A PJrl'ROGRA?HIC STUDY OF THE COLUDt13 A1m :mll.AWAlUI

LIHESTODS IN FRANKLIN A!fD DELAWARE OOUNTIES

A The.l. Presented ln Partial FUlfillment of the Requlrement. tor the Degree Kaster of Sclenoe

B7 CLARElroE VICTOR MOORE, JR.. B.A. The Ohio state UnlVdrsit7 1961

Approved 'b71

Adviser ACltNOWl..EDOY'lmTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge tbe aid and counsel of Dr. Charles H. Summe~aon. of the Department ot Geology, the Oh10 State Unl~er81t7, who suggested thie problem and who supervised the pre~arat1on of the manusoript. The writer is also indebted to Dr. George Koore tor the Iden­ tifioation of certain minerals and to Dr. C. A. Lamey to~ valuable augaeetion8 as to arrange.ent of the text. Thanks are also due the quarry ownerB who gave permls810n to study and oollect samples from their Quarries.

1

878125 CONTEftS Aoknowledpent...... Page ..

Introduction••••••••••••••••••• II ••••••••••••••• II • • • • 1 Statement 01 the pro'lem...... 1 Area co.ered...... 2

Pb7aiogra.ph1•••••••• II.. •• ••• • ••• •• •• ••• • ••• •• •• •• 2 Stratigraphy•••••••••••••••••••••••• II...... 2 General statement...... 2 Columbus limestone...... 3

Delaware liae6~D...... 6

Location ot Seotion...... , scioto quarry BeotloD...... , Dublin quarr7 8eetloD...... 8 Hill Creek section...... 8

Klondlke quar~ aeotlen...... 8

Petrographic Methods Applieable to this Problem••••• 13 Sampling metbod.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Laboratory techniqu•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 PrepAration of insoluble residues••••••••••••• 16 Etching m.thod•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Kloro8copl0 examination•••••••••••••••••••••••••• l' Types ot insoluble residue•••••••••••••••••••• 18 S1lioa••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18

il OO~NTS (cont.) Pas­ Shale aDd 811t ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 Pyrlte . 23 Yo.ell••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Other .in.ral•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 Etched a~rtaeea•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29

Dl.tr1butloDa of Insoluble Residue••••••••••••••••••.. 36 OOBolu.1ona '. • 46 Appendix.. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Keaeured 8eet10D••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46 Reterencea 01\84••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64

lti ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plat. I. Correlation chart of the Columbus and Delaware 1~e5tones••••••••••••••••••••• 10 II. i1". 1. Exposure ot the Scioto quarry eeetion••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 '1g. 2. ExpoQure ot the Dublln quarr, ~ection••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 III. FiS. 1. Expoz:;ure of the Klondike quarry .eotioD••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 IV. Fig. 1. A '7Plcal apealmen ot quartz•••••• 22 FiS- 2. AuthigeniC quartz crystals•••••••• 22 V. Fig. 1. A typical specimen ot pyrit•••••••• 25

Y1S' ~. Specimena of silicified crinoid stems . 25

VI. Fig. 1. s;Jher leal fora.minife:.c'8 and a spiral gastropod•••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Yil' 2. Jragmente of fiah teeth and spores 28 VII. FiS' 1. Etohed apeolmen from zone »••.••• 31 FtC' 2. Etched specimen from upper COlurrlbu8 limestone•••••••••••••••••••••• 31

VIII. Fl~. l. ~tohed s~ecimen from uppex Columbus li.eston••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 Flg. 2. Etched. specimen trom upper ColumbuB lime~~on@ •••••••••••••••••••••• 33

IX. Fii' 1. I: t ened epe c lmen fl'om upper Columbua 1Ime8ton••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 X. Graph of the Scioto quarry section••••••••• 38 XI. Graph ot the Dublin quarry section•••••••• 39 XIX. Graph ot the Klondike quarry section••••• 40 i'Y ILLUSTRATIOBS (cont.) Pase XIII. Graph of tbe Kill Creek section••••••••• 41

71sure 1. Index map at Hldd1e Devonian of Ohio...... 5 2. Kap .howlns colleoting s1t...... ,

• A PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE COLIDlBUS AND DELAWARE LIMESTONES IN FRAllKLllf AND DELAWARE cousrrss

l!T110DQCT;I°1 At the lusseetion of Dr. Charles H. Summerson. a p.t~ographic study of the Columbus and Delaware 11me­

atones has been undertaken. Preltminary etudie. were made with samples colleoted from tbe Harble Clitf quarry. The purpose was twofold: firet, to determine the potential reSUlts of a petro­ graphic study, and second. to work out a satisfaotory

procedure for the two l~estone formations involved. §IAI!.I§1il 01 TI§ Pij01ItB Thia petrographic investigation cODsists primarily ot a study and description of insoluble residues. AD attellpt was made to reoognize the stratigraphic su'bdi­ vie10Ds by use of insoluble residues. Histograms showing tbe peroentage and description of the insoluble residues ••re plotted for the two limeatone formations. It i8 boped tbat the insoluble residue data may be useful 1n

oo~relatini other exposures and subaurface limestones .1th the Columbus and Delaware limestones in Franklin and Delaware Counties. Ettorts were also made to determine the texture and distribution ot insoluble rea1dueo by etohins a number of specimens tram each scction oollected. 1 2 AUA gOYIm The area covered 1s in Franklin and Delaware Ooun­ t1••, extending from Columbus north to Delaware. Th. orisinal and tbe moat intensive work on the Columbus and Delaware 11mestones bas been done in this area; therefore, it was chosen for the first ot several petrographio 8tudies of the.e ltmeston... Samples were COllected from several quarries and stream beds within the area under investigation.

fJ1I§I°P1W:HI The region under discussion 18 in the eastern part ot the Tl11 Plains section of the Central Lowland prov­ IDce. Pleistoaene ice sheet. lett a cOYer ot drift whioh vari•• 1n thickness tram aeveral feet to more than 100 te.t In places. However, the bedrock is exposed 1n quar­ ries, road cut., and along east and west-flowing tribu­ taries of the Sc10to and Olentangy Rivers. Tbis region, whioh 18 part ot the Scloto drainage

~.ln. bas an average relief ot only 36 teet. This gives a relatively level topographic express10n to the surfaco.

