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Aalborg Universitet Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question Aalborg Universitet Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question - The Cases of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Thailand Kanstrup-Jensen, Annette Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Kanstrup-Jensen, A. (2007). Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question - The Cases of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Institut for Historie, Internationale Studier og Samfundsforhold, Aalborg Universitet. Spirit PhD Series No. 10 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? 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Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: October 04, 2021 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Fibigerstraede 2-97 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 7195 Fax: +45 9635 0044 Mail: [email protected] Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question – The Cases of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand Annette Kanstrup -Jensen SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 10 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2007 Annette Kanstrup-Jensen Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question – The Cases of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD 10 ISSN 1903-7783 Published by SPIRIT & Department of History, International and Social Studies Aalborg University Distribution Download as PDF on http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Front page lay-out Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat SPIRIT Fibigerstraede 2, room 97 Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark Tel. + 45 9940 7195 Fax. + 45 9635 0044 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Development Theory and the Ethnicity Question – The Cases of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand PhD Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences, Aalborg University, 2006 Annette Kanstrup-Jensen ” Have you come to ask me, normally they come and tell us what to do?” (Mr. Sohtou, Village Chief, Ban Houaytoumay, Lao PDR) Preface and Structure of the Dissertation Acknowledgements In the Lao PDR the villagers in Ban Houaytoumai and Ban Denkang made it possible for me to enlarge my knowledge on indigenous learning by letting me be more than a guest in terms of involving me in cultural activities. I would like to thank Nang Nang (Akha) and Miss. Amphai Khamla for being in charge of the interviews and translation in Ban Houaytoumai and good company at the NCA project site. Nang Bounmee should be praised for her helpfulness and hospitality and also thanks to Mr. Bountavie for facilitating the interviews in Ban Denkang. I thank Mr. Kongchy Yeayang (Hmong) for his great interest in the research in connection with interviewing as well as for translation, as well as Mr. Vanthong Petdouangsi (Akha) for his efforts in translating the Akha concepts into Lao language. My sincere thanks go to my friend and former colleague Mrs. Minavanh Pholsena for her assistance in all phases of the project. Her knowledge of European academic tradition combined with her extended experience within development issues from her own country as well as her cultural sensitivity and politeness has been of inestimable value for the research. I would also like to thank Mr. Sompong Pholsena for his impeccable translations from Lao into English. Dr. Arthur Crisfield has been most helpful in bringing me up to date concerning innovative education projects in the country throughout the whole process. I would also like to express my thanks to economist Dr. Richard Noonan for keeping me abreast with the national development plans for ethnic minorities and for sharing his insight with me. Deputy Director of General Education at the Ministry of Education and Vice Chairman of the Basic Education (Girls) Project, Ms. Khanthaly Siriphongphanh should be thanked for taking time out for me during a very busy period. The whole research project would not have been feasible had it not been for the support from Norwegian Church Aid, Lao PDR for taking me on as a consultant. I would like to express my sincere thanks to everybody at the Head Office in Vientiane as well as all local and expatriate staff at the NCA project site in Muong Long. In Thailand this study has been made in collaboration with the villagers in Ban Mae Chan Tai (Akha) and Ban Hmong Hua Mae Kam who welcomed me heartily. A most special thank to Head of Educational Promotion Section Achan Damri Janapiraganit, Non-formal Education Center in Chiang Rai, without whose assistance this study would not have been possible. I would like to thank Director Mr. Sanong Tangchoo, NFE Service Center, Mae Suai District for good co-operation. The volunteer teachers Ms. Kullanat Namphet, Mr. Pitak Phomlom and Mr. Direk Wanmee and librarian Ms. Praiwan Meewang facilitated my work in the village and worked hard during weekends translating the interviews. I would like to express my sincere thanks for their assistance and good companionship. The teacher in the Community Learning Center in Ban Mae Chan Tai, Mr. Jarin Wannarak, who took care of us has my deepest respect and admiration. Literacy teacher Ms. Boubah Laecheukou and Mr. Opat Phlatompahnakhun both acted as interviewers in Akha language with indefatigable enthusiasm and made the work easy and enjoyable, their efforts cannot be praised enough. Thanks also to Ms. Pahnee Geuseuh who assisted the translation team during the second visit to the village in 2001. Likewise I would like to thank the Community Learning Center teacher Mr. Nathawat Kankep in Ban Hmong Hua Mae Kam for his engagement in the talks with villagers and for creating a pleasant and relaxed Preface and Structure of the Dissertation atmosphere. The Hmong interviewers Ms Pohsuah Saelih and Mr. Koh Saehlao carried out their job with great ardeur both during our stay in villages and not least during the translation weekends. My sincere thanks to Mr.Worapon Toopmongkol, Chiang Rai Translation Service, for his seriousness and willingness both during translation weekends and the last week in Ban Hmong Hua Mae Kam. Also many thanks to free lance translator Mr. Titisak Klankanboon for assisting us with short notice. In connection with the empirical research in Thailand I would finally like to thank Director Mr. Jirachai Bourahnaritawee, NFE Service Center, Mae Fa Luang District for facilitating my stay in Ban Hmong Hua Mae Kam. For valuable information on indigenous peoples’s culture in a wider perspective I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Jorni Odochao and Mr. Tahyeah Yohchawitboun (Karen), Mr. Kittisak Ruttanakrajangsri (Yao), Mrs Chutima Morlaeku (Akha) and Mrs. Seewigaa Kittiyoungkoun who has a thorough insight in the Hmong culture. I would like to thank Dr. Leo Alting vonGeusau, founder of the South East Asian Mountain Peoples Culture and Development Research Centre in Chiang Mai. For interesting discussions I express my sincere thanks to the former Director of the Intern Mountain Peoples Education and Culture in Thailand Association, Mr. Prasert Trakarnsuppakorn. I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor, Dr. Jacques Hersh. The confidence and encouragement he has shown me throughout the whole process as well as his constructive criticism has made the work interesting and enhanced my insight in complex development issues. Professor Hersh and his wife, Dr. Ellen Bruhn, have been most supportive during difficult times. All colleagues, including the technical administrative personnel, at the Research Centre on Development and International Relations have been very helpful and supportive, and I thank them all for their encouragement. My second supervisor, Dr. Ken Kampe, Chiang Mai University, should be given special thank for being my teacher in development and mentor for more than a decade as well as for his whip and wisdom in connection with this research project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Associate Professor Omtip Mekrugsawanich, Maejo University, for her moral support and humorous companionship over the years and to both Dr. Kampe and Achan Omtip for their great hospitality in letting me occupy the guesthouse and the Open University facilities for longer periods. River Books publishing house (London and Bangkok) was kind enough to allow me to use photos from Paul and Elaine Lewis’ book Peoples of the Golden Triangle for the cover page. Finally I wish to express my sincere thanks to Ms. Rikke Helene Kasse for her great efforts in editing the layout of the dissertation. Preface and Structure of the Dissertation Preface The current study has been undertaken at the Research Centre on Development and International Relations, Institute for History, International and Social Studies, at the Faculty of Social Sciences Aalborg University, Denmark. In terms of financial support the study has been feasible thanks to funds allocated by the former Council for Development Research (RUF), under the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The motivation for choosing South East Asia as the area of research is my 3 years’ working experience as Education Adviser (1992-94) and Human Resource Development Co-ordinator (1994-95) in the Lao PDR for Norwegian Church Aid Organisation. A requirement of the position was to arrange study trips in the region, especially to Thailand, in order for my Lao colleagues to learn from the Thai experiences concerning human development and education among ethnic groups.
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