pskov in 1265, they were received by Sviatoslav and baptized.8 Only due to the grand prince’s intervention was it possible to pre- vent an expedition planned in Novgorod to slay the Lithuanians in Pskov. The fact that Sviatoslav recognized the Lithuanians as auxiliary troops strength- ened the position of Iaroslav Iaroslavich, whose role as all-powerful prince “Хронольоґія,” pp. 43–44. See also Edvardas Gudavičius, “Ar Treniota Žemaičių kunigaikštis?,” Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos darbai A serija 1982, 4 (81), 63–70. 5 LR, lines 7133–7209. Cf. Hermanni Chronicon, p. 45. 6 Ипатьевская летопись, pp. 861, 869; NL1, pp. 84–85, 313–14. See also Nikžentaitis, “Die litauische Gesellschaft,” p. 120; Artūras Dubonis, Traidenis. Monarcho valdžios atkūrimas Lietuvoje 1268–1282 (Vilnius, 2009). 7 NL1, pp. 84, 313; Klug, “Fürstentum Tver’,” p. 49. 8 The name taken by Dovmont (modern Lithuanian Daumantas) at baptism was Timofei..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Euromosaic III Touches Upon Vital Interests of Individuals and Their Living Conditions
    Research Centre on Multilingualism at the KU Brussel E U R O M O S A I C III Presence of Regional and Minority Language Groups in the New Member States * * * * * C O N T E N T S Preface INTRODUCTION 1. Methodology 1.1 Data sources 5 1.2 Structure 5 1.3 Inclusion of languages 6 1.4 Working languages and translation 7 2. Regional or Minority Languages in the New Member States 2.1 Linguistic overview 8 2.2 Statistic and language use 9 2.3 Historical and geographical aspects 11 2.4 Statehood and beyond 12 INDIVIDUAL REPORTS Cyprus Country profile and languages 16 Bibliography 28 The Czech Republic Country profile 30 German 37 Polish 44 Romani 51 Slovak 59 Other languages 65 Bibliography 73 Estonia Country profile 79 Russian 88 Other languages 99 Bibliography 108 Hungary Country profile 111 Croatian 127 German 132 Romani 138 Romanian 143 Serbian 148 Slovak 152 Slovenian 156 Other languages 160 Bibliography 164 i Latvia Country profile 167 Belorussian 176 Polish 180 Russian 184 Ukrainian 189 Other languages 193 Bibliography 198 Lithuania Country profile 200 Polish 207 Russian 212 Other languages 217 Bibliography 225 Malta Country profile and linguistic situation 227 Poland Country profile 237 Belorussian 244 German 248 Kashubian 255 Lithuanian 261 Ruthenian/Lemkish 264 Ukrainian 268 Other languages 273 Bibliography 277 Slovakia Country profile 278 German 285 Hungarian 290 Romani 298 Other languages 305 Bibliography 313 Slovenia Country profile 316 Hungarian 323 Italian 328 Romani 334 Other languages 337 Bibliography 339 ii PREFACE i The European Union has been called the “modern Babel”, a statement that bears witness to the multitude of languages and cultures whose number has remarkably increased after the enlargement of the Union in May of 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumphant Genealogical Awareness of the Nobility In
    LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 22 2018 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 29–49 THE TRIUMPHANT GENEALOGICAL AWARENESS OF THE NOBILITY IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES Agnė Railaitė-Bardė (Lithuanian Institute of History) ABSTRACT This article attempts to show how the manifestation of ancestors was expressed in the genealogical awareness of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, using publications to mark special occasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, genealogical trees and diagrams. The research seeks to establish what effect the exaltation of various battles had on the genealogical memory of the nobility in the Grand Duchy, bearing in mind the context of its involvement in one of the most famous battles it ever fought. The genealogical sources mentioned were examined in order to ascertain which battles and what memories of the commanders who fought in them were important to the genealogical awareness of the nobility, and why this memory was selective, for some battles and notable heroes from these battles are remembered and glorified, while others are simply forgotten. Memories of which battles were important to the genealogical presentation of certain families, how was it expressed, and in what period were the ancestors who participated in these battles remembered? The first part of the study presents the memory of ancestors as soldiers, and the ways this memory was expressed. The second part focuses on an- cestors who distinguished themselves in specific battles, and which family members who participated in battles are remembered and honoured, in this way distinguishing them from other ancestors. KEYWORDS: Grand Duchy of Lithuania; nobility; genealogical awareness; militaristic; heraldry.