§!BATIGRAPBl General Statement The stratigraphic section discussed in this paper 'elongB to the Kiddle Devonian of Ohio and has been Bub· J divided into the Columbus and Delaware limestones and the Olentangy shale. Field and laboratory work was restrioted to the limestone formations. The Middle Devonian 1n cen­ tral Ohio discontormably overlies the Monroe dolomite ot

Silurian age and is dlsconformably overlain by the Ohio shale ot Upper Devonian age.

The Columbus and Delaware l1me~tone5 are expoeed in three belts: the most prominent is a belt ten miles wide, extending through the oenter at the atate from Pickaway County to Lake Erie; a second belt 1s in the Bellefontaine district ot Logan and Chwspaign Counties; a third outs aeross the northwestern COrner of the state in abroad arc. The rocks ot the first and second belts have an aT­ erase easterly dip at 25 teet per mile, whereas those or the third belt bave a gentle northweater.ly dip. (See ttS' 1.)

COLIDmUS LmESTOlm

The Columbus limestone was named by v, \7. lttather 1Jl 18&9 for the limestone encountered While drilling an ar­ tesian well at the State House (Mather, 1859, p. 25.). The orlsinal term included both of the formations known today aa the Columbus and the Delaware l~eetoneB. Later Orton confined the name Columbus to the lower part, which baB a very high lime content. stauffer (1906) made a study ot the Middle Devonian 4 formations and on the basil of tossils and lithology sub­ divided the Columbus and Delaware limestones into zones ranging from A to M. For descriptive convenience, he di­ vided the Oolumbus limeatone into an upper and lower unit (StaUffer, 1911, pp. 25-38.). Westgate (1926. pp. 22-23.) made a stUdy of the Co­ lumbus limestone in Delaware County and found Stauffer'.

ZODes uDreoognizable by anyone unac~ualnted with f08sila.

He therefore divided the COlumbus l~estone into tour parts whiCh can be easily recognized by physical charao­ teristics. Westgate's divisions are as follows: Belle. point member, Stauffer's A and B zonea. Coral layer, Stauffer'. C zone. Spirifer macrothyria. Stauffer's lower R zone; and Klondike member. Stauffer's E to H zone•• The lower 40 feet, whioh includes Stauffer's A, B, and C zones, consists of a brown magnesian limestone con­ taining much bituminouB matter and scattered masses of Iray chert. Cleavage faces of oalcite can be eeen glis­ tening on freshly exposed durfaoes. The beds are massive and irregular. Fossils are usually rare. however. at the top of zone C there is a coral zone which is about four

teet thick where it bas been oD~erved. The upper 65 feet consiets ot crystalline, gray limestone which is ver,y fossiliferous; layers of gray to whit. fossiliferous chert alternating with layers of gray , I •••• _I SfI!W" 0( 0 D' 3't1~S

)f:)OWO 38 N Y'NOA]O b~§

d\1W X30NI

.18 fl .,w

.re .t'

9 6

to brawn limestone oocur in a echert zone N equivalent to zone D of Stauffer; and there are a few thin layers ot iray chert in zone H. The beds are maaoive and regUlar•

. some show a north-south jointing. 'l'b.roughou t the thiok­ ness of the Columbus limestone, stylolites are common, •and there have been several ·smooth layers· reported. The most prominent 1s about nine teet below the top ot

the formation (Orton. le7F~. p. 610.). Two fish... bone beds

marked by aca~tered teeth. plates, and other fish frag­ ments are usually disoernible. The second bone bed 1s u8ually considered to be the top of the Columbus 11me­

stone; however, Westgate (19~3. p. 162.) includes it as

~e base of the overlying Delaware limestone.

The base of the Columbus lhn~stone haa a true basal oonglomerate a tew inches thick made up of water-worn

p.bble~ trom the lower Monroe dolomite. It reats di800n­ tormably on the lower Monroe dolomite of upper Silurian .Ie. The contact between the ColumbuB and the overlying Delaware ie drawn at the top ot the second bone bed. Tbe Columbua l1meatone 1s upper Ulsterian in age and 1- correlated with the Onondaga of New York and the Dun­ d•• ot Kloh1ganon a faunal bas1a.

DXLAWARE LIW3TON:B • The Delaware limestone ~as named by N. H. Winchell in 1874 (pp. 290-302.) tor rocks exposed in quarries in , Dela.ware, Obio. Thie limestone haa a thickneBs of 45 feet in Delaware thinning to 36 teet in the vicinity ot Columbus. In the type area the Delaware limestone 1s blue at the baae, grading upward 1nto a grayish-brown eolor near the top. There are a few layers ot grayish-white and bluish-blaok chert near the top. At the baae there 10 a bed ot blue, limy, soft ahale~vlto a thin parting. The Delaware limestone is thin-bedded throughout. The fauna consiats predouinantly of braohiopoda, peleoypods, and crinoid fragmentsa

~arther aouth the Delaware limestone 10 leas pure.

