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A Thesis Entitled Geophysical Mapping of Concealed Karst And A Thesis entitled Geophysical Mapping of Concealed Karst and Conduits North of Bellevue, OH by Biniam H. Estifanos Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Geology _________________________________________ Dr. Donald Stierman, Committee Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Richard Becker, Committee Member _________________________________________ Dr. James Martin-Hayden, Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Patricia R. Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2014 Copyright 2014, Biniam H. Estifanos This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Geophysical Mapping of Concealed Karst and Conduits North of Bellevue, OH by Biniam H. Estifanos Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Geology The University of Toledo May 2014 The Bellevue region consists of thin glacio-lacustrine sediments underlain by a succession of Devonian and Silurian evaporites, carbonates and shales. These formations developed intrastratal karst due to dissolution of gypsum which was followed by subsequent collapse of the voids. This is manifested in surface expressions such as sinkholes, dolines, depressions and springs. However, there are also concealed karsts that lack surface expression. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that gravity can delineate subsurface mass deficit and to detect water table variations. The study also tests whether electrical resistivity can detect water table variations and delineate iii underground rivers that flow toward Sandusky bay. Two topographic depressions about 4 km2 and 2 km2 in area were the target of this study. A microgravity survey was carried out at State Route 269, Strecker and Southwest roads while, dipole-dipole electrical resistivity surveys were done at Strecker road, a field north of Strecker road west and Hale road. A total of 346 gravity measurements and 2 km of dipole-dipole electrical resistivity profiles were conducted. A total of nine gravity lows: four on State Route 269, another four at Strecker road and one at Southwest road were delineated. Their maximum amplitude ranges between -0.075 and -0.26 mGal. The gravity lows are associated with topographic lows. The volume of the void space was calculated from the negative 3 residual gravity and it ranges between 0.12 and 0.69 km depending on the density of the infill material. At Strecker road, the dipole-dipole electrical resistivity delineated three 10-20 m wide throats of sediment filled-sinkholes and a low resistivity zone underlies the Columbus limestone. The microgravity survey also suggests these sinkholes are filled with a lower density material. Repeat measurements using both methods detected changes in water table elevation. The study showed that it is possible to map areas of mass deficit within the concealed karst and both methods can detect changes in water table elevation. However, outlining underground rivers from the dipole-dipole data was not successful. iv Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Donald Stierman, for his supervision, helping with electrical resistivity survey, reviewing the thesis manuscript, and advising during my study. Drs. Richard Becker and Jamie Martin-Hayden who are my thesis committee members provided with helpful suggestions throughout the semesters. Dr. Becker also played a great role in securing field help. Without the help of the following colleagues the data collection would not have been possible. I thank Jon Sanders, Joseph Blockland, Chris Maike, Joseph Fugate, Kyle Siemer and Kirk Zmijewski for their help. Jon Sanders was crucial in the field work. Doug Aden of ODNR shared his sinkhole data which was very helpful in this study. I thank the department of Environmental sciences for funding field transportation. I would like to thank all the faculty and staff at the department of Environmental sciences, University of Toledo for all the help I received during my study. Finally, special thanks go to my family and friends for their encouragement and support. v Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Abbreviations xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background…. ……………………………………………………………....1 1.1.1 Study Area ……………………………………………………………. .2 1.1.2 Climate………………………………………………………………….3 1.1.3 Significance……………………………………………………………..4 1.1.4 Hypothesis……………………………………………………………....4 1.1.5 Previous Study ……………………………………………………….