Thematic Interpretation Plan

Savannakhet Province ’s Democratic Republic

GMS-Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Lao PDR Lao National Tourism Administration

Prepared by: Linda Susan McIntosh, PhD Candidate Thematic Interpretation and Textile Specialist 33 Soi 1 Sukhumvit Road Klongtoey-nua, Wattana What is Thematic Interpretation? Thematic Interpretation is the practice of verbal and non-verbal communication, using illustrated and non-illustrated techniques to present complex subject matter in an interesting and engaging way.

One model of Thematic Interpretation is TORE™ = Thematic, Organized, Relevant, and Enjoyable

“Successful interpretation provokes people to think. Their thinking creates meanings in their own minds. Themes can stay with us, even when we forget the smaller facts that support them. Strong themes stick in our minds, some of them forever”.

Themes, because they are whole ideas, are expressed in the same form as information already stored in our minds. So when we communicate a theme effectively we give visitors something they can readily relate, self-appropriate, and incorporate into their thinking. Themes are ideas not topics: Examples of Themes: An Example of a Topic: • Birds are a fascinating group of animals • Birds because of their special adaptations for flight.

• Native birds everywhere are in a fight for their lives because of overdevelopment and

Having a theme helps us prepare educational and promotional materials. It makes our job a lot easier because with a theme we able to understand what to include and not include in a presentation to visitors.

2 HISTORIC TRAIL - Background

The SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL is a new tour circuit consisting of historic, cultural and natural attractions, situated along the East-West Corridor in , Lao PDR. Development of this circuit is an initiative introduced by the GMS Sustainable Tourism Project (STDP) in Lao PDR. The main goal of the STDP is to contribute to sustainable socioeconomic development of Lao PDR, focusing on poverty reduction, sustainable development, protection of natural and cultural resources, and the prevention of vulnerable populations from exploitation.

Vision:

The SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL will become an internationally known tourist destination that offers authentic, safe and thought-provoking experiences based on the historic, cultural and natural heritage of Savannakhet Province.

Aims:

1. Support the efforts of the Lao government to alleviate poverty be developing tourism along the East-West Corridor in Savannakhet Province. 2. Assist in the conservation of valuable historic, natural and cultural resources 3. Increase income of local residents, especially women, by expanding community- based tourism and local product development 4. Improve services and management of tourist attractions 5. Improve tourism management at provincial, district, and community attractions 6. Improve service, safety, and hygiene standards 7. Enhance private sector participation, investment, and tour operations 8. Increase revenue by extending the average length of a tourist’s stay in Savannakhet Province 9. Diversify the tourism products in Savannakhet Province 10. Establish the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL as an internationally recognized tourist destination

3 Background- Savannakhet Province

Savannakhet Province is located in south-central Lao PDR. With a landmass of 21,774 sq km Savannakhet is the largest province in Lao PDR, sharing borders with (Khammouane and Province as well as two other nations ( and ).

• Northern Border: • Southern Border: • Western Border: Province, Thailand • Eastern Border: Quang Tri and Quang Binh Provinces, Vietnam

Large rivers form several of the province’s boundaries. The River forms the western boundary and the international boundary with Thailand. Parts of Xe Bang Fai River (239 km) that originates in the Annamite Cordillera and Xe Nou River form the border between Khammouane and Savannakhet provinces. The Xe Bang Hieng River (338 km) also begins in the Annamite Cordillera and empties into the Mekong River.

Two National Protected Areas (NPAs) encompass Phuthai and other ethnic settlements in Savannakhet Province. The Phou Xang Hae (Elephant Parade) NPA covers five districts, mainly Vilabouly, Phalanxay, Phine, Xepone, and Atsaphone. The Don Phou Vieng NPA covers parts of three districts: Phine, Xepone, and Nong. In the year 2000 approximately 70 percent of the province was forested, especially lands that fall within the two NPA’s (Chantavong 2003: 44).

Savannakhet Province consists of 15 districts: (formerly Khanthabouly), Xonbouly, Champhone, Songkhone, Atsaphone, Phine, Vilabouly, Xepone, Phalanxay, Xayphouthong, Xaybouly, Outhoumphone, Atsahangthong, Nong, and Thapangthong. As Lao PDRs’ most populous province, it contains approximately 824,000 inhabitants, according to the 2005 National Census. Savannakhet municipality, renamed

4 Kaysone Phomvihane after the country’s first premier in 2006, has a population of over 125,000, making it the most populous town in southern .

The province’s population consists of various ethnic groups. The Lao and Phuthai are the most numerous, consisting of 75 percent of the population. The majority of remaining population belongs to the Katuic sub-branch of the Khmer language family. These include the Bru, Katang, Kui (or Sui), Mankhong (or Makong), So, and Trii. The Katang (population estimate of 107,000), who speak a Central Katuic language of the Mon-Khmer ethno- linguistic family, inhabit Xonbouly, Phine, Nong, and Thapangthong districts (Gordon 2005). Western Katuic speaking groups include the Kui (Sui), Trii, Eastern Bru, So, and Mankhong.

Researchers state that some of these groups are subgroups of one another but there is no consensus. Gordon (2005) states that the So and Mankhong (population of 102,000) compose the same group while the Trii are part of the Bru (69,000 population). However, members of each of these groups consider themselves distinct from each other (Schliesinger 2003b). The Bru and Trii live in Vilabouly, Xepone, and Nong districts. Mankhong villages are found in Xepone and Nong districts.

Other minority groups mainly found in urban areas include Vietnamese, Chinese, and Indian peoples. These groups have played an important role in inter-regional trade over the centuries and continue these roles today.

Pre-History

Little attention has been given to archaeological investigations of Savannakhet Province’s prehistory and early history. Fossilized remains were first uncovered in Xonbouly District by French researchers and a few follow-up studies have unearthed more remains, but additional investigations will certainly provide more information about the area’s prehistory. Locals in Vilabouly District have also found Bronze Age artifacts (Dong Son

5 culture) and ancient copper mines, leading to the conclusion that pre-historic human settlements did exist in this area and were likely involved in the trade of metals.