Here it consiats predominantly of thin-bedded arg111a~ ceOU8, oherty, blue limeatond and caloareous brown ahalee (stauffer, C. R., 1911, p. 22.).

~PCA1IOI 01 SEST~ON§ Samples were collected trom eeotions at the following localities: Scioto quarry. Dublin quarry. K111 Creek. and Klondike quarry (See fig. 2.). The measured seotions are included in tbe appendix. See plate I for the correla­ t10ns of the Columbu5 and Delaware limestones which are based on measured sections. §CIOTO iUAflBI steTIOI

The scioto q~arr7 ot the Karble Clift ~uarr1e8 Com­ 8 pany 1s located west of Colunwue, on the west side of the Sc'.oto niver and Just east of Dublin road (plate II, fig.

1.). The section wa~ taken alon( the center of the west

wall of the ~arry from the quarry floor up to the elacial drift. This section includeu the upper half ot zone E to the lower halt of zone K. Seventy-seven samples were col. lected, 54 from the Columbus limestone and 23 froM the Delav:are limestone. llUBLll "HARRY SECTION

Dublin quarry 1s an abandoned qual~ry on the west bank of the Soioto River e.t the s cut.hern edge of the town

of Dublin (plate II. fig. 2.). The 6~ple6 collected

from. this sec t i on £1.1'0 from zones C to Jr. All of the sam­ ples are from the Columbus limestone. lWJt CRr.;M SECTION The lower part of 'the Columbus limestone is exposed

on the south bank ot 1.Ull Creek jus t east of the iron bridge, 1" mllee west ot Bellepoint in Delaware County. Sixteen samples were collecte4, including two samples of the basal oonglomerate.

19t01IDIltE flU !)fiR! SEC'l':.rO,

The Klondike quarry or the Scioto Li~e and stone Com­ pany i8 locat.d about five miles west of Delaware on the east bank of the Scioto River (plate XII, fig. 1.). start­ ing a tew te.t below a cement bridge, samples were col­ -- 8Z',os-'

----!t!.,:>~

i I~· -r­ i

, - FIGURE 2 LOCAT (ON OF S £ CTIONS STUDIED LEGEND Qv~""y 1 C-....':J s. te SC3./e 500000 1 Col lee t i h ~ Sit e 31v l'd

S3NOJ.S3~11

3~M~13a ~ Sn8~nl0::> 3H.l .:JO NOI.l'3~~O~ at

11

PLATE II

J1S- 1- ~osure of the west wall of the Soioto quarr7- Th. da.hed ltne indioates the Qone~!J.d wbioh ••parat.•• ille Delaware 11meatone abo.,. and the Columbus 1111.­ atoue below. Note the ma••iv.. res­ ular bedding of the Colum'bu.a lilll_sto•• and the thlft. irregular bedding of the Delaware limestone.

Exposure of the Columbus limestone in the DUblin qURJ':r,-. Hr.B. )(001'.'. hand reate on the top of the chert zone. Wote the oblique jointing 1n the upper halt of the expo8ure.

I I i -- _ .-----­

II 31tlld 81 13 lee ted. along a small creek. which entezs the quarry trom the southwest, and along the southwest and northeast walls of the ~uarr7. In all, 70 samples were oollected, from zone B to zone I. It was not always possible to ob­ tain totally unweathered samples along the creek. The Klondike section plus tbe Mill Creek section gives tbe total thickness of toe Columbus limeetone.

PEIROGRtkDHIC IEmODS APlj,tICI\EiE TO THIS PROBLg At each exposure wh.ich was to be stud.led. the aee­ tlon was measured and desoribed, and samples were col­ leoted at orie foot intervals. Keasurements and descrip­ tions followed the usual method. At one toot intervals rock fragments about three inches in diameter were collected to be used in the study of insoluble residues. - About every tive feet, extra sam­ ples were collected for etching teats. Care was taken to make sure that a representative rock sample was oollected and to ascerta1n that the samples were unweathered and uncontam1nated. Each sample was numbered and labeled to correspond to the system used in the notes on the measured section.

:WAllOMTORY ~CHUI9.Ui The laboratory technique consisted of those methods of study applicable to limestones and other high oarbonate 14

PI,A!R III

Flg- 1. The north wall of the Klond1ke quarr7 expo.ing &bout tour teet or the Dela­ ware limestone and part of tbe upper half of the COlumbus limestone. The dash.' l1ne indicates contact ot tbe Columbus and Delaware 11me$tone•• III 31'ild 9t 11 bearing rocks. The procedure 1nvolved the preparation ot insoluble residues and etching of polished surfaces. PREPARATION OF IUSOLUELE rmSIDUES The oolleoted samples were first wQl::ihed and dried as a precaution against contamination. They were th.n cruah­ ed in a mortar and p~stla to size averaging sliGhtly smaller tban that of an acorn. Smaller crusbing was avoided as it might destroy the struoture of tc~ larger residue.. A 25 gram sample of crushed rock ~aa we1g1~d and placed in 250 ml. beaker. and dilute (cammarcial) hy­ drochloric acid was added slowly_ Acid was ad.ded until all effervescenoe had ceased. The 1~soluble residue was then wa.shed a.nd the finer particles whlcn aettlea. slowly we.e poured ott with the wash water into filter paper and saved. The coarse, heavier. insoluble residues were dried and put in appropriatel1' labeled. 25 JDi. vials. The ooara. and fine residues were weighed sepal·,,~t.eljt· and their weights were added t.o ~lve the tQta~ of t~e insoluble res­ idues. Tne samples were then ready for microscopic exam­ ination. ETCHlliG METHOD The etching method used in this investigation la. with slight variation, the same as tha~ used by Lamar

