Laos Im 20. Jahrhundert: Kolonie Und Königreich, Befreite Zone Und Volksrepublik

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Laos Im 20. Jahrhundert: Kolonie Und Königreich, Befreite Zone Und Volksrepublik Hurnboldt-Universität zu Berlin Philosophische Fakultät III Institut fiir Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften Südostasien Working Papers Andreas Schneider Laos im 20. Jahrhundert: Kolonie und Königreich, Befreite Zone und Volksrepublik. No. 21 Berlin 2001 Andreas Schneider Laos im 20. Jahrhundert: Kolonie und Königreich, Befreite Zone und Volksrepublik. Berlin 2001 SÜDOSTASIEN Working Papers, ISSN: 1432-2811, are published by the Department of Southeast Asian Studies ofHumboldt-University, Berlin. The Working Papers do not necessarily express the views of the editors or the Institute of Asian and African Studies. Although the editors are responsible for their selection, responsibility for the opinions expressed in the Papers rests with the authors. Any kind ofreproduction without permission is prohibited. I Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I Verzeichnis der Tabellen, Abbildungen und Anlagen 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 3 Vorbemerkungen 5 KURZE HISTORISCHE EINFÜHRUNG 6 1. LAOS VON 1893 BIS ZUM ZWEITEN WELTKRIEG 13 1.1 LAOS ALS TEIL VON FRANZÖSISCH-INooCHlNA 13 1.1.1 Kolonie oder Protektorat? 13 1.1.2 Die französische Kolonialpolitik - 1893 bis 1945 15 2. DIE ENTWICKLUNG VOM ZWEITEN WELTKRIEG BIS 1954 IN LAOS .. ...30 2.1 DAS NATIONALE ERWACHEN UND DAS STREBEN NACH UNABHÄNGIGKEIT - INNERE UND ÄUßERE FAKTOREN. 30 2.2 DIE WURZELN DER LAOTISCHEN REVOLUTIONÄREN VOLKSPARTEI 39 2.3 DIE HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG VON 1945 BIS 1954 45 2.3.1 Die zeitweilige Unabhängigkeit von Frankreich 45 2.3.2 Die Rückkehr der Franzosen und die Rekolonialisierung 49 2.3.3 Die Spaltung und Auflösung der Exilregierung Freies Laos 51 2.3.4 Der antifranzösische Widerstand und die Front Freies Laos 55 3. ZWISCHEN TEILUNG UND WIEDERVEREINIGUNG - LAOS VON 1954 BIS 1975..... 63 3.1 DIE SITUATION NACH DEM GENFER INDOCHlNA-ABKOMMEN 1954. LAOS ZWISCHEN DEN FRONTEN DER WELTPOLITIK 63 3.2 DIE BEFREITE ZONE: NEO LAO HAKSAT UND LAOTISCHE VOLKSPARTEL.. 66 3.3 DIE LAOTISCHE VOLKSPARTEI AUF DEM WEG ZUR MAcHT " 70 3.4 DER DIALOG MIT DER VIENTIANER ZONE UND DIE AMERIKANISIERUNG DES LAOSKONFLIKTES 72 3.5 DIE MACHTÜBERNAHME DURCH DIE LAOTISCHE REVOLUTIONÄRE VOLKSPARTEI 84 4. DIE SUCHE NACH DEM "LAOTISCHEN WEG"-LAOS VON 1975 BIS 2000 88 Historische Einordnung und Periodisierung 88 4. I DIE ENTWICKLUNG IN LAOS BIS 1990. DER AUFBAU DES SOZIALISMUS IN DER VOLKSREPUBLIK 88 4.2 LAOS AM ENDE DES 20. JAHRlIDNDERTS: MARKTWIRTSCHAFT VERSUS SOZIALISMUS 96 4.2.1 Die sozial-ökonomische Entwicklung 97 4.2.2 Wirtschaftsreformen und Öffnungspolitik 106 4.2.3 Die Wirtschaftskrise und die Suche nach einem Ausweg 109 4.2.4 Auslandsinvestitionen und wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit... 114 4.2.5 EntwicklungsZlisammenarbeit 115 4.2.6 Außen- und Innenpolitik 118 4.3 AUSBLICK 124 5. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 127 6. ANLAGEN 146 2 Verzeichnis der Tabellen, Abbildungen und Anlagen TABELLE 1: DER WECHSELKURS DES PIASTERS IM ZEITRAUM VON 1893 BIS 1940 22 TABELLE 2: ANZAHL DER TOURISTEN UND EINNAHMEN AUS DEM TOURISMUS . 