In the last ten years, some preliminary archaeological surveys have been conducted in Xepone District. Stone tools and ceramic shards found during these surveys suggest people have inhabited this area for centuries or perhaps millennia. The flaked pebble tools and cord-marked pottery are associated with the pan-Southeast Asian Hoabinhian techno- culture. The polished tools point to a post- Hoabinhian period that spans into recorded history. Porcelain shards and some of the tools are trade items. Remnants of terraced agricultural systems include terraced floors arranged in a staircase fashion, diversion dams, ditches cut along the contour to connect the dams to the upper floors, channeled waterways, and evidence of taro planting. These are reminiscent to the systems built by the Malayo- Polynesians of island Southeast Asia. None of the local villagers know who built the stone terraces (and do not know how to construct the terraces) or planted the taro, but recognize that they are very old. In conclusion, the archaeological findings suggest human habitation of area at least 4,000 years ago.

History

The origin myths of both the Lao and Phuthai state that their ancestors came Muang Naa Noi Oi Nuu, which is another name for Muang Thaeng (today north-western Viet Nam), according to the legend of Khun Bulom (Wajuppa 2004). From the vicinity of Muang Thaeng, the Lao-Phuthai migrated westward towards the Nam Ou or Ou River. Moving down the Nam Ou, they reached the Mekong River and then proceeded to settle southward along the Mekong. The Phuthai separated from the Lao and settled in the central and southern region of present-day Laos, far inland from the Mekong River, establishing villages organized under the principality of Muang Vang Ang Kham in present-day Eastern Savannakhet beginning in the early 16th century.

6 Several of the smaller Phuthai muang, such as Phalane, Phine, and Xepone, were situated near or along a historical trade route that began on the coast of the South China Sea and headed west through the Annamite Cordillera towards the Mekong River (Harmand 1997: 215-30, Seidenfeiden 1958: 112, Snit and Breazeale 1988: 1-2). There were three main routes from the South China Sea to inland Southeast Asia, starting at Vinh or Hue and going west across the Annamite Cordillera and following the rivers of the Nam Kading, Xe Bang Fai, and Xe Bang Hieng, for example. Thus, the routes cut through Phuthai territory situated west of the Annamite Cordillera. The Phuthai traded gold, cattle, silk, and forest products along these routes. Many ethnic groups met along this trade route including Burmese, Shan, Chinese, Vietnamese, Siamese, Lao, Phuthai, and other ethnicities.

The first recorded Lao settlement in western Savannakhet Province, Ban Luang Phone Sim, was founded in the 1530s. Legend states that a couple, Luang and Sim, led a group of people to settle near That Ing Hang monument, a religious site erected much earlier by the Khmer peoples of the Sikhottaboune kingdom, who had lived in the area prior to the arrival of the Lao and Phuthai. Ban Phone Sim still exists in its original location. The son of the founders of Ban Phone Sim later established a village on the Mekong River (during the reign of King Sai Setthathirat that later grew to become Muang Tha Hae.

In the late 18th century, Muang Tha Hae expanded onto the right bank of the Mekong. Chao Kinnaree (or Santhakinaree) began building a city opposite of Muang Tha Hae in present- day , Thailand, in 1767 and completed it in 1760. When Siam invaded and defeated the Lao King of in 1778, Chao Kinaree (r. 1770-1804) continued to independently rule over this area but recognized the suzerainty of Siam.

Tha Hae came under French control in 1893 while Mukdahan remained under Siamese suzerainty. The French promoted the administrative status of Muang Tha Hae to that of a province and changed its name to Savannakhet, or land of gold and prosperity, in 1907.

7 Vietnamese bureaucrats were moved into the city of Savannakhet to run the colonial administration.

Savannakhet is important in contemporary Lao history as the birthplace of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic’s first premier and second president, Kaysone Phomvihane. Kaysone was born in 1920 to a Vietnamese father and a Phuthai mother. He went to school in and met . He was one of the co-founders of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party and a leader of the Pathet Lao armed forces. He became the first premier of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in 1975 and became acting President in 1986 when Prince suffered a stroke. Nouhak Phoumsavanh is another national leader (former President) that was raised in the provincial capital.

Historic Sites * Indicates that the site is within a 10km radius of the EWEC Corridor

1. That Ing Hang* Ban That, Kaysone Phomvihane District

Legend states that the Indian king Asoka built this religious monument in 218 Buddhist Era (225 BC) to consecrate a resting spot of the Buddha. The Buddha is said to have rested against a Hang tree after collecting alms in the city of Sikhottaboune, south of the mouth of the Xe Bang Fai River. The Phathat, or funerary reliquary allegedly houses relics of the Lord Buddha - mainly remnants of his spine. Like Phathat Luang in Vientiane and That Sikhottaboune in Tha Khaek, a cloister wall filled with Buddha images surround the monument.

Research suggests that (Pha) That Ing Hang was built in the 6th century CE at about the same time as That Phanom, which is located in present-day , Thailand. When first built, the monument was only a few meters tall. Phathat Sikhottaboune located in Khammouane was also erected at approximately this time. The king who ordered the construction was Soumitrathaamavongsa of the Sikhottaboune Kingdom (or Sri

8 Gotapura) that during the 6th century governed land on both side of the Mekong including the central Mekong river valley and lands north of Vientiane. This was a Mon kingdom with a strong Buddhist connection.

In the 16th century during the reign of King Sai Setthathirat (r. 1551-1571), a new monument was constructed on the site after the Lao arrived here. The present nine-meter tall monument was built in a Lan Xang style in 1930 (2473 BE), and it is likely to have been restored numerous times by previous rulers. The base is square and there are three levels of the monument. The upper level symbolizes a lotus. The outside is decorated with beautifully carved stucco. Women are prohibited from entering the inner sanctum, and its entrance faces east. Important Buddha images are housed inside. These monuments symbolize Mount Meru of Buddhist cosmology, connecting the earth with the heavens.

A weeklong festival is held annually during the first lunar month, usually in December. Activities include paying respect to the Buddha, parades, and festivities. This site is considered the second most holy site in southern Laos.

Home stays are available in nearby Ban Phone Sim, the first recorded Lao settlement in Savannakhet. Visitors can observe indigo dyeing, weaving with hand-spun cotton, and other traditional activities. They can participate in planting rice and go on short trips to the Dong Natad sacred forest.