    [Show full text]
  • BORDERLANDS of WESTERN CIVILIZATION a His Tory of East
    BORDERLANDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION A His tory of East Cen tral Eu rope by OSCAR HALECKI Second Edition Edited by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © by Tadeusz Tchorzewski , 1980. ISBN: 0-9665734-8-X Library of Congress Card Number: 00-104381 All Rights Reserved. The text of this publication or any part thereof may not he reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Printed by Lightning Source, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Con tents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 1 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 4 1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 9 2 THE SLAVS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS 19 3 TOWARD POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 33 4 THE HERITAGE OF THE TENTH CENTURY 51 5 INTERNAL DISINTEGRATION AND FOREIGN PENETRATION 67 THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE FOURTH CRUSADE IN THE BALKANS 77 6 THE HERITAGE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 93 7 THE NEW FORCES OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 107 8 THE TIMES OF WLADYSLAW JAGIELLO AND SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG 135 9 THE LATER FIFTEENTH CENTURY 151 10 FROM THE FIRST CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO THE UNION OF LUBLIN 167 11 THE LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY THE STRUGGLE FOR THE DOMINIUM MARIS BALTICI 197 12 THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 219 13 THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 239 14 THE END OF THE ANCIEN REGIME 261 15 THE PARTITIONS OF POLAND AND THE EASTERN QUESTION 289 16 THE NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 309 17 REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS UNTIL 1848 325 18 FROM THE CRIMEAN WAR TO THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN 353 19 TOWARD WORLD WAR I 373 20 THE CONSEQUENCES OF WORLD WAR I 395 21 THE PEOPLES OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS 417 22 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WARS 457 23 HITLER’S WAR 479 24 STALIN’S PEACE 499 BIBLIOGRAPHY 519 INDEX 537 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Polish born Oscar Halecki (1891 - 1973) was Professor of History at Cracow and Warsaw universities between the two world wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline1800 18001600
    TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze.
    [Show full text]
  • Archivum Lithuanicum Indices
    I S S N 1 3 9 2 - 7 3 7 X I S B N 3-447-09469-9 Archivum Lithuanicum Indices 1 2 Archivum Lithuanicum 7 KLAIPËDOS UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS ÐIAULIØ UNIVERSITETAS VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS VYTAUTO DIDÞIOJO UNIVERSITETAS ARCHIVUM Lithuanicum Indices HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG WIESBADEN 2005 3 Redaktoriø kolegija / Editorial Board: HABIL. DR. Giedrius Subaèius (filologija / philology), (vyriausiasis redaktorius / editor), UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO, LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DR. Ona Aleknavièienë (filologija / philology), LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS HABIL. DR. Saulius Ambrazas (filologija / philology), LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DOC. DR. Roma Bonèkutë (filologija / philology), KLAIPËDOS UNIVERSITETAS PROF. DR. Pietro U. Dini (kalbotyra / linguistics), UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA DR. Jolanta Gelumbeckaitë (filologija / philology), HERZOG AUGUST BIBLIOTHEK, WOLFENBÜTTEL, LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DR. Birutë Kabaðinskaitë (filologija / philology), VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS PROF. HABIL. DR. Rûta Marcinkevièienë (filologija / philology), VYTAUTO DIDÞIOJO UNIVERSITETAS, KAUNAS DOC. DR. Bronius Maskuliûnas (filologija / philology), ÐIAULIØ UNIVERSITETAS DR. Jurgis Pakerys (filologija / philology), VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS, LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DR. Christiane Schiller (kalbotyra / linguistics), FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDER-UNIVERSITÄT ERLANGEN-NÜRNBERG PROF. DR. William R. Schmalstieg (kalbotyra / linguistics), PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY MGR. Mindaugas Ðinkûnas (kalbotyra / linguistics), LIETUVIØ KALBOS
    [Show full text]
  • LITHUANIAN-AMERICAN NEWS JOURNAL $5 March 2015 This Month in History