105 TABELLE 3: DIE GEGENWÄRTIGE LAOTISCHE REGIERUNG 122 ABBILDUNG 1: LAOS-KARTE 4 ABBILDUNG 2: TIIAT LUANG (GROßE STUPA) IN VIENTIANE 1867 12 ABBILDUNG 3: PRINZPHETSARATH 32 ABBILDUNG 4: VIZEKÖNIG PI-IETSARATH 32 ABBILDUNG 5: PHOUMIVONGVICHIT 41 ABBILDUNG 6: KAYSONE PHOMVlHANE UND PRINz SOUPHANOUVONG . 41 ABBILDUNG 7: SOUPHANOUVONG UND Ho CHI MINr-r 43 ABBILDUNG 8: KÖNIG SISAVANGVONG 47 ABBILDUNG 9: KöNIG SRI SAVANG VATTI-lANA 47 ABBILDUNG 10: DIE WIDERSTANDSREGIERUNG DER NU 1950 58 ABBILDUNG 11: SOUPHANOUVONG UND FüHRER DER ETHNISCHEN MINDERHEITEN 62 ABBILDUNG 12: DAS DREI-PRINZEN-TREFFEN 78 ABBILDUNG 13: DIE GEGENWÄRTlGE LAOTISCHE FÜHRUNG 123 ANLAGE 1: DIE ETHNISCHE ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER LAOTISCHEN BEVÖLKERUNG 146 ANLAGE 2: DAS 12-PUNKTE-PROGRAMM DER NEO LAO ITSALA 148 ANLAGE 3: DAS 12-PUNKTE PROGRAMM DER NEOLAO HAKSAT VON 1956 149 ANLAGE 4: AUSZÜGE AUS DER VERFASSUNG DER DVR LAOS VOM 14.8.1991 150 ANLAGE 5: PERSONENREGISTER ZU AUSGEWÄHLTEN HISTORISCHEN PERSÖNLICHKEITEN 151 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ADB Asian Development Bank AOM Centre des Archives d'Outre Mer, Aix-en-Provence ASEAN Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations BIP Bruttoinlandsprodukt (gross domestic product) BSP Bruttosozialprodukt (gross national product) CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPC Committee for Planning and Cooperation (Komitee fur Planung und Zusammenarbeit) DRV Demokratische Republik Vietnam DVR Laos Demokratische Volksrepublik Laos (aktuelle Bezeichnung) KPI Kommunistische Partei Indochinas LRVP Laotische Revolutionäre Volkspartei LVP Laotische Volkspartei NEM New Economic Mechanism (Neuer Wirtschaftsmechanismus) NLH Neo Lao Haksat (patriotische Front von Laos) NLI Neo Lao Itsala (Front Freies Laos) NÖP Neue Ökonomische Politik OVV Oberste Volksversammlung (Parlament der VDRLaos) SRV Sozialistische Republik Vietnam UNO Organisation der Vereinten Nationen US-AID United States Agency for International Development USD US Dollar USIS United States Information Service USOM United States Operations Mission VDR Laos Volksdemokratische Republik Laos (Bezeichnung in der DDR) UN Vereinte Nationen ZK Zentralkomitee 4 Karte der DVR Laos Abbildung 1: Laos-Karte VOLKSREPUBliK CHINA VIETNAM THAILAND c)O 1()0: .150 200: 2St}" KAMBODSCHA •, [I' 1 'KM LAOS Stadt 100,000 Einwohnern .~.~.. ...... Fluß o mit bis zu • Stadt mit 100,000 250,000 Einwohnern VIENTIANE Hauptstadt •• Stadt mit 250,000 500.000 Einwohnern ;z ws Staatsgrenze Chmnpon Sangchom 5 Vorbemerkungen Die vorliegende Publikation gliedert sich in vier Kapitel, in denen die historischen Hauptent­ wicklungslinien von 1893 bis 2000 dargestellt werden. Die Darstellung der laotischen Ge­ schichte im 20. Jahrhundert ist ein erweiteter, überarbeiteter und aktualisierter Teil meiner im Peter Lang-Verlag erschienen Dissertationsschriftl Die Betrachtung der historischen Grundli­ nien, die entsprechend den relevanten Entwicklungsphasen periodisiert wird, steht in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der äußeren Abhängigkeit des Landes, beginnend mit der französi• schen Kolonialzeit, dem amerikanischen Einfluß auf das Königreich, gefolgt von der sowje­ tisch geprägten sozialistischen Entwicklung bis hin zur chinesich-vietnamesisch beeinflußten und international finanzierten Marktwirtschaft. In der historischen Einfuhrung wird die Ge­ schichte vor 1893 kurz zusammengefaßt. Das erste Kapitel behandelt die