(Lamar, J. E•• 1~50, pp. 1-4.). The specimens of lime­ stone to be etched were cut with a diamond saw and then 17 polished with number 600 aluminum abrasive to obtain a smooth plane surface, S~ecimena were Ulan placed in a glass tray on supports, wi ttl the pLane Jdul'faoe of the specimen pa1'a11e1 to the bottom of the tray, and the tray placed on a level support to prevent the eacaping ga~ from greoving the specimen. A solution of dilute hydro­ ohloric acid waD adced until th~ specimen was suomeried to a depth of one-fourth to one-half inch. The acid was used one part of commercial hydrochloric to five parte of

TIe. tel', The suitable etching period varied. with individ.­ ual e pec Imens and could be detemined onl)' by z'emov1ni the limestone from time to time for observation. After etching was com~leted the specimen wua carefully washed by immersing 1t sevel"al times in a pan 01' 'water to pro­ tect tilt: tiny, protruding, insoluble maf;el'1al from being de2troyed. The sample wa£ then ready for stUdy.

IlSU,08COPIQ YMIIfATIPI Insoluble residues were examined under a binooular microscope except when do~bt or identity aroae; then the p.trog.raphio microscope wa.s used. Tbe residues, being 11ght in color, were sprinkled on blaok carda for study. Descriptions and estimates of the relatlYe amounts of coarse constituents were recorded. Typical minerals and fossila were transferred to oardboard slides and photo­ 18 graphed. Micro-fossils were cemented in cardboard elides with gum tragacanth and eaved for further study.

TYPES OF INSOLUBLE HZSIDUES One hundred and ninety-eight samples ot insoluble residues were exam1ned and described. The insoluble resi­ dues cona1st of the following in decreasing order ot abun­ dance: si11ca 1n a.veral forms, shale or silt. pyrite, micro-roDeila, bar1te. tourmaline, ziroons, glauconite, musoovlte, and sulphur. The last six a~e present only as traces and never exceeding one percent of the total res1­ due. Silioa S1lica 16 the dominant constituent ot the residue and 1s present in every sample. The varieties of s111ca are quartz, ocourr1ng as detrital and seoondary forma. and cryptoorystalline 8i11ca, occurring in the form of Chert. botryoidal maBsea, and silicified fossil fragments.

~uartz constitutes th6 most abundant form of insolu­ ble residue and occurs as indiTldual gra1ns varying in size trom 0.063 mm. to 1.0 Mm. ~uartz 1e present as pri­ mary detrital grains, secondary enlargements, and authi­ genic crystals. Terminations are seldom obuerTed on the primary quartz, whereas the development of te~1nation8 i8 oommon on secondarily enlarged quartz. The primary de­ trital grains have an inorease 1n sphericity with increase 19 in size, the coarEe grain$ ceini well rounded. The grade sizes used are based on the class1fioation by Wentworth (1922, pp. 377-392.). which are: £1ne, 0.063-0.25 mm •• medium. 0.25-0.5 em.; coarse, 0.5-1.0 mm. In most in­ stances the fine and medium a1ze detrital quartz grains have develo~ed secondar, growth (plate IV, fig. 1.), but the coarse grains show no tendency tOl' secondary enlarge­ ment. Secondal'Y gX'owth 1s evident in all stages from tbe detrital grains to the fUlly developed quartz crystals.

SOID"; torm of nucleu$ is commonly defined or inferred in these gl'ains. Authigenic quartz 1s he re defined ae per­ fectly Jeveloped euhedral quartz crystals, olear. untrac­ tuz-ed, ..and having no dist1nguiehable nucleus. Thia fQJ'D1 of quartz is present in only a few of the samples (plate IV. fig. 2.). The average long dimension of the euhedral crystals 1s 0.20 rom. Alternation of silica is relatively common in 80m. samples. The usual transition observed. 1s the develop­ ment of orystalline quartz around the edges of cnalcedon1c masses. In a very few caee& it 1a believed that amor­ phous ailica is surrounded by caalcedony, which in turn has developed crystalline structure. E. ~ethered (1888, p. l~G.) ebsel'ved the same type of t ranaf t10n in hie in­ soluble residue study of Carboniferous :l.imei:ltone. derby (1880, pp. 62-64.) was one of the first to describe this

_____~~.~~__ ~o_ ~J 20 phenomenon. The chert varies ln color from gray to brownish-tan, 1n texture from spongy to smooth. The spongy appearance ls due to casts or 1mpre8sions caused by the solution of oarbonate fossl1s and orystals. Some of the cbert con. tains silicifled fossils or aecondarily developed quartz in vugs. The ohert which was originally large nodules baa been reduced to smaller angular fragments as a result of crushlng in the mortar. The botryoidal masaes occur as chalcedonlc bodies, either singly or attached together, and as fragmentary Masses. Some of these botryoidal masses show the alterna­

tion to quartz whioh was m~ntioned preViously. The spher­ ical bodies are white, concretionary, and in many inetance. bave very amall brown specks imbedded in their outer sur­ faoe. The si1101fied t08811 fragments w111 be discussed under the heading ot Fossils. Sbale and Silt The shale and silts are considered together because of s1milarity after the disaggregatlon which aocampanle8 the acid treatment. They var,y in color from gray to tan or brown. The extremely fine material that became UDoe­ mented because of the acid was separated trom the cemented material. as already mentioned. The remaining masses ot 21

