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Advanced Plug-In Electric Vehicle Travel and Charging Behavior Final Report (CARB Contract 12-319 – Funding from CARB and CEC)

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Advanced Plug-In Electric Vehicle Travel and Charging Behavior Final Report (CARB Contract 12-319 – Funding from CARB and CEC) Advanced Plug-in Electric Vehicle Travel and Charging Behavior Final Report (CARB Contract 12-319 – Funding from CARB and CEC) April 10, 2020 Prepared By: Gil Tal, Ph.D. Seshadri Srinivasa Raghavan Vaishnavi Chaitanya Karanam Matthew P. Favetti Katrina May Sutton Jade Motayo Ogunmayin Jae Hyun Lee, Ph.D. Christopher Nitta, Ph.D. Kenneth Kurani, Ph.D. Debapriya Chakraborty, Ph.D. Michael Nicholas, Ph.D. Tom Turrentine, Ph.D. Prepared For: 1 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Preface........................................................................................................................................... 13 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 14 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 15 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 19 2. Background and Research Methods ...................................................................................... 24 2.1. Recruitment and Background Survey ............................................................................ 24 2.2. Logger Installation Process ............................................................................................ 25 2.3. Data Collection and Limitations .................................................................................... 31 2.4. Sampling of the Logged Participant Households ........................................................... 31 2.5. PHEV eVMT Calculation .............................................................................................. 35 Need for Energy Efficiency Ratio .................................................................................. 35 Adjusting for Battery Efficiency .................................................................................... 36 eVMT Before Engine On ............................................................................................... 37 Adjusting for Kinetic Energy ......................................................................................... 37 3. Charging Behavior Based on Survey Data ............................................................................ 39 3.1. Distribution of Charging Behavior Among Survey Respondents .................................. 41 3.2. Potential Factors Related to Charging Behavior: Logistic Regression Model ............... 46 3.2.1. BEV Regression Model .......................................................................................... 48 3.2.2. PHEV Regression Model ........................................................................................ 50 3.2.3. BEV and PHEV Model Results Comparison.......................................................... 51 2 4. Comparative VMT Analysis of PEVs Based on Survey Data ............................................... 54 4.1. Why this difference in estimates? .................................................................................. 58 5. Logger Data: Vehicle Level Analysis ................................................................................... 60 5.1. Data Description ............................................................................................................. 60 5.2. Battery Electric Vehicles Driving .................................................................................. 68 5.2.1. Habitual Driving Distances ..................................................................................... 71 5.3. Battery Electric Vehicle Charging ................................................................................. 79 5.3.1. Habitual Charging Energy ...................................................................................... 88 5.4. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Driving ...................................................... 90 5.4.1. Habitual Driving Distances (HDD) ...................................................................... 100 5.5. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging ................................................................... 102 5.6. Charging Distance Based on GPS Location ................................................................. 107 6. Logger Data: Household Level Analysis............................................................................. 111 6.1. Households with a BEV Only or BEV and ICEV ........................................................ 116 6.2. Households with a PHEV Only or PHEV and ICEV ................................................... 122 6.3. Two-PEV Households: BEV and PHEV Mix .............................................................. 131 6.3.1. Households with a BEV and a PHEV ................................................................... 132 6.3.2. Households with an ICEV, BEV, and PHEV ....................................................... 134 6.4. UF and GHG Profile .................................................................................................... 136 6.5. Additional ICE Usage Metrics ..................................................................................... 141 6.5.1. Average Annual ICE VMT ................................................................................... 142 6.5.2. ICE Usage for Long Distance Travel (LDT) ........................................................ 143 6.6. PEV Used for Commuting ........................................................................................... 147 7. Regional Level Analysis ...................................................................................................... 149 8. Interview summary .............................................................................................................. 153 3 8.1. Interviews Discussion .................................................................................................. 154 8.2. Learning and Non-Learning ......................................................................................... 155 8.3. “Use Less Gasoline”..................................................................................................... 156 8.4. Incentives ..................................................................................................................... 157 8.5. Behavioral Outcomes by Vehicle Types ...................................................................... 157 9. Engine Starts Analysis ......................................................................................................... 159 9.1. Cold Starts .................................................................................................................... 159 9.2. Proportion of Days with Engine Starts ......................................................................... 160 9.3. Engine Start Event Description .................................................................................... 161 9.4. Travel Conditions at Engine Start ................................................................................ 162 9.4.1. SOC at Engine Start .............................................................................................. 163 9.4.2. Maximum Estimated Power Requirement before Engine Start ............................ 164 9.4.3. Catalyst Temperature before Engine Start ............................................................ 165 9.4.4. Engine Soak Time ................................................................................................. 166 9.5. Engine Starts Discussion .............................................................................................. 172 10. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 174 11. Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 177 12. Research Papers Based on the Collected Data ................................................................. 178 13. References ........................................................................................................................ 179 Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire ............................................................................................ 184 4 Table of Figures Figure 1. Overview of Number of Logger Installations During Each Phase of the Project ........ 28 Figure 2. Specific Numbers of Logger Installations in Different PEV Models (new vs. used) .. 28 Figure 3. Home and Daytime Charging Locations 2015-2018 .................................................... 30 Figure 4. Distribution of Household Income Among Survey and Logged Households .............. 34 Figure 5. Distrubution of Household Size and Number of Vehicles .......................................... 34 Figure 6. Charging Behavior
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