2. Historic Downtown Savannakhet* Kaysone Phomvihane District

The city of Savannakhet still possesses many examples of traditional Lao and colonial-era architecture. Most of these buildings date from the early twentieth century and include private homes, religious sanctuaries, shop houses, and government offices. Some are examples of Art Deco-style architecture, such as the old theater Lao Chaleun. The JICA EWEC Tourism project has created a brochure with a walking tour of the historic area that includes many interesting sites.

9 Examples of Historic Buildings Include: • Colonial Administrative Buildings: primary and secondary school buildings (Tha Hae School where Kaysone attended class and Sounantha School), provincial hospital, present-day Sala Savanh Guesthouse • Colonial-era residences: Soumpholphakdy House, Si Muang House, Deer House • Talat Yen: a former marketplace, which will be transformed into a local products market • St. Theresa’s Catholic Church

3. Home of Kaysone Phomvihane* Ban Saiyaphoum, Kaysone Phomvihane District

The childhood home of Kaysone Phomvihane was recently renovated to recognize this important person’s role in modern Lao history. It is an excellent example of traditional southern Lao architecture.

4. Vat Saiyaphoum* Ban Saiyaphoum, Kaysone Phomvihane District

Originally established in during 16th century during the reign of Sai Setthathirat, Vat Saiyaphoum has been rebuilt several times, most recently in 1906. Located close to the Mekong River, the temple is the focus of Lao New Year, the Boat Racing Festival and Buddhist Lent celebrations.

5. Savannakhet Provincial Museum (New)* Ban Tha Hae, Kaysone Phomvihane District Open 8am-11.30am, 1.30pm-4pm Mon-Fri, closed Sat-Sun (but may be opened by prior appointment) Established in 1979 within the former French Provincial Governor's house, Savannakhet Provincial Museum once housed an important collection of natural, ethnological, historical and revolutionary artifacts relating to Savannakhet Province and its people. The former museum is now being converted to a hotel, and the museum’s current location is a colonial administrative building under renovation that is scheduled to reopen in September 2009.

10 6. Savannakhet Dinosaur Exhibition Hall* Ban Saiyaphoum, Kaysone Phomvihane District Open 8am-11.30am, 1.30pm-4pm Mon-Fri, closed Sat-Sun Opened in 2000 within the Provincial Science, Technology and Environment Office headquarters, this museum displays many important relics from Savannakhet’s pre-history. In 1936 French geologist Josué Heilman Hoffet discovered deposits of fossilized bones in the region of Ban Tangvai, 120 kilometers east of Savannakhet, including a large femur and a small spinal vertebra of a dinosaur. Before his untimely death during World War II, Hoffet collected a number of other bones from this area, providing convincing evidence that bipedal and quadropedal herbivores, freshwater mollusks, crocodiles and tortoises once existed in Savannakhet. However, no further research was undertaken on this important find until 1990, when a joint Lao-French team not only rediscovered Hoffet’s deposits, but they also uncovered substantial new dinosaur remains in the area. Further joint field research in 1991 and 1992 revealed the well-preserved remains of sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.

7. That Phone Xayphouthong District

This monument honoring the mortal passing of the Buddha was erected in the 16th century during either the reign of King Photthisarat or his son Sai Setthathirat. That Phone is a revered that in Savannakhet Province, and during the full moon of the third lunar, the That Phone Festival is held here.

8. Heuan Hin Ban Dongdokmai, Xayphouthong District

Located some 65 kilometers south of Savannakhet on the banks of the Mekong River, Heuan Hin (‘Stone House’) is believed to have been one of 121 rest houses (sala) constructed by Jayavarman VII (1181-1218). Rest houses were built along the roads of the Khmer empire. The structure is in poor condition and most of the original carvings have been lost.

9. Ho Tay Pidok

11 Nong Lam Chan Temple, Ban Nong Lamchan,

The Ho Tay Pidok still functions as a Buddhist temple library. Originally constructed in the late 18th century, the library was until quite recently in danger of collapse, but was saved in 2004 when the Thai government funded a project to restore this classic example of Lao religious architecture. The Ho Tay Pidok houses a collection of some 4,000 palm-leaf manuscripts.

10. Seno Town*

The name of "Seno" stands for a French abbreviation of four directions: sud (south), est (east), nord (north) and ouest (west). When the French occupied this area, Seno was selected as a garrison town because of its strategic location in the Indochina region. This is understandable because the site is the intersection of Route No. 9 and Route No.13. Remains of the former airstrip and barracks are still visible.

11. That Nang Lao Vilabouly District

This funerary reliquary, or that, houses the remains of a Phuthai princess who was married to Prince Anouvong (r. 1805-1828). The prince sent his wife to govern the local Phuthai people.

12. Prince Souphanouvong Bridge Ban Tat Hay Xe,

Prince Souphanouvong, one of the founders of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party and the first President of the Lao PDR (1975-1986), designed and supervised the construction of this bridge crossing the Xe Bang Hieng River in 1942. The bridge was destroyed by U.S. air raids in 1968, but remnants of the bridge are still scattered on the riverbank.

12 Born in 1909, Prince Souphanouvong was the last child of the Uparat, or Viceroy, Boun Khoung. He attended school in Hanoi and went to study civil engineering in France in 1931. He returned to Indochina in 1937 and was employed by the colonial government as an engineer stationed in Saigon. He was later promoted to oversee the Public Works of the 2nd Annam region in Nha Trang. As head of the technical office in Nha Trang, the prince oversaw the construction of Hwy 14, the hydroelectric power dam in Da Nhin, the bridge crossing Brepok River on Hwy 19, and renovation of Hwy. 13 in Strung Treng, . After 3 years in Nha Trang, he was assigned to the Phine office where he was in charge of the construction of Hwy 23 and the bridge crossing the Xe Bang Hieng.

In 1945 he met with Ho Chi Minh and later joined the Lao Issara movement to fight for Laos’ independence from the French. He arrived with troops in Savannakhet in October 1945 and later moved to Tha Khaek to fight in several battles against the French. With Kaysone Phomvihane, he founded the Lao Freedom Front (Neo Lao Issara), or Pathet Lao, in 1950. He passed away in 1995, and his remains are kept at That Luang, Vientiane.

