DOCSLIB.ORG

Fossils As Drugs: Pharmaceutical Palaeontology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fossils As Drugs: Pharmaceutical Palaeontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology pharmaceutical Drugs: as Fossils J. Duffin Christopher Christopher J. Duffin F e r ra nt i a Travaux scientifiques d u M u s é e n at i o n a l d'histoire naturelle L u xe m b o u r g www.mnhn.lu 54 2008 F e r r a n t i a 54 2008 2008 54 Ferrantia est une revue publiée à intervalles non réguliers par le Musée national d’histoire naturelle à Luxembourg. Elle fait suite, avec la même tomaison aux Travaux scienTifiques du Musée naTional d’hisToire naTurelle de luxeMbourg. Comité de rédaction: Eric Buttini Guy Colling Edmée Engel Thierry Helminger Marc Meyer Mise en page: Romain Bei Design: Thierry Helminger Prix du volume: 10 € Rédaction: Echange: Musée national d’histoire naturelle Exchange MNHN-SNL Rédaction Ferrantia c/o Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25, rue Münster 25, rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg L-2160 Luxembourg tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 fax +352 46 38 48 fax +352 46 38 48 Internet: http://www.naturmusee.lu Internet: http://www.mnhnl.lu/biblio/exchange email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Page de couverture: 1. Two "Occhi di Serpe" mounted on a block fashioned into the form of a snake's head (John Woodward collection, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge). 2. The lynx voiding a lyncurium from mediaeval bestiaries. Bodleian Library MS Bodley 764 folio 11 recto. Reproduced by kind permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 3. "Pillole di Succino di Craton". Example of amber medicine reconstructed from recipes and instructions in the "Codice Farmaceutico per lo Stato della Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia" (1790) by Professor Eugenio Ragazzi. Citation: Duffin Christopher J. 2008. - Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology. Ferrantia 54, Musée national d’histoire naturelle, Luxembourg, 83 p. Date de publication: 20 février 2008 (réception du manuscrit: 8 janvier 2007) Impression: Imprimerie Centrale, Luxembourg imprimé sur papier FSC © Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg, 2008 ISSN 1682-5519 Ferrantia 54 Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Christopher J. Duffin Luxembourg, 2008 Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d'histoire naturelle Luxembourg Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 Contents C. J. Duffin - Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Abstract 7 Résumé 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Riassunto 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1 National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg Collections 9 1.2 Fossils as therapeutic agents: a note on sources 9 1.3 Pierre Pomet 10 2. Lapis Lincis 11 2.1 The Greeks 11 2.2 Pliny 12 2.3 The Lynx and the Bestiary 13 2.4 Mediaeval lapidaries 15 2.5 Renaissance literature 20 2.6 Belemnites 21 3. Lapis judaicus 29 3.1. Identity of Lapis Judaicus 29 3.2 Medical folklore 30 3.2 Maltese Folklore and identification as fossil echinoids 33 4. Toad Stones 34 4.1 Origins of the Toad Stone 34 4.2 Identity of the Toad Stone 36 4.3 Procurement of the Toad Stone 39 4.4 Medicinal uses of the Toad Stone 42 5. Amber 44 5.1 Origins 44 5.2 Medicinal use 44 5.3 Amber preparations 53 5.4 Veterinary applications 66 6. Conclusions 67 7. Acknowledgements 68 8. References 69 9. APPENDIX 1: Medicinal recipes using amber given by Oswald Croll (1670) 83 Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 C. J. Duffin Fossils as drugs: pharmaceutical paleontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Christopher J. Duffin 146, Church Hill Road Sutton Surrey SM3 8NF England Keywords: history, medicine, belemnite, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, amber Abstract An extensive examination of classical, Anglo-Saxon, powder in cases of bladder stones and a number of related Mediaeval and Renaissance records shows that palae- renal conditions. Bufonites or Toad Stones, believed ontological material was used, sometimes alone and to have been extracted from the heads of old toads, are sometimes combined with a wide array of other geological actually fossil durophagous fish teeth, mostly belonging and botanical ingredients, to try to treat a surprising to the Jurassic semionotiform, Lepidotes. Employed in diversity of ailments from at least the 1st century well into the treatment of a wide range of diseases, they were also the 18th