…5 2 Geology, Hydrogeology and Karst 8 2.1 Geology……………………………………………………………………....8 2.1.1 Bedrock Geology………………………………………………………..9 2.1.2 Surficial Geology……………………………………………………....12 vi 2.1.3 Joint Orientation………………………………………………………..14 2.2 Hydrogeology……………………………………………………………….14 2.3 Karst………………………………………………………………………….19 3 Methodology 21 3.1. Gravity …………………………………………………………………...21 3.1.1 Data Reduction………………………………………………………..22 3.1.1.1 Latitude Correction…………………………………………….23 3.1.1.2 Free Air Correction…………………………………………….23 3.1.1.3 Bouguer Density Correction…………………………………..24 3.1.1.4 Simple Bouguer Anomaly…………………………………….24 3.1.2 Regional-Residual Gravity Separation………………………………..24 3.1.3 Gravity Modeling ……………………………………………………25 3.1.4 Void Volume Estimation……………………………………………...27 3.1.5 Repeat Gravity Measurement……………………………………….....28 3.2 Electrical Resistivity…………………………………………………………28 3.2.1 Repeat Electrical Resistivity Measurement…………………………...33 3.3 Electrical Resistivity Signature of Seneca Caverns…………………………35 3.4 Well Logs… ………………………………………………..……………….36 4 Results 39 4.1 Gravity ….. …………………………………………………………………..39 4.1.1 Simple Bouguer Gravity ……………………………………………….39 4.1.2 Residual Gravity...……………………………………………………...40 4.1.3 Microgravity …………………………………………………………...43 vii 4.1.4 Volume of Voids……….………………………………………………47 4.1.5 Repeat Gravity Measurement …………………………………………….49 4.2 Electrical Resistivity………… ……………………………………………….53 5 Discussion 57 5.1 Gravity………………………………………………………………………...57 5.2 Electrical Resistivity ………………………………………………………..63 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 65 6.1 Conclusion …… ………………………………………………………………65 6.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………..67 References 68 A. Observed Gravity 73 viii List of Tables 2.1 Stratigraphy of the Bellevue area………………………………………………..10 2.2 Bedrock water yield of the study area……………………………………….…..15 3.1 Resistivity of some earth materials ..................................................................32 3.2 Well log that contains mud seam within the carbonate bedrock………………..36 3.3 Well logs that contain broken limestone within the carbonate bedrock………...37 3.4 Well logs that contain porous Limestone within the carbonate bedrock………..37 4.1 Calculated range of void volume …………………………………………….....49 4.2 Summary of the gravity, mass and volume changes…………………………….53 ix List of Figures 1- 1 Location map of the study area . .................................................................................. 3 2- 1 Geologic map of the Bellevue region……………………………………………….11 2- 2 Bedrock elevation map. ............................................................................................. 12 2- 3 Drift thickness of the Bellevue area .......................................................................... 13 2- 4 Potentiometric surface map. ...................................................................................... 16 2- 5 Drainage pattern of the Bellevue region. ................................................................... 17 2- 6 Water level at USGS monitoring well north of Bellevue.. ........................................ 19 3- 1 Gravitational field over a buried horizontal cylinder…………………………….... 26 3- 2 Geometry of a resistive cylinder…………………………………………………….29 3- 3 A simple diagram illustrating electrical resistivity measurement setup.. .................. 30 3- 4 A general set-up of a dipole-dipole resistivity array.. ............................................... 31 3-5 AGI Supersting resistivity meter and its accessories. ................................................. 32 3- 6 Inversion of a dipole-dipole electrical profile. .......................................................... 33 3- 7 Photo of Strecker road during first resistivity measurement ..................................... 34 3- 8 Photo of ponded surface water in a field adjacent to Strecker .................................. 34 3- 9 An empty sinkhole next to ponded surface water in Figure 3- 8. .............................. 35 3- 10 Dipole-dipole resistivity profile at the Seneca Caverns. ......................................... 36 3- 11 Map of wells with logs with broken, porous and mud seam ................................... 38 x 4- 1 Location map of new gravity stations……………………………………………….40 4- 2 Bouguer gravity contour map ………………………………………………………41 4- 3 Regional gravity separation with graphical smoothing. ............................................ 42 4- 4 Residual gravity of the study area. ............................................................................ 43 4- 5 Microgravity profiles along State Route 269 ............................................................ 45 4- 6 East-west microgravity profile along Strecker road. ................................................. 46 4- 7 Spring adjacent to Strecker road near gravity low IV. .............................................
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