13. Ho Cho Minh Trail*

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a collection of trails stretching from the North Vietnam to South Vietnam that passed through Laos and Cambodia. During the Second Indochina War or , the trails were the lifeline of Vietnamese and Lao communist forces. The trails were not a single route, but rather a complex maze of truck routes, paths for foot and bicycle traffic, and river transportation systems. An important section passed through present-day Nong District.

14. Lao-Viet Commemorative War Museum (under construction)* Ban Dong, Xepone District

The museum plans to display various battle memorabilia items, such as tanks, guns, bombs and other weapons. It will also feature battle photos of soldiers and local people. Local history experts who have a first-hand appreciation of the fighting that occurred in the Indochina war, especially in Xepone district are being consulted on the design and content

13 of the exhibitions.

Nearby is the site of Lam Seun 719 battle, a decisive battle in the war. It was the only land- battle in Laos that the US Army supported by supplying tanks and other ground support to the Southern Vietnamese troops, who lost the battle with heavy casualties. The battle took place in 1971 on Route 9, thus the name “719”.

15. Dinosaur Footprints * Phalanxay District

Dinosaur footprints can be observed at the Xe Xangsoi riverbed (near Hwy No. 9) when it is exposed during the dry season.

Cultural Sites

There are several important festivals organized in Savannakhet Province. Local people do celebrate other religious and special events but on a smaller, more personal scale.

Large Festivals: 1. Bun That Ing Hang Festival* That Ing hang Festival is held annually in the grounds of That Ing Hang. The festival includes parades, performances of traditional Lao music and dance, sports competitions, and drumming competitions. In recent years an international trade fair has been organized to coincide with the event, featuring products from Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. 2. Bun Pii Mai or New Year Festival* 3. Bun Bang Fai or Rocket Festival (usually coinciding with Phavet Festival)* 4. Bun Auk Phansaa or End of Buddhist Lent Festival* Held to celebrate the end of Buddhist Lent, the nationwide Ok Phansaa Festival starts at dawn on the first day with donations and offerings made at temples. Then in the evening candlelight processions are held at the temples. People pay respects to the river goddess and ancestors, and erase bad luck by launching floats decorated

14 with flowers, incense, money, and candles into the Mekong River or other waterways in a ceremony known as boun lay heua fai. On the following day, boat races are held on the Mekong River.

Phuthai Weaving – Western Savannakhet Laha Villages, Hand-spun and naturally dyed cotton textiles are produced in traditional and modern styles in this group of villages near the Se bang Hieng River. The area is scenic and also contains colonial-style buildings.

Phuthai Weaving – Eastern Savannakhet Ban Nong Kadaeng and surrounding villages, Vilabouly District

Phuthai weavers in the area of the first Phuthai kingdom continue to produce traditional hand-weavings. Both cotton and silk are used. The nearby gold mine, Oxiana-Lan Xang Minerals, promotes the production of traditional products using local knowledge.

Phuthai Traditional Alcoholic Spirits * Ban Non Yang, Phine District Phuthai women brew a traditional rice alcohol, which is available for sale. Some make a special brew infused with herbs.

Textiles of the Mankhong and Related Ethnicities Xepone and Nong Districts Women of the Mankhong, Bru, Trii, and Katang ethnic groups produce distinctive textiles using silk and cotton. Their weavings are special since related Mon-Khmer ethnic groups generally do not have the ability to weave on a frame loom. These weavers have mastered weaving on a frame loom and create highly complex patterns.

Natural Sites

1. Dong Natad Protected Area* Kaysone Phomvihane District

15 The protected area consists of forest and Nong Lom Lake. Hunting and fishing are prohibited in this protected area, but there are opportunities for walking, biking, bird watching, and experiencing traditional life. Bueng Va Lake is nearby. Information on trekking programs is available at the Savannakhet PTD or Savannakhet Eco-guide Service.

2. Kaeng Kabao Rapids Xaybouly District

These rapids are located on the Mekong River, providing a view of the natural environment and local life.

3. Phou Xang Hae NPA* Eastern Savannakhet The area is very rich in fauna and flora. There are opportunities to experience traditional life with several ethnic groups. Information on trekking programs is available at the Savannakhet PTD or Savannakhet Eco-guide Service.

4. Dong Phou Vieng NPA * Eastern Savannakhet Ethnic minority groups live in the NPA in a sustainable manner, producing textiles and other handicrafts. The road linking Phine and Salavan was part of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and is an ideal traveling path for enthusiastic cyclists. Information on trekking programs is available at the Savannakhet PTD or Savannakhet Eco-guide Service.

5. Tad Salen Waterfall Xepone District There are three waterfalls located close to each other and surrounded by dense jungle. The highest waterfall is about 80 m high. The area also used to be a part of historic Chi Minh Trail network. Many craters caused by American bombing can be seen here. Local residents cultivate fruits and coffee here.

6. Three Stone Pillars Vilabouly District

16 Key Audiences

The number of tourist arrivals in Savannakhet Province increased 123% in 2007 due to the completion of the Second Friendship Bridge over the Mekong River in December 2006. In 2007 the total number of foreign tourist arrivals was 430,000. Many of the tourists are in transit between Thailand and Vietnam so spend a relatively short amount of time in the province. The initial goal is to increase the duration of stay from .3 -1 day. In order to increase visitor spending, the STDP will diversify and improve local products for commercial sales.

The May 2009 issue of the JICA East West Economic Corridor Tourism Promotion Project Newsletter reported the results of a tourist satisfaction survey that identifies key audiences for the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL.

1. American and European (60 percent) 2. Thai 3. Vietnamese 4. Other Asian 5. Lao

Length of Stay

Fifty percent of the survey sample reported staying Savannakhet Province 2-3 days.

Twenty percent of the survey sample stays in Savannakhet Province 1 day.

Twenty percent of the survey sample stays in Savannakhet Province 4 days – 1 week.

Fifty percent of the visitors enter Savannakhet Province at the border points of the East West Corridor. In reality it is likely that a very high percentage of total visitors are Thai and

17 Development of Tourist Excursions Along a Themed Trail:

1. Linking Destinations: Attractive Destinations will be highlighted along the EWEC. The more attractive the destinations are the more attractive the trail becomes. There may be a main theme to connect the different sites, for example, as has been done in Central America’s Mayan Routes.

