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Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development

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Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten WGA GGW 110 Würzburger Geographische Gesellschaft Würzburg Based on demand-side surveys and income multipli- ers, this study analyzes the structure and economic Geographische importance of tourism in two highly frequented protected areas, the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve in Arbeiten Mexico (SKBR) and the Souss-Massa National Park (SMNP) in Morocco. With regional income effects of approximately 1 million USD (SKBR) and approximately 1.9 million USD (SMNP), both the SKBR and the SMNP play important roles for the regional economies in underdeveloped rural regions. Visitor structures are heterogeneous: with regard to planning and marketing of nature-based tourism, protected area managers and political decision-takers are advised put a stronger focus on ecologically and economically attractive visitor groups. Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development ISBN 978-3-95826-000-9 Würzburg University Press Band 110 Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development WÜRZBURGER GEOGRAPHISCHE ARBEITEN Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst Band 110 Die Schriftenreihe Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten wird vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie zusammen mit der Geographischen Gesell- schaft herausgegeben. Die Beiträge umfassen mit wirtschafts-, sozial- und naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsperspektiven die gesamte thematische Bandbreite der Geographie. Der erste Band der Reihe wurde bereits 1953 herausgegeben. Julius Arnegger Protected Areas, the Tourist Bubble and Regional Economic Development Two Case Studies from Mexico and Morocco Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten Herausgegeben vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie der Universität Würzburg in Verbindung mit der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst Schriftleitung R. Klein Dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Philosophische Fakultät I, 2014 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hubert Job, Prof. Dr. Ludger Brenner Impressum Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Würzburg University Press Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg Am Hubland D-97074 Würzburg www.wup.uni-wuerzburg.de © 2014 Würzburg University Press Print on Demand ISSN 0510-9833 (print) ISSN 2194-3656 (online) ISBN 978-3-95826-000-9 (print) ISBN 978-3-95826-001-6 (online) urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100928 This document – excluding the cover – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 DE License (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ The cover page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 DE License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Acknowledgments I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my advisor, Prof. Dr. Hubert Job, for the thoughtful guidance, encouragement and mentorship he provided to me over the past years. Many thanks also go to my co-advisor, Dr. Ludger Brenner, for his invaluable and supportive advice during the research process. I owe a debt of gratitude to all of my colleagues and friends at the universities of Munich and Würzburg, especially Thomas Bläser, Helen Hüttl, Felix Kraus, Prof. Dr. Marius Mayer, Ferdinand Paesler, Dr. Philipp Rodrian, Daniel Schrödl, Gernot Vogt, Julia Wettemann and Dr. Manuel Woltering, for enriching discus- sions, a creative work atmosphere and their unstinting encouragement. Thanks also go to Winfried Weber for providing the maps and other support. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Atmane Hnaka of the University of Agadir for his kind support, as well as my assistants at the University of Agadir for tirelessly conducting interviews over a period of several months. The Moroccan case study was funded by the German International Coopera- tion (GIZ) and the research work in Mexico by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). I am grateful for the support of personnel from both institu- tions, especially to Dr. Hermann Fickinger and Dr. Martin Tampe of GIZ. I would also like to thank the administrations of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve and the Souss-Massa National Park for providing data, contacts and valuable logistical assistance. My parents, Dr. Dorothee and Niklas Arnegger, deserve special thanks for their unconditional support. Finally, I am indebted to my wonderful wife, Karla Ramírez, for her support, encouragement and the sacrifices she made to help me get to this point. Würzburg/Baku, April 2014 Julius Arnegger Content Content ................................................................................................................................. I Figures .................................................................................................................................V Tables ................................................................................................................................ VII Maps .................................................................................................................................VIII Appendix .........................................................................................................................VIII Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................IX Summary ............................................................................................................................XI Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................... XII 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.1 On tourists, bubbles and protected areas .....................................................1 1.2 Current state of research and research objectives ......................................2 1.3 Outline of the dissertation .................................................................................4 2 Tourism development from conceptual perspectives ...................................6 2.1 The Fordist/post-Fordist dialectic ...................................................................6 2.1.1 Fordist modes of production and consumption in tourism .........6 2.1.2 The transition to post-Fordism in the tourism sector .....................8 2.1.3 Post-Fordism, Neo-Fordism and McDonaldization: the tourism industry polyglot .............................................................10 2.1.4 Tourism typologies .................................................................................13 2.2 Approaches describing spatiotemporal patterns of tourism development ........................................................................................16 2.2.1 Butler’s TALC concept ...........................................................................16 2.2.2 Models of spatiotemporal patterns of tourism development in developing countries ..............................................19 2.3 Interim summary ................................................................................................22 3 Sustainable tourism, nature-based tourism, and protected areas ...........24 3.1 The concept of sustainable development and its application in tourism .......................................................................................24 3.1.1 Definition and history of sustainable development .....................24 3.1.2 The application of the concept of sustainability in tourism .......29 3.1.3 Definitions, distinctiveness, and interrelatedness of sustainable, nature-based, eco, and mass tourism ........................34 3.2 Protected areas and tourism ...........................................................................38 3.2.1 Historical overview of the development of area protection ......38 3.2.2 Types of protected areas ........................................................................43 3.2.2.1 IUCN management categories ...............................................43 3.2.2.2 UNESCO’s “Man and the Biosphere” Program ...............44 3.2.2.3 World Heritage Sites .................................................................45 3.2.3 Protected areas and the regional economy ......................................46 3.2.4 Protected areas as destinations and attractions .............................46 3.3 Tourist typologies in nature-based tourism ...............................................51 3.4 Interim summary ................................................................................................53 I 4 Regional contexts: Tourism development, socioeconomic structures and protected areas in the two case study regions ..................54 4.1 Selecting the two case study regions ............................................................54 4.2 Mexican case study: regional context ...........................................................56 4.2.1 Tourism development in Mexico: historical outline .....................56 4.2.2 Socioeconomic profile of Quintana Roo ...........................................60 4.2.3 Spatiotemporal development of tourism in Quintana Roo ........66 4.2.3.1 Cancún ..........................................................................................66 4.2.3.2 Riviera
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