PLATE IV

Fig. 1. A tnlcal specimen, showing unltol'mlty of 81ze and shape ot quartz gralna, (X 5)

Fig. 2. Authigenic quartz orystale (X 8) sample 3-16 trom the 3010\0 quarry section, /\1 31'Jld 23 silts and ahales are oemented wlth bit~1nous material or s11ica. Some of the masses have a spongy texture because of the removal of carbonate. Pyrite The amount of pyrite ranges from leos than 1 percent to 25 percent of the total residue. Pyrite occurs as cubes, cubes modified by pyrltohedrons, and botryoidal masses which range 1n size from extremely fine powder to 50 mm. in length (plate V, tig. 1.). The brown apecke im­ bedded in the ohalcedonio masses are probably pyr1te or limonite altered from pyrite. There are a few examples of pyritized micro-tosclla. Fossile Both macro-and mioro-tossila ocour, the macro-tossila only as fragments. This fragmentary occurrence is due to incomplete silicification and crushing 1n the mortar. All of the macro-fossila are preserved because of replacement by silica. Identification of these f08sils is almost im­ possible; however, they can be recognized as crinoid stems and cups, braohiopoda, bryozoa, and oorals (plate V, f1g. 2.). The micro-foaails consist ot foramin1.t'era. spores and small teeth of fiah. Preservation ot the foraminifera is due to silicification or pyritization. They are spher­ ioal in shape and are fairly well preserved (plate VI, PLAD l'

F1g. 1. A 'botryoidal .a. ot pyrite and pyr1te cub•• mod1f1e4 by pyrltohedroae. (X 5) Sample It-52 from the Klondike quar17 •••t1olh

'ragments of sili01tle4 crinoid atems. (X 4) Sampl.. 5-28 and 5..39 of the Scioto quarr7 lIect10a. I '91.::1

r

/\ 3.L~ld 26 fig, 1.). The identification ot the different form~ will probably be done in the future by Dr. Grace A. stewart. There are alao some obalcedonio, elongated tUbes, hollow in the center, which mayor may not be foraminifera. The spores are from land plants. They are dark brown to black, spher1.cal to olam-like in shape, and hollow. They are probably organic in character. The fish teeth are dark brown to iridescent, have shiny surfaces. and are partleJ.ly hollow. The insoluble e-omposition of the ~/.. .. fe."tk:. was not determined (plate VI, fig. 2.). Other llinerals Other minerals ocourring in the insoluble residues are barite, tourmaline, ziroons. glauconite, limonite, muscovite. and sulphur. Barite and celestite are present

&s white and blue cleavage fragments. To~aline is pres­ ent in small amounts, varying 1n shape from elongated orystals to rounded unorlented bodles and in color from brown to black to pink in reflected light. The rounded and elongated tourmaline are never found together in the same specimen. All of the zircons identified are elon­ sated yellowish-brown crystals which have undergone very little a.brasion. Glauconite occurs as small. light green to dark green masses. Limonite 1s present in many of the aamples 1n minute quantities as stains and altered pyrite. l'lusco'f1te occurs as small flakes averaging 0.05 mm.. aero.s. PLATE VI

Flg. 1. Spherical tOl'm1nitera and a 6p1ral i&S­ tropod. Species unidentit1ed. (X 9) Sample D-13 from the Dublin quarr7 8eet10n.

Fraszen.... ot fish teeth and spores trom land plante. (X ,) Sample S-49 from the 8010to quarr7 a.etton. • • "

I . ~)I.:J ----

1/\ 31 ~ ld 8G

--~------2t Sulphur is present 1n several samples as very small yel­ low masseB. Etched Surface. The etohed surfaces were used to supplement the data obtained from the insoluble residues. Etchlna serves to cive a picture of the texture and distribution of the In­ soluble residues (plates VII, VIII. and IX.). It was found that etched apeolmens from zone B gave a uniform, spongy appearanoe. Thls was beoause of large amounts of flne-iralned sllica which was evenly dispersed. there were few or no unique concentrations of insoluble matter (plate ill, fla. 1.). The a.. erage specimen from zone K, Y, G, and H reyealed concentrations of s111ca and other residue material ln the form of stylolite seams (plate VII. flg. 2.), t08811 replacement (plate VIII, fig. 1 and 2.), and "usa (plate IX, tig_ 1.). The grol.1ndmaas etched uniformly, with the sll1ca proJeoting above U18 surface. Etohed specimens from the Delaware limestone gaye variable results. Some revealed a uniformly etched srounclma.s8 with large nodules of chert remaining unchanged. others gave a SPODIY surface, and atill others gave a a.ooth groundma.8 with local concentrations along oedding planes or as silioified fossils. 30

PLAn VII

Fig. 1. Coaree. spongy. etched surface ahowlng relatively eTen distribution of 1nsol­ uble material. Note the absence at toasl1s. Typical ot etcbed surface. tram the lower Columbus limeatone. Speo~eD .-5. aotUal s1ze.