2. Attractiveness of the Trail Itself: The Trail itself may attract visitors, such as the famous Silk Road has done. Both cultural and natural links can be promoted along with the historical links.

Examples of Themed Trails:

Kumano Kodo () • Cultural Attractiveness: Ancient Pilgrimage Road in Japan • Natural Attractiveness: Diverse landscape along the routes leading to the site

Silk Road (Asia) • Cultural Attractiveness: Ancient Trade Route • Natural Attractiveness: Diverse landscape along the route

St. James Way (Scotland) • Cultural Attractiveness: Ancient Pilgrimage Route • Natural Attractiveness: Diverse landscape along the route

For the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL, the attractiveness of the route itself will be promoted along with linking destinations. The modern East West Economic Corridor sits on a historic trade route that linked various cultures over the centuries. At the route’s western end, the downtown area of Savannakhet, formerly known as Tha Hae or the mineral port, consists of many historic buildings from the French colonial period. At the eastern end is a section of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which served as a well-known strategic trail network during the Second Indochina War.

18 Historical and cultural sites along the historic trade route will be highlights of the Trail. The western destinations include the religious monument of That Ing Hang and the colonial administrative buildings mentioned above, St. Theresa’s Catholic Church, the history and dinosaur museums, and historic homes of the nation’s former leaders, such as Kaysone Phomvihane. The Ho Chi Minh Trail, Prince Souphanouvong Bridge at Ban Tat Hay Xe, a commemorative war museum, and the archaeological sites are some of the attraction on the eastern section of the Trail. Opportunities to observe the production of local products, such as traditional textiles and alcoholic beverages will entice visitors to spend more time on the Trail.

The natural attractions will also interest some travelers. Both sections of the Trail contain natural excursions. These include Dong Natad, Phou Xang Hae NPA, Dong Phou Vieng NPA, Sammataek Rapids, and various waterways, including the Xe Bang Hieng and Mekong Rivers. Half-day, 1 day and 2-5 day tours have been planned that include walking, biking, and home-stays. The feasibility of future development of water-based tours and excursions will also be surveyed.

Considerations:

• Increase Benefits at Existing Key Attractions: That Ing Hang and the historic buildings of downtown Savannakhet rank as the most popular sites • Diversification on the Trail: Offer different types of transportation to reach different sections of the Trail: walking, biking, rafting, etc. • Promote individual “ sections” to encourage longer and return visits • Target a wide range of markets: o Domestic, regional, and international o Different age groups o Different spending levels

19 Interpretation Aims

1. The aim of this plan is to develop a range of interpretative products that enhances the tourist experience on the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL. 2. The aim of the plan is to increase the capacity of local stakeholders in private business and public institutions to better manage, market and regulate tourism in Savannakhet Province.

Interpretation Objectives

• To assist in the promotion and marketing of the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL as a national and international destination

• Facilitate safe and responsible tourist experiences along the Trail • Increase tourist satisfaction at existing and new destinations along the Trail • Highlight historic, cultural, and natural assets of the Trail • Promote and encourage ecological and socially responsible behavior at the tourist destinations • Promote and encourage support for the production and marketing of local products • Promote and encourage support of community based tourism along the Trail • Promote and support sustainable use and protection of the attractions along the Trail • Increase the number of visitors and length of stay along the Trail • Increase the amount of money spent per visitor along the Trail by promoting new and existing tourism products and shopping opportunities • Identify and develop new tourism products along the Trail • Provide training in the areas of food safety, hygiene, sanitation, product development, and guiding to local stakeholders • Provide venues to market and sell local products

20 Objectives of Interpretative Products

1. To deliver simple messages explaining complex ideas in Lao, English and possibly other languages by combining photographs and illustrations to complement text 2. To attract domestic, regional, and international visitors to tourist sites along the Trail 3. To suit the needs of domestic, regional, and international visitors 4. To create a sense of pride and ownership among the local stakeholders in regards to their heritage 5. To encourage visitors to interact respectfully with local stakeholders by experiencing the tourist products 6. To enable visitors and locals to have a satisfying experience through their interactions along the Trail

21 Theme - The theme for interpretative products is:

SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL

Messages - SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL Main Message:

Discover the fascinating history of Savannakhet Province

Minor Messages:

Important historical events have occurred in Savannakhet Province.

Savannakhet is the center of a centuries-old, regional trade route.

Ancient civilizations inhabited parts of Savannakhet.

The French colonial government of Indochina established Savannakhet as an important administrative center.

Savannakhet contains a strategic part of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which was a logistical system used by the communist forces of Vietnam and Laos.

The Lam Seun 719 battle was a decisive battle of the Second Indochina War.

Savannakhet was the home of important historical figures, such as Kaysone Phomvihane.

The Prince Souphanouvong Bridge, an example of modern engineering, is an important and picturesque site to visit.

22 That Ing Hang is an important and sacred religious site.

Buddhism plays an integral part of Lao and Phuthai culture.

The Buddhist temple is the center of local life.

Important and interesting festive events occur in Savannakhet.

Savannakhet’s biodiversity is rich and remains pristine in many areas.

You can help sustain the environment by traveling responsibly.

By participating in community-based tourism on the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL, you can contribute to alleviating poverty.

The local products of Savannakhet are distinct and have high value.

By buying local products you enable locals, especially women and members of ethnic minorities, to earn an income.

Savannakhet is a safe and satisfying tourist experience.

Interpretative Products

1. Logo 2. Guidebook(s) 3. Webpage 4. Exterior Signage - Two sizes 5. Brochures 6. Promotional/Marketing Posters 7. Interpretative Panels for the Tourist Information Centers (TIC) and other Locations 8. Tourist Information Centers (TIC) 9. Photo Archive and Informational CD for Tour Operators and Investors

23 1. Logo

A logo cannot say everything, but it should represent the main idea of theme of a product. The SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL logo has been designed to reflect the Trail itself, symbolizing the trade and strategic routes located along and near the modern- day East West Economic Corridor. The establishment of the Trail name and its associated branding is pivotal in marketing the Trail.