century. Lyncurium or Lapis Lincis, for example, set in rings and used as antivenin prophylactics. Amber was reputed to be formed from lynx urine. Variously has a long pedigree as a medicinal ingredient and was identified as amber, tourmaline and hyacinth (zircon), prescribed for ailments ranging from vertigo and cramp to extant specimens from 18th century pharmaceutical gonorrhoea, mental illness and the plague. It was crushed cabinets indicate that belemnite guards were prescribed and taken in tablets, distilled to yield Oil of Amber, and as Lyncurium. Records show that it was used to treat a processed with Spirit of Wine to obtain Tincture of Amber. wide range of conditions, including scrofula, malaria, Fumes sublimated on the sides of the retorts gave rise to digestive, ocular and renal disorders. Lapides Judaici Salts of Amber. Inhaling the fumes released from burning or Jew's Stones are fossil cidaroid echinoid spines, often amber was believed to be effective against respiratory belonging to Balanocidaris, and were sucked or taken as a problems and to ease childbirth. Mots clés: histoire, médecine, bélemnites, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, ambre Résumé Un examen approfondi des sources classiques, anglo- urinaires et d’autres pathologies urologiques. Les saxonnes, médiévales et de la Renaissance, montre que Bufonites ou Pierres de Crapauds, considérées comme le matériel paléontologique était utilisé au moins depuis provenant de têtes de crapauds âgés, sont en fait des le 1er siècle de notre ère jusque tard dans le 18ème siècle, dents de poisons fossiles durophages, principalement du parfois isolément, parfois combiné à un tas d’autres ingré- genre de sémionotiforme jurassique Lepidotes. Employées dients géologiques et botaniques, pour traiter un éventail dans le traitement d’une large variété de maladies, elles surprenant de maladies. On pensait que le Lyncurium étaient aussi montées en bagues et utilisées en prophy- ou Lapis Lincis était formé par l’urine de lynx. Avec laxie dans les envenimations. L’ambre a une longue différentes identifications, comme ambre, tourmaline ou histoire comme ingrédient médicinal, il était prescrit dans hyacinthe (zircon), des spécimens provenant d’officines des pathologies allant des vertiges et crampes jusqu’à la pharmaceutiques du 18ème siècle indiquent que les rostres gonorrhée, les maladies mentales et la peste. Il était broyé de bélemnites étaient prescrits comme Lyncurium. et ingurgité en comprimés; distillation produisait l’Huile Les archives montrent qu’on l’utilisait pour traiter de d’Ambre et mélangeant avec Esprit du Vin produisait la multiples pathologies, dont la tuberculose, la malaria, Teinture d’Ambre; les fumées sublimées sur les parois des maladies digestives, oculaires et rénales. Les Lapides des cornues engendraient les Sels d’Ambre. L’inhalation Judaici ou Pierres des Juifs sont des radioles d’oursins des fumées libérées en brûlant de l’ambre était censée fossiles cidaridés, souvent du genre Balanocidaris; ils efficace contre les problèmes respiratoires et pour faciliter étaient sucés ou ingurgités en poudre contre les lithiases l’accouchement. Ferrantia • 54 / 2008 7 C. J. Duffin Fossils as drugs: pharmaceutical paleontology Schlüsselwörter: Medizingeschichte, Belemnit, Balanocidaris, Lepidotes, Bernstein Zusammenfassung Eine intensive Untersuchung klassischer angelsäch- Beschwerden des Nierensystems gelutscht oder als sischer Berichte des Mittelalters und der Renais- Pulver genommen wurden. sance zeigt, dass paläontologische Gegenstände, teils Bufonites oder Krötensteine, von denen geglaubt wurde, allein, teils kombiniert mit einer großen Zahl anderer dass sie aus den Köpfen alter Kröten stammen, sind in geologischer und botanischer Ingredienzien, seit Wirklichkeit fossile Zähne durophager Fische, meist mindestens dem ersten bis weit in das achtzehnte der jurassischen semionotiformen Gattung Lepidotes. Jahrhundert hinein benutzt wurden, um eine überra- Angewendet bei der Behandlung einer Vielzahl schende Vielzahl von Beschwerden zu lindern. Von von Beschwerden, wurden Bufonites auch in Ringe Lyncurium oder Lapis Lincis glaubte man, dass es gefasst und als prophylaktisches Gegengift getragen. aus dem Urin des Luchses entstanden sei. Verschie- Bernstein hat eine lange Geschichte als medizinische dentlich als Bernstein, Turmalin oder Hyazinth Ingredienz. Er wurde verschrieben bei unterschied- (Zirkon) identifiziert, zeigen noch vorhandene lichsten Beschwerden und Krankheiten, bei Schwindel, Exemplare aus pharmazeutischen Sammlungen, Krampf, Gonorrhö, Geisteskrankheit und gegen die dass Belemniten-Rostren