    LITHUANIAN-AMERICAN NEWS JOURNAL $5 March 2015 this month in history March Anniversaries 760 yeas ago 110 years ago March 6, 1255 March 12, 1905 King Mindaugas, who had been crowned in 1253, obtained the Birth of Fr. Alfonsas Lipniūnas in Talkonys. Lipniūnas was ordained permission of Pope Alexander IV to crown his son as king of Lithu- in 1930, taught sociology and theology in Panvežys and Vilnius, ania, to ensure continuity of the dynasty and prevent interference and was named director of youth for the country. Famed for his from the Livonian Order. However, both Mindaugas and two of sermons during the time of German occupation, he founded his sons were assassinated in 1263 by his nephew Treniota and the Lithuanian Foundation to aid Lithuanians, Poles and Jews. rival Duke Daumantas. Treniota became the next ruler of Lithuania. Because of his activities, which included urging young people to resist conscription into the German army, he was imprisoned in Stutthof Concentration Camp in 1943, where he still celebrated 575 years ago mass daily. He died shortly after being liberated. March 20, 1440 Grand Duke Žygimantas Kęstutaitis was assassinated in Trakai by supporters of former Grand Duke Švitrigaila. The youngest son of 85 years ago Grand Duke Kęstutis and Birutė, Žygimantas ruled from 1432, after March 10, 1930 signing the Union of Grodno with Jogaila and ceding territories in Lithuanian playwright and poet Justinas Volhynia and Podolia to Poland. Marcinkevičius was born in Važatkiemis. Known as “the poet of the people” during the Soviet occupation, he developed a humanistic, roman- 160 years ago tic and lyric style, diverging from the heroic and March 17, 1855 propagandistic style of socialist realism.
    [Show full text]
  • HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume X Number 3/4 December 1986
    HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume X Number 3/4 December 1986 Concepts of Nationhood in Early Modern Eastern Europe Edited by IVO BANAC and FRANK E. SYSYN with the assistance of Uliana M. Pasicznyk Ukrainian Research Institute Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Publication of this issue has been subsidized by the J. Kurdydyk Trust of the Ukrainian Studies Fund, Inc. and the American Council of Learned Societies The editors assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors. Copyright 1987, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved ISSN 0363-5570 Published by the Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Typography by the Computer Based Laboratory, Harvard University, and Chiron, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Printed by Cushing-Malloy Lithographers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction, by Ivo Banac and Frank E. Sysyn 271 Kiev and All of Rus': The Fate of a Sacral Idea 279 OMELJAN PRITSAK The National Idea in Lithuania from the 16th to the First Half of the 19th Century: The Problem of Cultural-Linguistic Differentiation 301 JERZY OCHMAŃSKI Polish National Consciousness in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century 316 JANUSZ TAZBIR Orthodox Slavic Heritage and National Consciousness: Aspects of the East Slavic and South Slavic National Revivals 336 HARVEY GOLDBLATT The Formation of a National Consciousness in Early Modern Russia 355 PAUL BUSHKOVITCH The National Consciousness of Ukrainian Nobles and Cossacks from the End of the Sixteenth to the Mid-Seventeenth Century 377 TERESA CHYNCZEWSKA-HENNEL Concepts of Nationhood in Ukrainian History Writing, 1620 -1690 393 FRANK E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monarchy in Lithuania History, Rights and Prospects
    Carmelo Curró Troiano The Monarchy in Lithuania History, Rights and Prospects Presentation and modified by Salvatore Ferdinando Antonio Caputo Page 1 of 15 BRIEF HISTORY – SALVATORE FERDINANDO ANTONIO CAPUTO First known habitation of Lithuania dates back to the final ice age, 10 000 BC. The hunter’s gatherers were slowly replaced by farmers. The origin of Baltic tribes in the area is disputed but it probably dates to 2500 BC. These forefathers of Lithuanians were outside the main migration routes and thus are among the oldest European ethnicities to have settled in approximately current area. The word “Lithuania” was mentioned for the first time in the annals of Quedlinburg (year 1009) where a story describes how Saint Bruno was killed by the pagans “on the border of Lithuania and Russ”. These Baltic peoples traded amber with Romans and then fought Vikings. In the era only one small tribe from area around Vilnius was known as Lithuanians but it was this tribe that consolidated the majority of other Baltic tribes. This process accelerated under king Mindaugas (ca. 1200– 12 September 1263) who became a Christian and received a crown from the Pope in 1253. Mindaugas was the first and only crowned king of Lithuania. In the early 13th century, Lithuania was inhabited by various pagan Baltic tribes, which began to organize themselves into a state – the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By the 1230s, Mindaugas emerged as the leader of the Grand Duchy. In 1249, an internal war erupted between Mindaugas and his nephews Tautvilas and Edivydas. As each side searched for foreign allies, Mindaugas succeeded in convincing the Livonian Order not only to provide military assistance, but also to secure for him the royal crown of Lithuania in exchange for his conversion to Catholicism and some lands in western Lithuania.