Design Considerations:

• Speaks truthfully and positively to the market • Gives credibility to the Trail • Is distinct • Reproduces well in various sizes and formats on screen and in print • Is reproducible in black/white and color • Is visually attractive • Is inspired by the Trail • Is distinctive and distinguishable from other logos

Specific Purpose:

• To create a position within the regional and long haul tourism markets • To provide a symbol and instant visual representation of the Trail • To be distinct from other logos

Tag Line:

A tag line has been developed to describe the Trail’s theme and to fit into a range of promotional and interpretative products.

• Discover the fascinating history of Savannakhet Province

24 Logo Color Palette

The logo’s background color is an indigo blue, reminiscent of the traditional textiles produced in the area. The lettering is white against the indigo background. An undulating line, symbolizing the trail, is in a golden yellow. Golden yellow represents a land rich in gold and history.

Background Color Undulating Line/Trail Color RGB: 0,0122 RGB: 254,226,0

Logo Font: Trajan pro bold .3 pt character spacing

25 2. Guidebook – The Savannakhet Historic Trail

The design and content of The Savannakhet Historic Trail guidebook will be similar in design and layout to the guidebooks that the LNTA-ADB Mekong Tourism Development Project has produced for other provinces, such as A Guide to Luang Prabang. This series is bilingual in English and French. The Savannakhet guide will be translated into Thai, Vietnamese, and Lao in order to reach a larger segment of the key audiences visiting the province.

Specific Purposes:

• Set realistic expectations about the standard of services and facilities to address concerns of target audiences (safety, food, important numbers) • Increase tourist satisfaction when visiting Savannakhet Province • Highlight and increase knowledge about the historical, natural, cultural, and aesthetic assets along the Trail • Encourage appropriate behavior while visiting Savannakhet • Inform visitors about any safety issues, including presence of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in some parts of the province • Promote purchase and use of local products to support poverty alleviation initiatives

Design Considerations: • The Trail Logo appears on the front cover and in the headings of the table of contents page, the first page of each major section, and pages describing the tourist products along the Trail.

26 • Other logos are placed on the backside of the front cover.

Suggested Table of Contents:

• A Message from the Provincial Tourism Office • General Information o Laos o Savannakhet, especially historic elements of the trail • Map of Savannakhet • Information on attractions and “segments” of the Trail • Community-Based Tourism in Savannakhet • Visitor Safety • Important Numbers • Regional Map

Images of important historical sites appear on the front and back covers: • That Ing Hang • Colonial-style Building at Talat Yen • Hi Chi Minh Trail • Bridge at Tat Hay Xe Village

27 Guidebook Cover

21 cm

SPONSOR LOGOS SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL

LARGE IMAGE

LARGE IMAGE AND GRAPHIC

IMAGE IMAGE

Website Addresses

Back cover Front Cover

28 3. Webpage

The development and publication of a simple webpage will increase distribution of information about the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL and related activities to a wide target audience. The webpage will be linked to the websites of the Lao National Tourism Administration and Ecotourism Laos, with a dedicated page on the Trail added to each site.

Examples of webpage addresses: http://www.tourismlaos.gov.la/savannakhethistorictrail.html http://www.ecotourismlaos.com/savannakhethistorictrail.html

Design Considerations: • Include the logo • Simple and easy to read • Broaden the target audience to include the tourist industry, free and independent travelers (FITs), tour group planners and leaders, and potential school groups. • Include downloadable promotional material • Allow for changes or additions to be made Webpage Content: • Provide images and information about Trail sites and products • Provide maps and sample itineraries • Provide links and back links to the LNTA and Ecotourism Laos websites and other related websites • Sponsor logos and the Laos Simply Beautiful logo are placed on the website

Fonts for Webpage: Arial/Verdana/Helvetica are the most utilized standard fonts on the World-Wide Web due to their easy readability. These fonts will be used on the webpage and in other SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL marketing and promotional material.

29 4. Signs

Signs help visitor get to various tourist destinations. Directional signs provide information on the location and distance to a site. Larger, on-site signs present information about the destination that enhances visitor experience.

The design, size, and content of exterior Trail signs will follow the signage design that has already been created by the JICA EWEC Tourism Project. There are two types of exterior signs: small directional and large site information panels. The signs are bilingual: English and Lao.

The SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL exterior signs will also contain the Trail logo. On existing signs, a sticker of this logo can be placed on the top, right quadrant. On new signs, the project logo will be placed in the top right quadrant and the Laos: Simply Beautiful at the bottom left quadrant.

Color Palette of Exterior Sign: White letters on a Brown Background with white edging Brown: RGB# 5b4b58 Dimensions of a Small Directional Sign: Height 40 x Width 120 cm Font on Exterior Signs: Arial

Example of pre- existing color scheme, small directional sign

30 Diagram of Small Exterior Sign

31 Large On-site Signs

The Savannakhet Provincial Tourism Office in conjunction with the JICA East West Economic Corridor Tourism Project has erected large interpretative site panels and tourist destinations along the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL and in other parts of the province. A stylized, traditional Lao roof shields all of the panels from the weather and is visually attractive. The roof design enhances the visitor’s reading experience.

Considerations:

1. A new sign is required at Non Yang Village in Phine District to describe the local lao khao product. 2. Any new or replacement signs will incorporate the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL logo. Stickers with the Trail logo can be placed on existing signs.

A list of the existing exterior signs is provided on the JICA EWEC Tourism Project DVD.

Nalao Sign is the company who manufactured the exterior signs. Contact: 041-214-240

32 5. Brochures

The JICA project has produced a number of brochures highlighting tourist destinations and local products in Savannakhet Province. When reproduced, the A4-sized brochures will include the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL logo, sponsor logos and the Laos: Simply Beautiful logo.

An example of one brochure (Savannakhet Downtown) is shown in this section. Other editions may be obtained from the PTD and JICA project archive. A list of the files attached to the end of this document. Brochures may also be obtained from the JICA East West Economic Corridor Tourism Project website http://savannakhetevents.blogspot.com/

Fonts for Brochures

Title: Franklin Gothic Medium 24 Champhone Subtitle: Franklin Gothic Medium 14 One-Day Tour Circuit from Savannakhet Heading: Franklin Gothic Medium 12 English

#Subheading: Franklin Gothic Medium 10 4. Turtle Lake

Text: Times New Roman 9 This is a natural lake in Ban Donedeng. It is believed that ghosts in the spiritual house protect the turtles in the lake.

