Le Cinéma Américain (2)

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Le Cinéma Américain (2) Le cinéma américain Les années trente 1929-1945 Du même auteur AUX MÊMES ÉDITIONS Le Cinéma américain Les années cinquante. 1945-1960 coll. « Point-Virgule », 1984 Olivier-René.,eillon Le cinéma américain i Les années trente 1929-1945 Éditions du Seuil COLLECTION DIRIGÉE PAR NICOLE VIMARD AVEC EDMOND BLANC ET CLAUDE DUNETON EN COUVERTURE : Greta Garbo dans Queen Christina (la Reine Christine), Mamoulian, 1933. Photo Stars-Films. ISBN 2-02-009109-7. @ ÉDITIONS DU SEUIL, FÉVRIER 1986. La loi du 11 mars 1957 interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation 1 collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. Avant-propos En 1929 l'apparition du parlant est une mutation majeure dont le cinéma américain sort triomphant au moment où le pays s'engouffre dans une brutale crise économique. Les grands studios étendent leur empire sur toute l'activité cinématogra- phique, poursuivant leur intégration verticale et horizontale, affirmant leur style propre à travers leurs acteurs, leurs metteurs en scène, leurs décorateurs et leurs musiciens. La grande dépression est contemporaine d'un véritable âge d'or : plus de cinq cents films sont produits en 1930 malgré l'augmentation des budgets imposée par la technique nouvelle. La société américaine s'interroge sur ses valeurs et trouve dans les salles de cinéma un refuge à la mesure de son désarroi. Le film est plus que jamais le moyen d'oublier et celui de comprendre, car les grands genres n'éludent aucune des questions qui obsèdent tous ceux qui cherchent leur place dans un monde déréglé. Alors que les grands maîtres du cinéma muet, comme Stroheim, Keaton ou Griffith, disparaissent des écrans, une nouvelle génération, souvent formée aux courts métrages burlesques, impose dans le même mouvement que de grands émigrés rompus au rythme langagier du théâtre, tels Lubitsch et Mamoulian, un profond renouvellement des genres qui, de la comédie au mélodrame, en passant par le western et le film noir, s'attachent à saisir le bouleversement dont ils sont contemporains. De nouvelles valeurs, plus contradictoires et plus ambiguës que celles des pères fondateurs, s'édifient, donnant à l'Amérique ce substrat d'espoir que Franklin Roosevelt saura traduire en termes politiques. Barbara Stanwyck et Ralph Graves dans Ladies of Leisure (Femmes de luxe), Capra, 1930. Table 11 Frank Borzage 23 Clarence Brown 37 Frank Capra 49 Charlie Chaplin 58 Michael Curtiz 73 Cecil B. DeMille 79 William Dieterle 90 Allan Dwan 98 Robert Flaherty 104 Tay Garnett 113 Edmund Goulding 121 Ernst Lubitsch 132 Leo McCarey 139 Rouben Mamoulian 147 Josef von Sternberg 156 W.S. Van Dyke 167 William Wellman 181 William Wyler 191 Index Frank Borzage Les sentiments ont leur propre histoire, leur propre rythme qui en est la seule mesure. Ils excèdent le récit qui les porte et entraînent celui-ci jusqu'aux figures limites où ils jouissent d'eux-mêmes. Le mélodrame masque, sous les conventions d'apparence, ce par quoi il adhère à son propos : la fondation d'un ordre immanent où la passion ne dépasse pas la loi, mais, comme l'écrit Blanchot de la transgression, l'« emporte avec elle ». L'œuvre de Borzage est tout entière vouée au mélodrame, à l'exception remarquable du film produit par Lubitsch, Desire (Désir) en 1936, pour lequel il est paradoxalement célèbre alors qu'il n'y a à peu près rien qui soit profondément de lui dans ce film brillant, langagier, où le désir est un jeu de dupes, où le plaisir s'augmente de ne jamais connaître son issue. A l'encontre d'un tel exercice de style, les films de Borzage ne cultivent pas la distance souveraine, mais l'approfondissement dans les déterminations les plus précises, les plus délibérément inscrites au fronton du sujet. L'insistance lui est plus familière que l'ellipse, car le sentiment n'est pas chez lui chose abstraite, mais quintessence d'une sensualité brutale, obscène, dont la violence appelle sa transcendance. Ses acteurs de prédilection sont les plus « physiques » des années trente : Charles Farrell, Spencer Tracy, Dick Powell, Robert Taylor, alors que ses actrices comptent parmi les plus sensuelles que le cinéma américain a connues : Janet Gaynor, Joan Crawford, Dorothy Lamour, Hedy Lamarr. Le sentiment est d'autant plus fort que la chair qu'il transcende est moins soumise et moins résignée, exigeant une jouissance plus pure mais d'abord plus complète. Le mélodrame est croyance absolue dans la véracité de l'image, confiance dans l'apparition et relation votive à ce qu'elle révèle. Son esthétique a profondément à