Fig_ 2. Powdery surface c! etched specimen ahow­ Ing a Qoneentrat1on of insoluble ma­ ter1al alona a Dedding plane. It possibly represents tne beilnnlns stages of a styloliteeeam. SpecfRen 8-3, actual 81.e. 2 'DI.:f

1'81.:1

11/\ 31\1ld

PLAn IX

F1g. 1. 8111c1f1ed toasi1s and s1110a 1n vUla proJect1ng above the etched surtace. Note ailicitied gastropod near tne center ot the specimen. Speoimen D-a4. actual alze. I '~I~

XI 31'1 ld 9Z 36

RIST!UBUT10li OF IJT8OT..!JmtE RESIDUES The seneral distribution of insoluble residues 1s beat shown by graphs_ The ones presented are modifica­ tions of the type L. E. Workman used in hie study or in­ soluble residues tor the Illinois Geological Survey (per­ sonal communication). (Plates Xt XI; XII, and XIII.) The laboratory and microscopic results were plotted graphically by the use ot bare. The length ot the bar. denotes the actual percentage. Wh~never theperoentage was too great to be shown. the bar was broken and the per­ centage indicated by tigures. The left hand aide of the graph showing the total percentage of insoluble residues is subdivided into the coarse and tine fract.ions_ The coarse residues are indi­ cated by sbading. The right hand side of the graph pre­ sents a subdivision of the coartie oonstituents. Dift.r­ ence" in shading indioate tne various residu.es, 'Ml1ch are as follow,,:

~uartz. including both primary and secondary for:aa. S11ica- including silicious tragments; s11icif1ed fossila, and chalcedony. Cbert Shale and ailt- including thoae ahales and silts

Which remained aa masses a8 a result of oementation by bi­ tuminous or other medium.

39~ - GRAPH OF INSOLUBLE RESIDUES DUBLIN QUARRY SECTION COARSE CONSTITUENTS CJ qUARTZ ~ SHAl.E (SILT _ SILICA _ PYRITE c:::J PI HE 2ZI C OARS& rl2'J CHE.RT m M 'SCEL lANEOUS I; TOTAL RESIDue IS D J I~~ 1 ISZ r ? IZ5"?' r': 1 "'0 <,10

PLATE XI

-~------

IIX 31Vld

42 . ware li~estone. Spores from land pl an t s are present in varying fractions from one perc€nt to as much a~ three percent (plate X, S-57 to 8-77.). Pyrite rarely occurs in samples from the SCioto quarry section, but it 10 pres­

ent in the Kl ondi ke qUArry section (plate XII, K-?5. 7~. and ?7.). 3tched aurfaces of specimens from the Delaware

limestone do not add much to the picture pres~nted above as they do not tollow any definite pattern. Some ~~ve a relatively smooth surfaoe with a coating of powdery o11t or chert nodules protruding above the gr oundmas s and others have silicified fosa11s protruding above the sur­ face. There are a number of cha r ac t er i s t i cs of the resi­ due whic h aids in the recognition of the Delaware 11me­ stone. They are: (1) a very high percentage of i nsoluble residue consisting .pr edomi na n t l y of chert and silt; (2) a very low percentage of detrital minerals; (3) a unique occurrence of spores in the Scioto quarry section. The distribution of the Insoluble residue af the up­ per diVision of the ColumbuB limestone is a s tollows: The

insoluble residue peroentage is ve~f low, averaging about eight percent. Samples which do haTe high per cen t ages of

residue can usually be aoc~edited to chert zones or stylo­ lite seams. Of the coarse constituents, quartz I" the moet abundant; but due to B600ndary growth. its diagnoa­ tic value is reduced. However, the great abundance ot -- _ . . - ._- --­

43 quartz, and the occurrence ot tine and coarse detrital grains together in a few a nmples are unique (plate XI, D-5 to D-l?). Silica is the seoond moat abundant con­ stituent of the coarse residue. I t is present as ehalce­ donie concretions and fOS8il fragments. Silicified cri­ noid stems are the most diagnostic of the fossils, oc­ curring frequently in 8 t~ples in zones G and R (plate X, 6-25 to 8-54 and plate XII. K-48 to K-59.). The other detrital and acc~8sory minerals are pyrite, tourmaline. zircons, barite, mica, sulphur, and gl auconi t e . The 00­ currence of these minerals 1s too scattered to be of cor­ relative value, but the fact that most of the tourmaline j and coarse quartz are well rounded la suggestive of much t transportation. The only occurrence of pyrite in the ,)t,

2 i :- I Scioto quarry sectlon 18 In zone H (plate X. 8-47 to S. : ~~.' ; ~ , iI ~ - I 5•• ), but it increases to the north in the Kl ondi ke quar­ ;:., Ii ry section where it occurs in abundance in many of the upper Columbus limestone samples. The occurrenoe of II i' _.J spores in the Scioto quarry section is rare; however. in t :-~ t the Klondike quarry section. there is an unique concen­ ¥ tration of spores ( ~late XII, K-38 to K.49~), Foramin­ ifera and fish teeth have no definite boundaries but oc­ cur sparingly throughout the entire section. The etohed surfaces re~eal a relat1~ely smooth groundmass with con­ centrations of residue material in vugSt replaced t08s118, ;.. 11

I'Iii 44 or along bedding planea. The insoluble residue charac­

teristics which aid in the recognition of the up ~er Co­ lumbus limestone are: (1) the lew percentage of insoluble residue. oonclsting pr edomi nan t l y of qua r t z ; (2) the fre­