als Lyncurium verschrieben Pest. Er wurde zerstoßen und als Tablette genommen, wurden. Berichten zufolge wurde es benutzt, um ein er wurde einmal destilliert, um Bernsteinöl zu erhalten, weites Spektrum an Krankheiten zu behandeln wie ein zweites Mal, um Bernsteintinktur zu gewinnen. Skrofulose, Malaria, Verdauungs-, Seh- und Nieren- An den Seiten von Retorten sublimierter Rauch ergab störungen. Lapides Judaici oder Judensteine [plural] Bernsteinsalz. Die Inhalation von Rauch brennenden sind fossile Seeigelstacheln, häufig von Balanocidaris, Bernsteins sollte hilfreich sein bei Atemproblemen und die im Fall von Blasensteinen und einer Reihe weiterer die Geburt erleichtern. Parola chiave: storia, medicina, belemniti,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'A Ffitt Place for Any Gentleman'?
    ‘A ffitt place for any Gentleman’? GARDENS, GARDENERS AND GARDENING IN ENGLAND AND WALES, c. 1560-1660 by JILL FRANCIS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham July 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis sets out to investigate gardens, gardeners and gardening practices in early modern England, from the mid-sixteenth century when the first horticultural manuals appeared in the English language dedicated solely to the ‘Arte’ of gardening, spanning the following century to its establishment as a subject worthy of scientific and intellectual debate by the Royal Society and a leisure pursuit worthy of the genteel. The inherently ephemeral nature of the activity of gardening has resulted thus far in this important aspect of cultural life being often overlooked by historians, but detailed examination of the early gardening manuals together with evidence gleaned from contemporary gentry manuscript collections, maps, plans and drawings has provided rare insight into both the practicalities of gardening during this period as well as into the aspirations of the early modern gardener.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Philosophical Questions About Paleontology and Their Practica1 Consequences
    ACTA GEOLOGICA HISPANICA. Concept and method in Paleontology. 16 (1981) nos 1-2, pags. 7-23 Some philosophical questions about paleontology and their practica1 consequences by Miquel DE RENZI Depto. de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia. Burjassot (Valencia). This papcr attempts to objectively discuss the actual state ofpaleontology. The En aquest treball s'ha intentat fer un balanc d'alguns aspectes de I'estat de la progress of this science stood still somewhat during the latter part of the last paleontologia. La historia de la paleontologia mostra un estancarnent a les century which caused it to develop apart from the biological sciences. an area to darreries del segle passac aquest estancament va Fer que la nostra ciencia s'anes which it is naturally tied. As aconsequence, this bruought a long-term stagnation, allunyant cada cop mes de I'area de les ciencies bii~logiques,amb les qualsestava because biology, dunng this century, has made great progress and paleontology lligada naturalment AixO va portar, com a conseqüencia, un important has not During the last 20 years paleontology as a science hasrecuperatedsome endarreriment, car la biologia, durant aquest segle, ha donat un gran pas of this loss, but we as scientists need to be careful in various aspects of its endavant, mentre que aquest no ha estat el cas de lapaleontologia Al nostre pais development -i possiblement a molts d'altres- la paleontologia es, fonamentalment, un estn per datar estrats. Tanmateix, un mal estri, car la datació es basadaen les especies fossils i la seva determinació es fonamenta en el ccncepte d'especie biolbgica; els fossils pero en moltes ocasions, són utilitzats mes aviat com si fossin segells o monedes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Magdalen College Record
    Magdalen College Record Magdalen College Record 2017 2017 Conference Facilities at Magdalen¢ We are delighted that many members come back to Magdalen for their wedding (exclusive to members), celebration dinner or to hold a conference. We play host to associations and organizations as well as commercial conferences, whilst also accommodating summer schools. The Grove Auditorium seats 160 and has full (HD) projection fa- cilities, and events are supported by our audio-visual technician. We also cater for a similar number in Hall for meals and special banquets. The New Room is available throughout the year for private dining for The cover photograph a minimum of 20, and maximum of 44. was taken by Marcin Sliwa Catherine Hughes or Penny Johnson would be pleased