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New Approaches to Understanding Travel Behavior NATIONAL COOPERATIVE Mm HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NEW APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH B0ARI3 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1982 Officers Chairman DARRELL V MANNING, Dirccror, Idaho Transporlaliun Department Vice Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco Bay Area Secretary THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director, Transportation Researcit Board Members RAY A. BARNHART, Federal Highway Administrator. U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President for Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex officio) J. LYNN HELMS, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) THOMAS D. LARSON, Secretary of Transportation. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (ex officio. Past Chairman 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Urban Mass Transportation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio. Past Chairman 1980) GEORGE J. BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (Florida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President and Chief Executive Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of Transportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President. American Public Transit Association MARK G GOODE, Engineer-Director, Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation WILLIAM C. HENNESSY, Commissioner of Transportation, New York State Department of Transportation LESTER A. HOEL, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia MARVIN L. MANHEIM, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FUJIO MATSUDA,/'rfii</en/, University of Hawaii DANIEL T. MURPHY, County Executive, Oakland County Courthouse. Michigan ROLAND A. OUELLETTE, Director of Transportation Affairs, General Motors Corporation RICHARD S. PAGE, General Manager, Washington (D.C.) Metropolitan Area Transit Authority MILTON PIKARSKY. Director of Transportation Research. Illinois Institute of Technology GUERDON S. SINES, Vice President. Information and Control Systems, Missouri Pacific Railroad JOHN E. STEINER, Vice President, Corporate Product Development, The Boeing Company RICHARD A. V/ARD. Director-Chief Engineer, Oklahoma Department of Transportation NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP DARRELL V MANNING, Idaho Transp. Dept. (Chairman) RAY A. BARNHART, U.S. Dept. of Transp. LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Metropolitan Transp. Commission, San Francisco Bay Area THOMAS D. LARSON,/'cnni-.v/iomn Dept. of Trans. FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Amer. Assn. State Hwy. & Transp. Officials THOMAS B. DEEN. Transportation Research Board Field of Transportation Planning Area of Forecasting Project Panel, B8-14A DAVID T. HARTGEN, New York Dept. of Transportation (Chairman) RAY LAPPEGAARD, J. L. Shiely Company ARISTIDE BICIUNAS, Chicago Area Transportation Study JOSEPH B. MARGOLIN, George Washington University PAT BURNETT, Consultant PETER R. STOPHER, Schimpeler-Corradino Associates RICARDO DOBSON, Consultant CARL N. SWERDLOFF, U.S. Department of Transportation KENNETH DVEKER, Portland Slate University EDWARD WEINER, U.S. Department of Transportation DAVID J. DUNLAP, Baltimore Regional Planning Council DAVID S. GENDELL, Federal Highway Administration ROBERT K. EULER, Consultant MARY-LYNN TISCHER, Federal Highway Administration THOMAS F. GOLOB, Consultant JAMES A. SCOTT, Transportation Research Board JOHN HAVENS, Boston College W. CAMPBELL GRAEUB, Transportation Research Board Program Staff KRIEGER W. HENDERSON. JR., Director, Cooperative Research Programs ROBERT J. REILLY, Projects Engineer LOUIS M. MACGREGOR, Administrative Engineer HARRY A. SMITH,/'ro>crj Engineer CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Projects Engineer ROBERT E. SPICHER, Projects Engineer R. IAN KINGHAM, Projects Engineer HELEN MACK, Editor NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NEW APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR PETER M. ALLAMAN, TIMOTHY J. TARDIFF AND FREDERICK C. DUNBAR Charles River Associates Incorporated Boston, Massachusetts RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS IN COOPERATION WITH THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION AREAS OF INTEREST PLANNING FORECASTING (HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION) (PUBLIC TRANSIT) NAS-NAE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NOV i' 18S2 WASHINGTON, DC SEPTEMBER 1982 LIBRARY rev NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP REPORT 250 Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effec• Project 8-14A FY '77 tive approach to the solution of many problems facmg high• ISSN 0077-5614 way administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems ISBN 0-309-03420-5 are of local interest and can best be studied by highway L C Catalog Card No 82-61998 departments individually or m cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of Price: $10.00 highway transportation develops increasingly complex prob• NOTICE lems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of coopera• The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooper• ative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research tive research. Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of Council, acting in behalf of the National Academy of Sciences Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of the Amencan Association of State Highway and Transporta• naUonal importance and appropnate with respect to both the purposes and tion Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway resources of the National Research Council research program employing modem scientific techniques The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropnate to the project The from participating member states of the Association and it opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency receives the fiill cooperation and support of the Federal that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropnate by the technical committee, they are not necessanly those of the Trans• Highway Administration, United States Department of portation Research Board, the National Research Council, the National Transportation. Academy of Sciences, or the program sponsors The Transportation Research Board of the National Re• Each report is reviewed and processed according to procedures established and monitored by the Report Review Committee of the National Aceidemy of Sci• search Council was requested by the Association to ad- ences Distnbution of the report is approved by the President of the Academy nunister the research program because of the Board's recog• upon satisfactory completion of the review process nized objectivity and understanding of modem research The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and tech• practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as: nology with the Academy's purposes of furthenng knowledge and of advising it maintains an extensive committee stmcture from which the Federal Government The Council operates in accordance with general authorities on any highway transportation subject may be pohcies determined by the Academy under the authonty of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a pnvate, nonprofit, self- drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooper• governing membership corporation The Council has become the pnncipal ation with federal, state, and local govemmental agencies, operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineenng in the conduct of their services to the government, universities, and industry; its relationship to its parent orga• the public, and the scientific and engineenng communities It is administered nization, the National Academy of Sciences, a pnvate, non• jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine The National Acad• profit institution, is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains emy of Engineenng and the Institute of Medicine were estabhshed in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway The Transportation Research Board evolved from
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