One consideration for the Text font is to increase the size to at least 10 pt:

Times New Roman 10 This is a natural lake in Ban Donedeng. It is believed that ghosts in the spiritual house protect the turtles in the lake.

33 Additional brochures will be created to highlight other tourist products on the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL. These may include:

• Prince’ Souphanouvong’s bridge at Tat Hay Xe Village: historical information about Prince, Souphanouvong, the first president of the Lao PDR and the bridge. Details about the village residents and local products are described. The Sammataek rapids and the use of the area by revolutionary leaders. • Food and Handicraft Market at the Talat Yen in Historic Savannakhet. Descriptions of the scheduled festivals and products. • Natural Dyeing and Hand-weaving of Ban Nong Kadaeng Village, Vilabouly District • Traditional Textiles of the Mankong and related groups of Nong District • Herbal Alcohol of Ban Non Yang Village, Phine District • Local Product Market at the Tourist Information Center: Lao Khao of Non Yang Village in Phine District, hand-weavings from Nong Kadaeng Village in Vilabouly District, and crafted wood from Tat Hay Xe Village in Phine District, and hand- weavings from Kaeng Lin Village of Nong District.

Translations of Brochures

Brochures are currently available in four languages: English, Lao, Thai, and Vietnamese. Future brochures will also be provided in four languages when possible.

Existing Brochures: • General Savannakhet Tourism • Downtown Savannakhet • Savannakhet Outskirts • Champhone • Mekong River South • Ho Chi Minh Trail • Handicrafts • Food

34 Example of an existing brochure – Savannakhet Downtown

Backside with a map and suggestion for a walking tour

35 6. Promotional Posters • The JICA East West Economic Corridor Tourism Project has designed a set of promotional posters. The various A3-sized posters feature a tourist destination in full color with “Discover Savannakhet” as the heading, which fits well with the Trail’s proposed tagline “Discover the fascinating history of Savannakhet Province”.

. The name of the site is in four languages (English, Lao, Vietnamese, and Thai).

Considerations: • Include the SAVANNEKHET HISTORIC TRAIL logo when reprinting • Include a short description of the product. The short description may be a minor message • Place the Laos: Simply Beautiful logo in a bottom corner • Add additional logos of sponsors

Specific Purposes:

• To create interest in the Trail tourism products among tourists • To create awareness and promote the sites in tourism offices, border checkpoints, information centers, guesthouses and restaurants Existing Posters:

• That Ing Hang • Hotay Pidok • Historic Downtown • Ho Chi Minh Trail 1 • Ho Chi Minh Trail 2 • Monkey Forest • Laha Cotton

Additional Content for Posters:

• Souphanouvong Bridge at Tat Hay Xe Village and Sammataek Rapids • Weaving of Nong District • Handicrafts of Eastern Savannakhet: wood objects, weaving, and lao khao

36 Example of existing poster

37 7. Interpretative Panels

Design Considerations:

• Include the SAVANNAKHET HISTORICAL TRAIL logo at the top and other logos at the bottom • Include photographic images and illustrations of the panel’s subject matter • Include a small map to the promoted tourist destinations • Include information on responsible tourism • Include webpage address and location of additional information

Specific Purposes:

• To increase awareness of Savannakhet’s historical, cultural, and natural heritage • To display in the Tourist Information Center in Phine District, the Provincial Tourism Department Office in Kaysone Phomvihane District, and other tourist information outlets, such as rest areas and border checkpoints

Proposed Subject Matter of the Interpretative Panels:

1. Introductory Panel to the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL: Outlining history from pre-history, early history, pre-modern history, and modern history of the province. 2. Provincial Map with tourist products and images of promoted site(s) 3. That Ing Hang’s importance as a religious and historic site 4. Kaysone Phomvihane, the father of the Lao PDR, and son of Savannakhet. Include a biography and information on his home as example of traditional southern Lao house 5. Historic Downtown Savannakhet: the beginnings of Savannakhet as a French colonial administrative center. Photos illustrate examples of late 19th and early 20th century architecture. 6. Prince Souphanouvong Bridge at Tat Hay Xe Village. Biography of the prince and information on natural sites and activities in area.

38 7. Ho Chi Minh Trail: Savannakhet contains a strategic part of this logistical system. Provide history and describe importance of trail. Give details of Lam Seun 719 battle. 8. Hand-weaving of Phuthai, Mankhong and other ethnic groups 9. Other Local Products: Lao Khao, wood products, basketry, food 10. Community-based Tourism: describe trekking, home-stay activities and the benefits of participating in community-based tourism. 11. Natural Wonders of Savannakhet: Forests, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, rapids, and biodiversity 12. Other important religious sites: That Phone, Vat Saiyaphoum, Ho Tay Pidok

Dimensions and an Example of an Interpretative Panel

39 8. Tourist Service & Information Center, Phine District

The GMS-STDP will build a tourist information center and local products outlet in the district capital of Phine District. The proposed location is in front of the sports field on the southern side of Hwy No. 9. This site will give visitors an opportunity to collect information about the tourist products along the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL and to buy locally made products. The interpretative panels will be displayed here. There will also be a desk for a staff member and an area for brochures.

Specific Purpose:

To encourage visitation to attractions located on the SAVANNAKHET HISTORIC TRAIL by presenting information in an interesting and thought-provoking manner.

Contents: Tourist Information Center

• Interpretative Panels • Desk for staff member • Brochures • Samples of Products

Concept Drawing of Integrated Tourist Service Center

40 9. Photo Archive

An archive of digital images is provided with this plan. The photographs were taken on the field survey trip from June 8-12, 2009.

The DVD containing the JICA EWEC Tourism Project files also contains a folder of images that have been used in posters and brochures. These may be reused in the Trail’s materials for continuity.

