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Fossils As Drugs: Pharmaceutical Palaeontology

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5 mm ISSN 1682 - 5519 Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Christopher J. Duffin 54 2008 Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d’histoire naturelle t o Luxembourg Ferrantia est une revue publiéeà intervalles non réguliers par le Musée national d’histoire naturelle à Luxembourg. Elle fait suite, avec la même tomaison auxT r a v a u x scientifiques d u M u s é e n a t io n a l d ’ h is t o ir e NATURELLE DE LUXEMBOURG. Comité de rédaction: Eric Buttini Guy Colling Edmée Engel Thierry Heiminger Mare Meyer Mise en page: Romain Bei Design: Thierry Heiminger Prix du volume: 10 € Rédaction: Echange: Musée national d’histoire naturelle Exchange MNHN-SNL Rédaction Ferrantia c/o Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25, rue Münster 25, rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg L-2160 Luxembourg tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 fax +352 46 38 48 fax +352 46 38 48 Internet: http: / / www.naturmusee.lu Internet: http://www.mnhnl.lu/biblio/exchange email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Page de couverture: 1. Two "Occhi di Serpe" mounted on a block fashioned into the form of a snake's head (John Woodward collection, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge). 2. The lynx voiding a lyncurium from mediaeval bestiaries. Bodleian Library MS Bodley 764 folio 11 recto. Reproduced by kind permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 3. "Pillóle di Succino di Craton". Example of amber medicine reconstructed from recipes and instructions in the "Codice Farmacéutico per lo Stato della Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia" (1790) by Professor Eugenio Ragazzi. Citation: Duffin Christopher J. 2008. - Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology. Ferrantia 54, Musée national d’histoire naturelle, Luxembourg, 83 p. Date de publication: 20 février 2008 (réception du manuscrit: 8 janvier 2007) Impression: Imprimerie Centrale, Luxembourg imprimé sur papier FSC ©Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg, 2008 ISSN 1682-5519 Ferrantia 54 Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Christopher J. Duffin Luxembourg, 2008 Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d'histoire naturelle Luxembourg Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 Contents C. J. Duffin - Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Abstract 7 Résumé 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Riassunto 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1 National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg Collections 9 1.2 Fossils as therapeutic agents: a note on sources 9 1.3 Pierre Pomet 10 2. LapisLincis 11 2.1 The Greeks 11 2.2 Pliny 12 2.3 The Lynx and the Bestiary 13 2.4 Mediaeval lapidaries 15 2.5 Renaissance literature 20 2.6 Belemnites 21 3. Lapisjudaicus 29 3.1. Identity of Lapis Judaicus 29 3.2 Medical folklore 30 3.2 Maltese Folklore and identification as fossil echinoids 33 4. Toad Stones 34 4.1 Origins of the Toad Stone 34 4.2 Identity of the Toad Stone 36 4.3 Procurement of the Toad Stone 39 4.4 Medicinal uses of the Toad Stone 42 5. Amber 44 5.1 Origins 44 5.2 Medicinal use 44 5.3 Amber preparations 53 5.4 Veterinary applications 66 6. Conclusions 67 7. Acknowledgements 68 8. References 69 9. APPENDIX 1: Medicinal recipes using amber given by Oswald Croll (1670) 83 Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 C. J. Duffin Fossils as drugs: pharmaceutical paleontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Christopher J. Duffin 146, Church Hill Road Sutton Surrey SM3 8NF England Keywords: history, medicine, belemnite, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, amber Abstract An extensive examination of classical, Anglo-Saxon, p o w d er in cases of b lad d er stones an d a n u m b er of related Mediaeval and Renaissance records shows that palae­ renal conditions. Bufonites or Toad Stones, believed ontological material was used, sometimes alone and to have been extracted from the heads of old toads, are sometimes combined with a wide array of other geological actually fossil durophagous fish teeth, mostly belonging and botanical ingredients, to try to treat a surprising to the Jurassic semionotiform, Lepidotes. Employed in diversity of ailments from at least the 1st century well into the treatment of a wide range of diseases, they were also the 18th century. Lyncurium or Lapis Lincis, for example, set in rings and used as antivenin prophylactics. Amber was reputed to be formed from lynx urine. Variously has a long pedigree as a medicinal ingredient and was identified as amber, tourmaline and hyacinth (zircon), prescribed for ailments ranging from vertigo and cramp to extant specimens from 18th century pharmaceutical gonorrhoea, mental illness and the plague. It was crushed cabinets indicate that belemnite guards were prescribed and taken in tablets, distilled to yield Oil of Amber, and as Lyncurium. Records show that it was used to treat a processed with Spirit of Wine to obtain Tincture of Amber. wide range of conditions, including scrofula, malaria, Fumes sublimated on the sides of the retorts gave rise to digestive, ocular and renal disorders. Lapides Judaici Salts of Amber. Inhaling the fumes released from burning or Jew's Stones are fossil cidaroid echinoid spines, often amber was believed to be effective against respiratory belonging to Balanocidaris, and were sucked or taken as a problems and to ease childbirth. Mots clés: histoire, médecine, bélemnites, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, ambre