, quen t occurrence of ailictried crinoid stems; (3) the in­ creased occurrence of pyrite, especially to the nGrth; (4) the distinctive appearance of the etched surfaces. The gener al distribution of the insoluble residue of the l ower Columbus limestone is as tallows: The average percentage of residue 1s slightly leGs than that for the upper Columbus limestone. The slight difference can be

partially accredited to a total lack of chert and the 00­ currence of very few stylolite seams in the l ower Colum­

bUB limestone. ~ua r t z 15 the most abundant constituent

of the coarse residue and its occurrence 1s like that of the upper Columbus limestone. The quar t z doe s serve as a good marker in zone C where it occurs in large amounts aa fine and coarse grains (plate XII. K-l4 to K-17.). Sil. ica i s again the second most abundant eoarse residue, oc­ curring as silica fragments, chalcedony. and in rare cases as fossil fragments. There are no silicified crinoid stems nor br achi opods present. The detrital and accessory minerals have the same scattered frequency as those of the

upper Columbus l1mestQne. ~here was only one occurrenoe of pyrite (plate XII. K-14.). and one oocurrenoe ot spores ------_._--­

45

(plate XII, ll... 9.). Fish teeth and foraminifera are pres­

ent in mea t of the e ampLea , but have no detinite zone of occurrence. 'rha surfa.ces of the etched specimens show a coarse sponiY texture. This texture 1s diagnostic and 1s useful in separating the upper and lower diVisions or the Columbus limestone. '''he coarse t.ex ture 1s cauned by a. high content of residue which is uniformly distributed. The lower diVision of the Columbus limestone can be re­ cognized by the follo',.... ing charaoteristics: (1) the very

10'" percentage of residue and the total lacl~ of chert; (2) the diagnostio occurrence of fine and coarse quartz

in zon~ C. (3) the rare occurrence of silicified fossils,

especially crinoid stems and brachiopods; (4) the almost total absence of l?yriee and spores; (5) the distinctive coarse spongy surface of the etched specimens. 46

,COlfgLU§IOliS

There are oertain general oonclusions which can be drawn from the toregoing desoriptions and discussions. These oonolusions are: (1) The Delaware limestone and upper and lower divi­ sions of the Columbus limestone can be recognized by the use of insoluble residues. Further subdiviaions are not poasible at present because of the restricted area under investigation; however. with more lateral oontrol sub­ divisions may be possible. The direction and closeness to source may also be determined when the total Delaware and Columbus limestones have been investigated. (2) The Delaware and Columbus limestones contain mostly authigenic mineI'als. There are some detri tal min­ erals ocourring. such as quartz, tourmaline. mica, and zircon. The general overall fineness of theae detrital minerals and the roundness of the tourmaline and coarse quartz suggest transportation tor great distances. (3) Etohing at the limestone surfaces definitely aids in this investigation. It shows the d1etributlon of the insoluble material and the texture of the lime­ stones. Which together offer added criteria for strati­ graphic division. In considering future work. there are a few sugges­ 47 t10na ·brouGht out b~r the present etudy. They are:

(1) Heavy mjneI'al aeparation is not likely to <1i d in zoning limeetonei. but rr~ ~ive valuable inforrration on relative direotion and distanoe from the source area or a.r-eas , (2) Further investiGa.tion of the character and distribution of micro-fossils may ehed some 116ht on the env1ronment and probably aid in correlation. (3) A more

tnorougll a t udy of the silicious l.'es1due, by use of thin sections, may orfer information as to the depositional environment. 48

A?11tHPIA

DASURED SEOTIONS S010to Quarr7 Seotion The Sc10to quarry is located west at Columbus, on the west side of tne Scioto River. The sect10n was taken along the .~st wall from the glacial drift to the floor of the quarX7. Delaware limeatone fe.t Zone K. Limestone, tan to brown. thin-bedded. oon­ tains abundant orinoid stems and gray chert. Weathered surface 1s gray and rouSh...... 4 Thin-bedded, bluish-brown limestone con­ taining much black chert, in layer. 4 inches thick in place...... 6 Zone J. Argillaceou•• blue to tan. thin-bedded 11mestone interbedded dark brown chert nodules. A strons petrollterouB odor 1s evolved when the 11meetone i8 brok.n...... 9 Zone I. Thin, sbaly. grayish-brown limestone with small amount ot dark brown to black ohert. Oblique Jointing is prominent...... 4 Columbu. limestone Zone H. Fish-bone bed Eluish-gray, fossiliferous limestone oon­ taining layers of fO.8iliferous gray chert, ·49 bedding three Lncnee to t.wo feet. TheI'e are reet three prominent stylolite seamo along which

black bitum.inous r~4tarja~ r~~ been concen .. trated. . • • • • . • • • . . • • • • • .. • . • • . .. • ...... • . • . • • • • •... • 12 Smooth layer Zone G. Gl'ay, denae, f;J;)s11iteI'oue Lime e t one in four-inch to two-foot bade. Stylolite zonee are numerous and distinct••..•••••••••••••••••• 20

Zone F. :ra.Sl3 iva, ~ray 1 imes tone containirlC; abun«

dant brachiopods and other fossils. 8Eve~al

small stylolite seamo alon~ which bitum1nous

m2terial ha~ concentrated...... •

Zone E. ~laasive, gray to tan limestone containing

many foss i1 :f'I'agmen ts of corals. t;.ast rcpcds , and sepa.rated., flat lying valvee of brachia... pods. There are scattered vugs ot bituminous matter and iltylolite seams. Obli'lue jointlni

18 present but may b~ due to blatit1na•••••••••• 18 -" Total '1'1 50

Dublin ~uarr.1 Section

Dublin qUal'ry i~ on the west bank of the Jcioto

:Uver a t the sou t nern edge of the town of Dublin. The

seC t I on Wcl~ taken alona; the nartb. and. wes t wall of the quarl:Y· Columbus limostone feet