Specific Purposes:

• To facilitate interest in tourist products found along the Trail • To visually illustrate the theme, and main and minor messages of the Trail • To display a themed collection of images related to important tourist products 10. Action Plan

Activities associated with the implementation of the Savannakhet Historic Trail will follow the 6-month rotational action planning process of the GMS Sustainable Tourism Development Project as follows:

Action Plan 1: 1 April 2009 – 30 September 2010 (current planning period)

Action Plan 2: 1 October 2009 – 31 March 2010

Action Plan 3: 1 April 2010 – 30 September 2010

Action Plan 4: 1 October 2010 – 31 March 2011

Action Plan 5: 1 April 2011 – 30 September 2011

Action Plan 6: 1 October 2011 – 31 March 2012

Action Plan 7: 1 April 2012 – 30 September 2012

Action Plan 8: 1 October 2013 – 31 March 2014

41 11. Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation of the Project will occur twice during the 5-year plan. Baseline information will be collected in October 2009, and the second evaluation process will occur in 2013.

Initial Baseline Data Collection: October 2009

Follow-up Evaluation: October 2013

Methods:

1. Number of Visitors entering Savannakhet Province through the international border points 2. Average length of stay 3. Average daily spending 4. Tourist Satisfaction Survey 5. Number of Visitors participating in the PTO’s eco-tours 6. Number of website visits 7. Expenditures at select project-supported sites a. Tourist Information Center in Phine District b. Parking Fees at Tat Hay Xe Village in Muang Phine District c. Food and Handicraft Festivals held at Talat Yen in Kaysone Phomvihane District d. Non Yang Village in Phine District – sales of lao khao alcohol in project- sponsored packaging e. Nong Kadaeng Village in Vilabouly District – sales of naturally-dyed hand- weavings through project sponsored activities f. Kaeng Lin Village in Nong District – sales of hand-woven textiles through project sponsored activities

42 References

The JICA EWEC Tourism Promotion Project was used as a reference for this plan. The websites also contain files of their posters, brochures, and other promotional material.

JICA EWEC Tourism Promotional Website: http://savannakhetevents.blogspot.com

JICA EWEC Tourism Information Website: http://ewectourism.net78.net/index.html

Aymonier, Etienne (2000). Isaan Travels: Northeast Thailand’s Economy in 1883-1884 (trans. Walter E.J. Tipps). Bangkok: White Lotus.

Chantavong, Sompong (2003). “Participatory Forest Management: A Research Study I Savannakhet Province, Laos. In Towards Participatory Forest Management in Laos, Laos Country Report 2003 (pp. 44-54). Japan: Institute for Global Strategies.

Chazee, Laurent (1999). The Peoples of Laos: Rural and Ethnic Diversities. Bangkok: White Lotus.

Cultural Profiles of Laos: www.culturalprofiles.com

Davis, Bertell (). “Preliminary Observations of Archaeological Investigations in Eastern Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces, Lao People’s Democratic Republic.”

Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (ed.) (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Fifteenth Edition. Dallas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/

Grimes, Barbara F., (eds.) (1996). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (13th edition). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Halpern, Joel M., and Kunstadter, Peter (1967). “Laos: Introduction.” In Peter Kunstadter (ed.), Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations. Princeton University Press.

Harmand, Francois-Jules (1997). Laos and the Hilltribes of Indochina. Journeys to the Boloven Plateau, From Bassac to Hue through Laos and to the Origins of the Thai (trans. By Walter E.J. Tipps). Bangkok: White Lotus.

Hayashi, Yukio (1995) Notes on the Inter-Ethnic Relations in History: With Special Reference to the Mon-Khmer Peoples in Southern Laos. Kyoto: Kyoto University.

Hickey, Gerald C. (1982). Sons of the Mountains. Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954. New Haven: Yale.

Lebar, Frank M., Gerald C. Hickey, and John K. Musgrave (1964). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.

43 Provincial Forestry Office (PFO) (2002a). Report on the NBCAs Data Collection. Savannakhet, Lao PDR: PFO.

Provincial Forestry Office (PFO) (2002b). Report on Land Allocation and Stabilization of Shifting Cultivation. Savannakhet, Lao PDR: PFO.

Samai Sutthithaam (2002). Mukdahan. Bangkok: Odeon.

Savannakhet (No Date). Vientiane: National Tourism of Lao PDR.

Schliesinger, Joachim (2003a). Ethnic Groups of Laos. Volume 1. Introduction and Overview. Bangkok: White Lotus.

Schliesinger, Joachim (2003b). Ethnic Groups of Laos. Volume 2. Profile of Austro-Asiatic Speaking Peoples. Bangkok: White Lotus.

Seidenfaden, Erik, “The So and the Puthai,” Journal of the Siam Society, vol. 34, pt. 2: 145-162 (1943).

Snit Smuckarn and Kenneth Breazeale (1988). A Culture in Search of Survival: The Phuan of Thailand and Laos. New Haven: Southeast Asian Studies, Yale University.

State Statistical Centre (1995). Results from the Population Census 1995. Vientiane: State Statistical Centre.

State Statistical Centre (2005). Results from the Population Census 2005. Vientiane: State Statistical Centre.

Wajuppa Tossa (2004). Khun Bulomrajatjirat or Lord Bulomrajathirat. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/LaoLiterature/Lao_traditional_literature/khun_borom.htm

44

List of Files on JICA DVD, Courtesy of JICA East West Economic Corridor Tourism Promotion Project, Savannakhet, Laos

1. Brochures Folder 4. Photos

1. Champhone-1 5. Posters

2. Champhone- 2 1. Downtown

3. Food- 1 2. Ho Chi Minh 1

4. Handicraft- 1 3. Ho Chi Minh 2

5. Mekong South-1 4. Ho Tay Pidok

6. Mekong South-2 5. Monkey Forest

7. Route 9- 1 6. Heuan Hin Stone House

8. Route 9- 2 7. That Ing Hang

9. Savannakhet Outskirts- 1 8. Laha Weaving 10. Savannakhet- 1 11. Savannakhet-2 6. Road Signs Folder 1. Road Sign, Directional 2. Logos Folder 2. Road Sign Photographs

1. JICA white 3. Road Sign Dimensions 2. JICA 3. LNTA 7. Excel File of Road Sign Placement in 4. LNTA new, Black and White Province 5. LNTA new, Color 6. LNTA new, White and Black 7. LNTA new, White Background 8. 1 Red Chili 9. 2 Red Chili 10. 3 Red Chili 3. Maps Folder 1. Champhone 2. Mekong South 3. Province Lao 4. Province Thai 5. Province English 6. Province- pdf

45