voir avec celle du miracle qui est également représentation hors de laquelle il est impossible de croire : « Il n'est pas possible de croire raisonnablement contre les miracles », écrit Pascal (Pensées, Brunschvicg 815). Street Angel (lAnge de la rue, 1928), l'un des derniers films muets de Borzage, exalte, au-delà de la métaphore de l'ange intercesseur, la dimension clairement votive de son cinéma. L'une des premières scènes voit Gino (Charles Farrell) faire le portrait d'Angela (Janet Gaynor), dont il est follement épris. L'essence spirituelle de leur amour se reconnaît dans la caresse du pinceau qui retient l'image de l'autre pour en rendre éternelle la présence. Mais Gino doit vendre le portrait pour pouvoir les nourrir, alors qu'Angela disparaît, arrêtée pour racolage aux dires d'une traîtresse amie. Gino, à la recherche de nouveaux modèles, la retrouve dans le brouillard et l'entraîne en un lieu dérobé, une église, où il cherche à l'étrangler, mais, au moment du sacrifice, il fait tomber le texte sacré, lève les yeux au ciel et rencontre, dans un nimbe céleste, le portrait d'Angela en madone implorant le pardon de celui qui n'a pas su voir, qui n'a pas su croire. « Un portrait porte absence et présence, plaisir et déplaisir. La réalité exclut absence et déplaisir » (Pascal, Pensées, Brunschvicg 678). Le portrait est bien l'épreuve de vérité, la trace incontournable de l'Esprit. Et l'image par excellence qui interprète le principe du cinéma où se traduit en lumière le corps vivant des acteurs emportés par un mouvement dont le metteur en scène exalte et soutient la ligne. Si pure que soit l'écriture de Borzage, elle n'est en rien désincarnée. Elle tient au contraire à ce qu'il y a de plus prégnant dans le contexte au sein duquel elle s'inscrit. La guerre, la crise économique font partie de ces monuments d'adversité qui délimitent la voie étroite des héros du mélodrame. Seventh Heaven (l'Heure suprême, 1927), A Farewell to Arms (VAdieu au drapeau, 1932), Three Comrades (Trois Camarades, 1938) font de la guerre la nécessité la plus mortelle qui, trahissant la vie, lui redonne le sens d'une révolte radicale dont chaque homme doit tenter de sortir vainqueur en puisant dans l'amour la force de renoncer au destin tout tracé par la catastrophe universelle. Comme la guerre, la crise économique est une situation limite où les hommes se retrouvent dans leur état naturel, dans ce dénuement complet que font mal oublier des richesses accessoires. A cent lieues de toute dénonciation ou de toute analyse politique, Borzage montre l'extrême pauvreté comme la condition d'une intimité avec l'humain, inaccessible autrement. Ainsi, dans Man 's Castle (Ceux de la zone, 1933), la zone des bords de l'Hudson où se réfugient les deux amants est-elle bien davantage que le terrain vague où les exclus de la société viennent cacher leur misère, la plage neutre où s'inversent les valeurs, où le plus démuni peut trouver le bonheur absolu dans la rédemption du pur amour. Par la violence de son traitement, Borzage accentue les contrastes entre les fausses lumières d'une société qui produit ensemble de la richesse et du chômage, et la liberté secrète que seul l'amour peut rendre infinie. La première scène de Man's Castle est en cela saisissante : Spencer Tracy en frac et chapeau claque est assis sur un banc où il donne à manger aux pigeons. Loretta Young vient s'asseoir près de lui. Irrité de cette présence, il lui demande ce qu'elle veut et s'aperçoit qu'elle meurt de faim. Il l'emmène dans un grand restaurant Le velours des regards : Kay Francis et Warren William dans Living on Velvet (Sur le velours), Borzage, 1935. et doit avouer au gérant, à la fin du repas, qu'il n'a pas un sou mais que les clients du restaurant n'aimeraient sûrement pas entendre parler des douze millions de chômeurs dans le pays. L'élégante tenue de soirée n'était que l'uniforme publicitaire d'un autre restaurant dont le nom s'affiche en lettres lumineuses sous le plastron et la cape. Dans la circulation des marchandises, l'homme n'est plus lui-même que la dernière d'entre elles. Quand le mouvement s'accélère, se précipite et s'enraie pour s'effondrer vertigineusement, comme en ce fameux Jeudi noir, tout ce qui ne circule plus est jeté au rebut. Le personnage incarné par Spencer Tracy est pris dans ce mouvement insensé dans lequel il trouve juste sa place. Il faut que le regard de Loretta Young l'arrête et le rive à l'identité de l'amour pour qu'il croie un instant possible d'échapper au devenir de la marchandise. Mais celui qui n'a rien ne peut que se vendre, ou bien voler.
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