Zone G. Thin-bedded, t~n to ~raYf fosailiferou8 limeatone...... 2

;:one F. Suborystalline I t;rl~r limes tone containini

abundant fossils (brachiopods). J~veral small stylolite seams...... 6

Zone E. Tan to ~ray. crJutalline, fossiliferou$ limestone. Abundant brachiopods. pelecypods,

and corals. Cever~l stylolite zones. Obli~uQ Jointini outtinK Bcross zoneu E, F. and G...... ,

Maaelve, gr~y, fossiliferous l~estone. stylolite seams numerous ••••••••••••••••••••••• 11

Zone D. ~hin-bedded,brown limegtone with intsr­ bedded layers of white to tan. fossiliferous ehert•••••• ,., ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Zone C. Limestone. tan to brown. numeroua corals. Referred to aa a truo foss11 coral reef...... 2

Total ~6 '1 Klondike ~u&rry Seoiion

The Klondike ~arr.Y 1a located about tive miles wesi of Delaware on the east bank ot the Scioto River. The section starts at the glacial drift on the northeast alde ot the quarry. Delaware limeatone feet

Zone I. Bluish-gray. slightly argillaceous l~e. stone and a few soattered nodules of ohert..... 4 Columbus limestone Zone H. Fish-bone bed not well-developed in this 10ca11\7·

Dense. blue to tan l~eatone wlth local brown blotches. F08Sils a.re abundant (brachlopocia).... J 8m.ooth layer .aBaiTe, bluish-gray, fossiliferous limeatone.

Becidlng ranges from B ix inchea t a two feet in thickness, interrupted in several places by stylolite seam•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• e

Zone G. Fossiliterous. blue-gr~ limestone interrupted by stylolite seams along wbicb bituminous matter has been concentrated••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Taken along the Bouthwest quarry wall. Limestone, tan, weathers light gray, abundant f08Si18, bedding one to five feet thick. It ia mottled tan in places and contains specks of pyrite. 52 Th.re are several atylolite seams along which teet clay has aocumulated••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Zone F. Massive. gray. foalillterous limestone. The fossl1s which occur predominantly are brachiopod tragments. There are several well­ developed stylolite ••sma...... 5 Zone E. Hassive. gray to tan limestone containing soattered t08s11 fragments. Bedding 18 fr.m two inches to two teet in thlokne.s. Stylolite .eams are numerous. Oblique jointing 1s evident in zones,X, i, G. and H. Six teet of zone E i. above the floor of the quarry, the remainder alODg the small stream whioh enters the quarr7 trom the southwest•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14

Zone D. IHssing. Zone C. Brown to tan It.estone oontaining a few soat­ tered fossl1a, predominantly corals. Hreen sur­ face. have a petrollierous odor••••••••••••••••• 6 Zone B. Dark brown, suga17. mapealan limestone; tosslls are extremely rare. Calcite Cleavage faoea glisten on freshly broken surfaoes. Ia places it becomes light brown with dark brown blotches. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 14

Total 70 83 K111 Creek Seotion The section was taken on the south bank of Mill Creek It miles west of Bell.point. It starts high up on a clitf and continues down to tbe level of the stream. Columbus 11mestone teet Zone B. Mae.iTe. brown. magneaian limestone with large oleavas. taces of caloite sbowing on

freah surfaces. No fossils were obsex~ed. There were occasional streaks ot dark brown toblaok material••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••15

Zone A. A oonglomerate of gr~i.h-blue. water-worn pebbles of Kanro. dolomite in a matrix ot brown limeston•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

Total 16 54

REFFJrENCT:S CITED

Lamar, J. E. (1950) Acid Etching in the Study ot L~••­ atones and Dolomites, Ill. State Geol. BurT. Cir. No. 156, pp. 1-47, 22 figs. Mather, w. 'W. (1659) Report on State House Artesian Well at' Columbus, Ohio. Orton, Edward (1878) Report on the Geology ot FranklIn County, Geol. Sur? of Ohio, Vol. 3, pp. 596-644. Borby, H. C. (1880) On the Structure and Orialn of Non­

calcareous Stratified Rocke, ~uart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 36, Proe., pp. 49.92. Stauffer, C. R. (1909) The Middle Devonian of Obio, Geol. Sun. or Ohio, 4th Series, Bull. 10., PV. 1-204.

(1911) Geology of the Columbus ~uad. rangl., Geol. Sun. ot Ohio. 4th Ser1e8, Bull. 14, pp. 11-50. Wentworth, C. K. (1922) A Scale of Grade and Cla88 Torma of Clastio Sediment., Jour. Geol., Vol. 30, pp. 377-392, 3 f1g8.

~est8ate, L. G. (1926) Geology of Delaware County, Geol. SUrT. ot Ohio, 4th Series, BUll. 30, pp. 1-147. (1933) Bone Bed and CrlnoIda1 land. of the Delaware Limestone of Central Ohio, Geol. Soc. ot Amor., Vol. 44, Bull. Bo. 6, pp. 1161-1172. 6li

RE:fBREliCB SCI'!'FJ) ( e ont. ) Wetbered. E. (lSS8) Insoluble fle.idues Obtained from

Carboniferous Limestone Serie~ ot Clifton, ~uart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 44, pp. 189-198.

Winchell, H. H. (18'4) The De~onian Limestone in Ohio, Geol. BUrT. ot Ohio, Vol. 2, pp. 290-302.