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The Muslim Brotherhood in Austria

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The Muslim Brotherhood in Austria THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN AUSTRIA Dr. Lorenzo Vidino August 2017 GW Program on Extremism · extremism.gwu.edu · @gwupoe | University of Vienna · univie.ac.at · @univienna Table of Contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR ........................................................................................ 1 DISCLAIMER ..................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4 SECTION I. THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN THE WEST ................................ 5 I.I What is the Muslim Brotherhood? ..................................................................5 I.II The Muslim Brotherhood in the West ........................................................... 6 I.III Three Categories of the Brotherhood in the West .....................................8 I.IV The Brotherhood’s Ideology in the West ................................................... 10 I.V Assessing the Brotherhood in the West ..................................................... 13 I.VI The 2014 British Government’s Review of the Brotherhood ................ 14 SECTION II. THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN AUSTRIA .............................. 15 II.I The Pioneers .................................................................................................... 15 II.II Brotherhood Spawns ..................................................................................... 19 II.III Organisations Influenced by the Brotherhood ....................................... 30 SECTION III. IS THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD A THREAT? .......................... 35 III.I The Brothers and Social Cohesion ..............................................................37 III.II The Dynamics of Political Outreach ......................................................... 42 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................50 About the Author Dr. Lorenzo Vidino is the Director of the Program Dr. Vidino has testified before the U.S. Congress and on Extremism at George Washington University. other parliaments; advised law enforcement officials An expert on Islamism in Europe and North Ameri- around the world; and taught at universities in the ca, his research over the past 15 years has focused on U.S. and Europe. He regularly provides commentary the mobilisation dynamics of jihadist networks in the to diverse media outlets (including The New York West; governmental counter-radicalisation policies; Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and the activities of Muslim Brotherhood-inspired PBS, CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, BBC, Al Jazeera, organisations in the West. Al Arabiya) and is a columnist for the Italian daily La Stampa. In 2016, Italian Prime Minister Matteo A native of Italy who holds American citizenship, Dr. Renzi appointed Dr. Vidino as Coordinator of the Vidino earned a law degree from the University of National Commission on Jihadist Radicalization. Milan Law School and a doctorate in international relations from Tufts University’s Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He has held positions at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and Interna- Disclaimer tional Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government, the U.S. Institute of Peace, the RAND Corporation, Given the complexity of the subject, the report does and the Center for Security Studies (ETH Zurich). not aim to be a comprehensive guide to the move- The author of several books and numerous articles, ment’s networks and aims in the country. Nor does it Dr. Vidino’s most prominent work is The New Mus- seek to provide a blueprint for Austrian policymak- lim Brotherhood in the West, a book published in ers on how to deal with the Brotherhood. 2010 by Columbia University Press, with an Arabic Rather, it seeks to trace part of the history and evo- edition released the following year by the Al Mes- lution of the movement and those groups and indi- bar Studies and Research Center. The book offers a viduals organically or ideologically affiliated with it comparative study of Islamist organising in various in Austria. Given both the infeasibility of providing Western countries as well as the wide-ranging public a complete picture and the paucity of studies on the policy responses by Western leaders. subject, it seeks to provide a base for further and more specific studies. This study was realized in cooperation with the Uni- versity of Vienna, Institute of Near Eastern Studies and with support from the Austrian Integration Fund (ÖIF) and the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung (BVT). 1 Executive Summary This report seeks to provide a preliminary over- • Brotherhood spawns: organisations established view of the presence of the Muslim Brotherhood in by individuals with strong personal ties to the Austria. Brotherhood, but which operate completely independently from any Brotherhood struc- The Muslim Brotherhood, founded in 1928 in ture. Egypt by Hassan al Banna, is the world’s oldest and arguably most influential contemporary Islamist • Organizations influenced by the Brotherhood: or- movement. Its core belief views Islam as a complete ganisations founded by individuals with some and all-embracing system, governing all aspects of ties to the Brotherhood that have somewhat private and public life. It advocates a bottom-up, dwelled in ideological surroundings that are gradual Islamization of society that would eventu- very close to the movement, but have no clear ally lead to the formation of a purely Islamic society organisational ties to it. and political entity. Individuals and organisations that belong to each The Muslim Brotherhood has spread globally, in- of the three categories have operated for decades in Austria, creating a sophisticated web of entities, cluding to many Western countries since the late charities, educational academies, and businesses, 1950s and early 1960s. In each country, the move- and obtaining a disproportionate level of visibility ment has taken on different forms, adapting to the and power, considering the small number of Broth- local political conditions. All these entities work erhood members and sympathizers in the country. according to a common vision, but with complete This pattern is common to most Western coun- operational independence. There are consulta- tries, as organisations linked to the Brotherhood tions and constant communication amongst the have often managed, thanks largely to their access branches, but each is free to pursue its goals as it to large resources and organisational skills, to be- deems appropriate. While retaining solid links to come privileged interlocutors of Western elites the Middle East, Brotherhood entities in the West within Western Muslim communities. Western have acquired a substantial level of autonomy, re- observers tend to over-estimate the representative shaping part of the Brotherhood’s ideology and nature and underestimate/ignore ties between the tactics to fit into non-Muslim majority societies. MB and these organisations. Organisations and individuals linked to the Broth- Following a pattern similar to most European erhood in the West can be summarily divided in countries, over time, various Austrian organiza- three categories according to the intensity of their tions linked to the Brotherhood milieu have been links to the mother group: entrusted with administering integration mea- sures, various aspects of Islamic religious education • Pure Brothers: members of various branches of in Austria and, since 2015, aiding in the reception the Muslim Brotherhood throughout the Mid- of the large influx of Muslim migrants. dle East who have established presences in the West, but remain part of the formal structure Western elites and governments engage and, at and are directly dependent on the branches in times, partner with Brotherhood organisations the Middle East. for several overlapping reasons. In some cases, the 2 need for a well-structured and organized partner with justification of violence should be seen with within the Muslim community overrides concerns concern given the massive rise in radicalisation about the Brothers’ views and aims. Authorities seen throughout Europe during the last five years. also seek to maintain a dialogue with the MB in order to avoid its radicalisation. In some cases, out- The Brothers’ narrative is also problematic when reach to the MB is seen by some political forces as a it comes to its impact on integration and social co- way to ensure electoral successes. hesion. While Western Brotherhood spokespeo- The MB is a designated terrorist organization in ple tend to publicly adopt more nuanced and less Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and a handful controversial views, their representatives in the of other Middle Eastern countries, but neither Middle East or some of the less visible members of Austria nor the European Union have designated the milieu in the West condemn Western societies the organisation. Despite some overlaps in ideolo- as corrupt, immoral, and unjust, as well as inferior gy with Salafist and jihadist milieus, it would be a to Muslim societies. Their positions on religious grave analytical mistake to lump the Brotherhood’s freedom, women rights, and gay rights are similar- ideology together with these groups. ly problematic and at odds with European values. Nonetheless, the Brotherhood
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