Entwicklung vom Beginn der französischen Kolonialzeit im Jahre 1893 bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg. Das zweite Kapitel stellt die Nachkriegsentwicklung bis 1954, dem Ende der französischen Vorherrschaft über Indochina, dar. Dieser Zeitabschnitt hebt sich deutlich von der Entwicklung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg ab, so daß er fur die histo­ rische Betrachtung gesondert untersucht wird. Diese Periode wurde sehr wesentlich durch die innerlaotischen Auseinandersetzungen auf der Suche nach Wegen in die Unabhängigkeit ge­ prägt, woraus sich wiederum relevante historische Veränderungen ergaben. In den ersten bei­ den Kapiteln werden vor allem französische und laotische Originalquellen und Statistiken ausgewertet. Das dritte Kapitel, das die Zeit zwischen Teilung und Wiedervereinigung von 1954 bis 1975 umfaßt, analysiert den Wandel im Königreich Laos, in heutigen laotischen Ab­ handlungen als Vientianer Zone bezeichnet, und in der Befreiten Zone. Über die Entwicklung in der Befreiten Zone ist bis heute wenig bekannt. Die Quellen1age ist dazu relativ schlecht. Die wenigen vorhandenen laotischen Originalquellen sind in dieser Arbeit berücksichtigt. Das vierte Kapitel bezieht sich auf die Entwicklung von 1975 bis heute. Es reflektiert die aktuelle laotische Sicht der Geschichtsbetrachtung und geht auf die gegenwärtigen Entwicklungspro­ bleme des Landes, gefolgt von einem Ausblick im Kontext der Entwicklungstrends des Jahres 2000, ein. Vor allem im letzten Abschnitt werden alle aktuell zugänglichen laotischen Quellen einbezogen. Der Großteil der sich mit Laos in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts be­ schäftigenden Autoren bezieht sich weitgehend auf englisch-, französisch- oder russischspra­ chige Sekundärquellen. Laotische Dokumente und Quellen werden kaum berücksichtigt. Auf­ grund der Mentalität, sich nur ungern schriftlich festzulegen, werden in dieser Untersuchung auch Interviews mit Laoten als notwendige und ergänzende Methode zur Aufarbeitung der jüngsten Geschichte herangezogen. 1 Die Dissertation erschien unter dem Titel: Schneider, Andreas, Laos: Geschichte, Bildung5wesen und Human­ kapitalentwicklung im 20. Jahrhundert. Untersuchungen zur personellen Entlf-'icklungszusammenarbeit am Beispiel der Reintegration laotischer Absolventen deutscher Bildungseinrichtungen. FrankfurtJM., Berlin, Bern, BruxeIles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2000. Europäische Hochschulschriften: Reihe 3, Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften. Bd. 883 (ISBN 3-631-36381-8). 6 Kurze historische Eiuführung Die wenigen Angaben über die die Wissenschaft bis heute verfugt, lassen kein vollständiges Bild über das Leben der Ureinwohner im gegenwärtigen Staatsterritorium von Laos und Thai­ land zu. Die ethnischen Lao (Laoteni bilden heute die Grundbevölkerung in Laos und die ethnischen Thais die Grundbevölkerung von Thailand. Laotischen und thailändischen Histori­ ker stehen in einer Art Konkurrenz, die mit der politischen Implikation und Perzeption der eigenen Identitätsfindung zusammenhängen sowie der Suche nach deren Ursprung und histo­ rischen Ablauf Im Kontext der asiatischen Geschichte, speziell der Geschichte Südostasiens, sind die Erkenntnismöglichkeiten, mit Ausnahme der Neuesten Zeit sehr kompliziert und schwierig, weil es nur wenige
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