to discuss your requirements, available dates and charges. Please contact the Conference and Accommodation Office at [email protected] Further information is also available at www.magd.ox.ac.uk/conferences For general enquiries on Alumni Events, please contact the Devel- opment Office at [email protected] Magdalen College Record 2017 he Magdalen College Record is published annually, and is circu- Tlated to all members of the College, past and present. If your contact details have changed, please let us know either by writ- ing to the Development Office, Magdalen College, Oxford, OX1 4AU, or by emailing [email protected] General correspondence concerning the Record should be sent to the Editor, Magdalen College Record, Magdalen College, Ox- ford, OX1 4AU, or, preferably, by email to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Paleontology Synthesis Project and Establishing a Framework for Managing National Park Service Paleontological Resource Archives and Data
    Lucas, S.G. and Sullivan, R.M., eds., 2018, Fossil Record 6. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 79. 589 THE PALEONTOLOGY SYNTHESIS PROJECT AND ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE ARCHIVES AND DATA VINCENT L. SANTUCCI1, JUSTIN S. TWEET2 and TIMOTHY B. CONNORS3 1National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 1849 “C” Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240, [email protected]; 2National Park Service, 9149 79th Street S., Cottage Grove, MN 55016, [email protected]; 3National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 12795 W. Alameda Parkway, Lakewood, CO 80225, [email protected] Abstract—The National Park Service Paleontology Program maintains an extensive collection of digital and hard copy documents, publications, photographs and other archives associated with the paleontological resources documented in 268 parks. The organization and preservation of the NPS paleontology archives has been the focus of intensive data management activities by a small and dedicated team of NPS staff. The data preservation strategy complemented the NPS servicewide inventories for paleontological resources. The first phase of the data management, referred to as the NPS Paleontology Synthesis Project, compiled servicewide paleontological resource data pertaining to geologic time, taxonomy, museum repositories, holotype fossil specimens, and numerous other topics. In 2015, the second phase of data management was implemented with the creation and organization of a multi-faceted digital data system known as the NPS Paleontology Archives and NPS Paleontology Library. Two components of the NPS Paleontology Archives were designed for the preservation of both park specific and servicewide paleontological resource archives and data. A third component, the NPS Paleontology Library, is a repository for electronic copies of geology and paleontology publications, reports, and other media.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Palaeontology
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Palaeontology Klug, Christian ; Scheyer, Torsten M ; Cavin, Lionel Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-113739 Conference or Workshop Item Presentation Originally published at: Klug, Christian; Scheyer, Torsten M; Cavin, Lionel (2015). Palaeontology. In: Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Basel, 20 November 2015 - 21 November 2015. 136 4. Palaeontology Christian Klug, Torsten Scheyer, Lionel Cavin Schweizerische Paläontologische Gesellschaft, Kommission des Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Abhandlungen (KSPA) Symposium 4: Palaeontology TALKS: 4.1 Aguirre-Fernández G., Jost J.: Re-evaluation of the fossil cetaceans from Switzerland 4.2 Costeur L., Mennecart B., Schmutz S., Métais G.: Palaeomeryx (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and the giraffes, data from the ear region 4.3 Foth C., Hedrick B.P., Ezcurra M.D.: Ontogenetic variation and heterochronic processes in the cranial evolution of early saurischians 4.4 Frey L., Rücklin M., Kindlimann R., Klug C.: Alpha diversity and palaeoecology of a Late Devonian Fossillagerstätte from Morocco and its exceptionally preserved fish fauna 4.5 Joyce W.G., Rabi M.: A Revised Global Biogeography of Turtles 4.6 Klug C., Frey L., Rücklin M.: A Famennian Fossillagerstätte in the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco: its fauna and taphonomy 4.7 Leder R.M.: Morphometric analysis of teeth of fossil and recent carcharhinid selachiens
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth Century