    [Show full text]
  • Britannica Online Encyclopedia
    Lithuania -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia https://www.britannica.com/print/article/343803 Lithuanians are an Indo-European people belonging to the Baltic group. They are the only branch within the group that managed to create a state entity in premodern times. The Prussians, overrun by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century, became extinct by the 18th century. The Latvians to the north were conquered during the first three decades of the 13th century by the Order of the Brothers of the Sword (this order became a branch of the Teutonic Order in 1237). The Lithuanians, protected by a dense primeval forest and extensive marshland, successfully resisted German pressure. Samogitia (Lithuanian: Žemaitija), lying between Prussia and Livonia, two lands already in the hands of the German Crusading knights, was a particular object of German expansion. The German threat induced the Lithuanian tribes to unite in the middle of the 13th century under Mindaugas. He and his family were baptized in 1251, and two years later he was accepted into the feudal hierarchy of Europe by being crowned king of Lithuania by authority of Pope Innocent IV. Mindaugas, who had reverted to paganism, and two of his sons were assassinated in 1263. The Lithuanians retained their naturalistic pagan religion until the late 14th century. Traidenis, ruler from 1270 to 1282, was probably the founder of the dynasty named after Gediminas, who began to rule about 1315. Although Lithuanian expansion to the east and south into the area of modern Belarus and Ukraine had begun after the destruction of the Kiev realm, it was Gediminas who systematically carved out the empire that was historic Lithuania, a wide region inhabited by Lithuanians and East Slavs.
    [Show full text]
  • LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS BRUOŽAI Seniausi Laikai — Proistorė Mūsų
    LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS BRUOŽAI Seniausi laikai — proistorė Mūsų protėviai lietuviai įsikūrė Lietuvos žemėje maždaug prieš 4.000 metų. Mes esame viena iš seniausių Europos tautų, ilgiausiai savo krašte gyvenanti. Lietuviai yra indoeuropiečių kilmės — aisčiai arba baltai. Indoeuropiečiai apie 3.000 m. prieš Kristų suskilo į šias šakas: indų, persų, graikų, keltų, romanų, germanų, slavų ir aisčių arba baltų. Lietuvių kalba yra seniausia iš gyvųjų indoeuropiečių kalbų. Tą pabrėžia mokslininkai. Ji yra svarbi visiems lingvistams ir todėl dėstoma daugely universitetų. Aisčiai skirstėsi į šias pagrindines gentis: prūsus, lietuvius ir latvius. Aisčiai ilgai gyveno savo miškų bei ežerų šalyje, iš seno buvo žemdirbiai, turėjo organizuotą gyvenimą. Garbino gamtos jėgas. Lietuviai vieni iš aisčių išliko priešų nepavergti ir įkūrė savo valstybę. Jų kaimynai buvo lenkai, gudai, ukrai​niečiai ir rusai ir tik nuo XIII a. — kryžiuočiai vokiečiai. LIETUVOS VALSTYBĖS SUSIDARYMAS IR AUGIMAS Karalius Mindaugas Pirmas mums žinomas sujungtos Lietuvos valdovas buvo Mindaugas, vadinamas Išmintinguoju. 1240 m. jis jau valdė visas Lietuvos žemes. Vokiečiai­kryžiuočiai, įsikūrę Lietuvos žemių vakaruose, skelbėsi nešą Lietuvai krikščionybę, bet iš tikrųjų siekė ją pavergti. Mindaugas 1251 m. kartu su žmona Morta, sūnumis ir dvariškiais priėmė krikščionybę. Tais laikais karaliaus vainiką valdovams suteikdavo popiežius arba Vokietijos imperatorius. Norėdamas apsaugoti Lietuvą nuo vokiečių, Mindaugas išsirūpino karaliaus vainiką iš popiežiaus ir su žmona buvo vainikuotas apie 1253 m. Lietuva su krikščioniu valdovu priešakyje pasidarė lygi kitoms valstybėms ir įsijungė į Vakarų Europos kultūrą. Mindaugui mirus, 1263 m. kurį laiką vyko tarp kunigaikščių kovos dėl valdžios. Iš žymesnių valdovų atsimintini Traidenis ir Vytenis. Lietuvos Didysis kunigaikštis Gediminas (1316­1341) Gediminas kėlė krašte gerovę ir kultūrą, rūpinosi teisingu​mu, tvarka ir apsauga.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 07:14:40AM Via Free Access 2 ARTŪRAS DUBONIS Position, Defending It in Discussions with Lithuanian and Ukrainian Scholars
    LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 20 2015 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 1–30 THE PRESTIGE AND DECLINE OF THE OFFICIAL (STATE) LANGUAGE IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA (FIFTEENTH–SIXTEENTH CENTURY): PROBLEMS IN BELARUSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY Artūras Dubonis ABSTRACT The status of the Ruthenian language and use of Lithuanian in public life in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (henceforth GDL) remains one of the most hotly debated topics in Lithuanian historiography. In this article, the use of Ruthenian (early Belarusian) is analysed as the official (‘state’) language of the GDL, as it is presented in the latest works by Belarusian and Polish researchers and Lithuanian language studies researchers. This analysis looks at the problems that arise when examining the flexible and extraordinarily dynamic use and interrelation of languages in the GDL in the 15th–16th centuries, which changed every few decades and was based more on customs and traditions than laws. The prevailing opinion in Belarusian historiography today points to the dominance of Ruthenian (the early Belarusian language) in the GDL in the 14th–17th centuries. 1 It is seconded by the latest Polish research on Lithuanian language studies. 2 Uladzimir Sviazhynsky is one of the most ardent ­supporters of the Belarusian 1 А. Журавский, ‘О канцелярском языке Великого Княжества Литовскогоʼ, Lietuvos istorijos metraštis. 1983 metai (Vilnius, 1984), pp. 28–29; Вялiкае ­Княства Лiтоўскае. Энцыклапедыя ў двух тамах, т. 1: А–К, рэдкал.: Г.П. Пашкоў (гл. рэд.) i iнш. (Мiнск, 2005), pp. 60–61, 300–301, 303; Гiсторыя Беларусi, т. 2: Ю. Бохан, Г. Галенчанка i iнш. Беларусь у перыяд Вялiкага Княства Лiтоўска- га (Мiнск, 2008), p.
    [Show full text]
  • PRIMARY SOURCE Two Papal Bulls of 6 March 1255, Issued By
    LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 8 2003 ISSN 1392-2343 pp. 145–156 PRIMARY SOURCE Two Papal Bulls of 6 March 1255, Issued by Alexander IV for King Mindaugas of Lithuania 1255, March 6, Naples , Pope Alexander IV grants the king of Lithuania (Mindaugas) the right to have his son crowned by a Latin bishop of his preference. B: Vatican City, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Registrum Vaticanum 24, fo. 27 v. Pub. : Vetera Monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae … ex tabulariis Vaticanis deprompta , I (1217–1409) , ed. A. Theiner (Rome, 1860), No. 123, p. 60–61. Theiner publishes both documents under the same heading. Reg. : Preussisches Urkundenbuch. Politische Abtheilung , I.1, ed. Philippi, Wölky (Königsberg, 1882), No. 310, p. 229 1 .. Illustri Regi Lectovie 2 To .., the illustrious king of Lithua- Catholice fidei cultum longius nia. latiusque per orbem diffundi con- Wishing above all the desires of tinue super omnia cordis nostri our heart that the cultivation of the desiderabilia cupientes, ad eiusdem Catholic Faith spread ever more augmentum fidei vigili sedulaque far and wide throughout the world, sollercia non cessamus intendere ac, we do not cease striving for the ut iuxta nostri desiderii plenitudinem augmentation of the same Faith valeat provenire, totius diligentie with vigilant and sedulous care; studium, excusso in hac parte and in order for the fullness of our cuiuslibet negligentie otio, desire to come forth we maintain adhibemus, augmentum ipsum per efforts of complete diligence, deny- nos ac alios omni ope ac 3 opera, ing ourselves the leisure of any neg- prout ex alto 4 conceditur, assidue ligence in this matter, procuring 1 a: Alexander episcopus etc.
    [Show full text]