Résumé Un examen approfondi des sources classiques, anglo- urinaires et d'autres pathologies urologiques. Les saxonnes, médiévales et de la Renaissance, montre que Bufonites ou Pierres de Crapauds, considérées comme le matériel paléontologique était utilisé au moins depuis provenant de têtes de crapauds âgés, sont en fait des le 1er siècle de notre ère jusque tard dans le 18ème siècle, dents de poisons fossiles durophages, principalement du parfois isolément, parfois combiné à un tas d'autres ingré­ genre de sémionotiforme jurassique Lepidotes. Employées dients géologiques et botaniques, pour traiter un éventail dans le traitement d'une large variété de maladies, elles surprenant de maladies. On pensait que le Lyncurium étaient aussi montées en bagues et utilisées en prophy­ ou Lapis Lincis était formé par l'urine de lynx. Avec laxie dans les envenimations. L'ambre a une longue différentes identifications, comme ambre, tourmaline ou histoire comme ingrédient médicinal, il était prescrit dans hyacinthe (zircon), des spécimens provenant d'officines des pathologies allant des vertiges et crampes jusqu'à la pharmaceutiques du 18ème siècle indiquent que les rostres gonorrhée, les maladies mentales et la peste. Il était broyé de bélemnites étaient prescrits comme Lyncurium. et ingurgité en comprimés; distillation produisait l'Huile Les archives montrent qu'on l'utilisait pour traiter de d'Ambre et mélangeant avec Esprit du Vin produisait la multiples pathologies, dont la tuberculose, la malaria, Teinture d'Ambre; les fumées sublimées sur les parois des maladies digestives, oculaires et rénales. Les Lapides des cornues engendraient les Sels d'Ambre. L'inhalation Judaici ou Pierres des Juifs sont des radióles d'oursins des fumées libérées en brûlant de l'ambre était censée fossiles cidaridés, souvent du genre Balanocidaris ; ils efficace contre les problèmes respiratoires et pour faciliter étaient sucés ou ingurgités en poudre contre les lithiases l'accouchement. Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 7 C. J. Duffin Fossils as drugs: pharmaceutical paleontology Schlüsselwörter: Medizingeschichte, Belemnit, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, Bernstein Zusammenfassung Eine intensive Untersuchung klassischer angelsäch­ Beschwerden des Nierensystems gelutscht oder als sischer Berichte des Mittelalters und der Renais­ Pulver genommen wurden. sance zeigt, dass paläontologische Gegenstände, teils Bufonites oder Krötensteine, von denen geglaubt wurde, allein, teils kombiniert mit einer großen Zahl anderer dass sie aus den Köpfen alter Kröten stammen, sind in geologischer und botanischer Ingredienzien, seit Wirklichkeit fossile Zähne durophager Fische, meist mindestens dem ersten bis weit in das achtzehnte der jurassischen semionotiformen Gattung Lepidotes. Jahrhundert hinein benutzt wurden, um eine überra­ Angewendet bei der Behandlung einer Vielzahl schende Vielzahl von Beschwerden zu lindern. Von von Beschwerden, wurden Bufonites auch in Ringe Lyncurium oder Lapis Lincis glaubte man, dass es gefasst und als prophylaktisches Gegengift getragen. aus dem Urin des Luchses entstanden sei. Verschie­ Bernstein hat eine lange Geschichte als medizinische dentlich als Bernstein, Turmalin oder Hyazinth Ingredienz. Er wurde verschrieben bei unterschied­ (Zirkon) identifiziert, zeigen noch vorhandene lichsten Beschwerden und Krankheiten, bei Schwindel, Exemplare aus pharmazeutischen Sammlungen, Krampf, Gonorrhö, Geisteskrankheit und gegen die dass Belemniten-Rostren als Lyncurium verschrieben Pest. Er wurde zerstoßen und als Tablette genommen, wurden. Berichten zufolge wurde es benutzt, um ein er wurde einmal destilliert, um Bernsteinöl zu erhalten, weites Spektrum an Krankheiten zu behandeln wie ein zweites Mal, um Bernsteintinktur zu gewinnen. Skrofulöse, Malaria, Verdauungs-, Seh- und Nieren­ An den Seiten von Retorten sublimierter Rauch ergab störungen. Lapides Judaici oder Judensteine [plural] Bernsteinsalz. Die Inhalation von Rauch brennenden sind fossile Seeigelstacheln, häufig von Balanocidaris, Bernsteins sollte hilfreich sein bei Atemproblemen und die im Fall von Blasensteinen und einer Reihe weiterer die Geburt erleichtern. Parola chiave: storia, medicina, belemniti,Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, ambra Ri ass un to Un'ampia indagine condotta su documenti classici, sotto form a po lv erizzata
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  • The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H

    The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H

    NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 6 Article 5 Number 2 Volume 6, No. 2, 1985 1985 The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H. Hough III Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Hough, William J.H. III (1985) "The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol6/iss2/5 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 303 II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY ................................ 305 A. European Origins ............................... 305 B. Legal Development After the Peace of Westphalia 308 C. Title to Territory in the Colonial Era ............ 319 D. Post World War I Development .................. 321 E. Birth of the Stimson Doctrine of Nonrecognition of Forcible Seizure of Territory ..................... 326 III. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES ................. 351 A. Origins of the Baltic States ...................... 351 B. Independence of the Baltic States ................ 355 C. Soviet Invasion and Incorporation of the Baltic S ta tes .......................................... 369 IV.