    -e: EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY by ANDREAS-HOLGER MAEHLE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London University College London 1996 ProQuest Number: 10017185 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017185 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT In the historiography of pharmacology and therapeutics, the 18th century is regarded as a period of transition from traditional, Galenistic materia medica to the beginnings of modern, experimental drug research. Ackerknecht (1973) characterized the pharmacotherapy of this period as a "chaotic mixture of chemiatric and Galenistic practices", yet acknowledged an "increasing tendency toward empiricism, partly even true experimentalism". This thesis explores this transitional phase for the first time in depth, examining the relations between pharmacological experimentation, theory-building, and therapeutic practice. Furthermore, ethical aspects are highlighted. The general introduction discusses the secondary literature and presents the results of a systematic study of pharmacological articles in relevant 18th-century periodicals. The identified main areas of contemporary interest, the spectrum of methods applied, and the composition of the authorship are described and interpreted.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Docteur De L'université Du Luxembourg
    PhD-FSTM-2020-079 The Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine DISSERTATION Defence held on 10/12/2020 in Esch-sur-Alzette to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN SCIENCES DE L’INGÉNIEUR by Vishojit Bahadur THAPA Born on 6th October 1991 in Luxembourg City (Luxembourg) RECYCLING OF GRAVEL WASH MUD FOR MANUFACTURING CO2-REDUCED CEMENT Dissertation defence committee A-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Hansen, Chairman Associate Professor, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine Prof. Dr. André Lecomte, Vice-Chairman Professor, University of Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour Prof. Dr.-Ing. Danièle Waldmann, Dissertation supervisor Professor, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine Prof. Dr. Jean-Frank Wagner Professor, University of Trier, Department of Geology Dr. Claude Simon Expert, Head of Quality Management, Cimalux S.A. Preface and acknowledgements This doctoral dissertation presents the results of my investigations on the topic of “Recycling of gravel wash mud for manufacturing CO2-reduced cement”, which were realised during my PhD journey at the Institute of Civil and Environmental Engineering (INCEEN) of the University of Luxembourg. This research project was mainly carried out at the Laboratory of Solid Structures (LSS) of the University of Luxembourg. It deals with the revalorisation of an unused industrial waste product, namely gravel wash mud (GWM) and its utilisation for the conceptualisation of potential “low carbon” cements. The execution of the present project and the writing of this dissertation were carried out in the period from the 1st of September 2016 to the 10th of November 2020. My sincere and special thanks go to Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Incense Ingrediënts
    Directory of Incense ingrediënts Acacia -see Gum Arabic Agar Wood or Agarci Wood -see Oud Aloes resin. Not to be confused with the sweet smelling diseased wood known as Lignum Aloes, or Aloes Wood (which we stock under the name of Agar Wood). The name confusion arises from a mistranslation in the King James Authorised version of the Bible. Most biblical references simply to "Aloes" should be read as meaning "Lignum Aloes". The Aloes resin is prepared by boiling down the sap of Aloe ferrox -a plant similar to the better publicised Aloe vera. Smoulders to give off a strange green smoke, with a sweet, but "dark" smell. Aloes Wood -see Oud or Lignum Aloes Alum Alum is a white crystalline substance traditionally produced by processing certain rocks and clays. It has many uses such as a “mordant” (ie a fixative) in dying, and for curing animal skins. It is non-toxic. It is also one of the most useful chemicals in the incense-makers cupboard. Alum has no smell when smouldered (although it does have a slight lemon-sherbet taste). However, when ground up with herbs and used in incense it has the amazing property of bubbling up around the herb, and carrying the scent of that herb without the "bonfire" effect that you get if you try to burn the herb by itself. For making incense always use the lump or crystal form of Alum, as the grinding process breaks up the leaves of the herb. Powdered alum does not grind the herb and ends up with a paste.
    [Show full text]
  • Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815)
    Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2017 Etienne Stockland All rights reserved ABSTRACT Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Naturalists, state administrators and farmers in France and its colonies developed a myriad set of techniques over the course of the long eighteenth century to manage the circulation of useful and harmful insects. The development of normative protocols for classifying, depicting and observing insects provided a set of common tools and techniques for identifying and tracking useful and harmful insects across great distances. Administrative techniques for containing the movement of harmful insects such as quarantine, grain processing and fumigation developed at the intersection of science and statecraft, through the collaborative efforts of diplomats, state administrators, naturalists and chemical practitioners. The introduction of insectivorous animals into French colonies besieged by harmful insects was envisioned as strategy for restoring providential balance within environments suffering from human-induced disequilibria. Naturalists, administrators, and agricultural improvers also collaborated in projects to maximize the production of useful substances secreted by insects, namely silk, dyes and medicines. A study of
    [Show full text]
  • From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense' : the Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1988 From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England Karen L. Smith Adams Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the European History Commons, and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Smith Adams, Karen L., "From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England" (1988). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3793. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5677 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Karen L. Smith Adams for the Master of Arts in History presented March 18, 1988. Title: From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense': The Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Ann Weikel, Chair Susan Karant-1~ \ \,, '''·· ... Michael Reardon Until the sixteenth century, childbirth in England was the exclusive domain of women and was orchestrated by the female midwife. By the end of the seventeenth century, / 2 university-educated and church-approved male physicians were systematically beginning to usurp the midwife's role in the lying-in room and to gradually assume authority and power over the process of childbirth.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Is Being Submitted in Partial Futfilment of the Degree of Phd by Prior Publication
    The historical roles of minerol materials in folk medicine and the development of the materia medicu Christopher John DUFFIN This thesis is being submitted in partial futfilment of the requirements of the University of Kingston for the degree of PhD by prior publication January,2018 This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my wife, Yvonne Duffin (1950-2015), who appreciated and supported my consuming interest in the subject investigated in these pages. Abstract Mineral materials include rocks, minerals, fossils, earths, mineraloids, biogenic skeletal remains and synthetic stones. Each of these classes of material has enjoyed much popularity as supposedly therapeutic medicinal ingredients in the history of pharmacy; many have an unbroken record of use since ancient and classical times. The historical materia medica incorporates minerals that have been made use of in both medical folklore and academic analysis. This thesis presents a body of work which develops examples from each class of mineral material, tries to establish their identities, and explores the evolution of their therapeutic use against the backdrop of changing philosophies in the history of medicine. The most rudimentary use of mineral materials was in a magico-medicinal way as amulets wom for protection against harmful influences which might be expressed in the body as loss of health, and as prophylactics against specific diseases and poisons. Amulets were often worn as pendants, necklaces and rings, or appended to the clothing in some way. The humoral system of Greek medicine saw the health of the body as being a state of balance between the four humours. Humoral imbalance was corrected by, amongst other interventions, the application of medicinal simples or 'Galenicals', which were largely unmodified (other than by trituration) herbal, zoological and mineralogical materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Almanac 1882.Pdf
    Holidays, Church Days, Cycles, etc ::. 4 First Quarter Calendar , ; ;.. f) Heads of Principal Nations of the\Vorld..; : ;.:.. f; :::5econd Quarter Calendar , ; ; : 7 Inter-Island Distances-':'-hysea ,;~, :..... 8 Third Quarter' Calendar: , ,.. 9 Census of the Islands, 1878 : ".. 10 Fourth Quarter Calendar :: ; , . 11 'l'able of elevations of Principal Localities : :............. 12 . f • Compamtive 'rable of Comnwrce of Haw'n Islands from 1844... '13 '. Comparative 'l'able of Exports 1862-81 ; Internal 'l'axes 1862-80:14 Selection of Custom Heuse 'l'ables ; 15-16-18 Comparative 'l'able of Imports 1872-.4-(H3 and 80; Quick Stmr. Passages ~ . Comparative ;rable Domestic Exports for First,Second and '1'hird Quarters, 1880 with 1881 ; , , .. ,...... 19 Table of Domestic Exports for 1880; Sugar Crops of the \Vorld ~ 20' Public Debt ; National Debts and Expenditures 21 O,"'erlal1d Distances, Hawaiian 181ands ~ .. .....•...... ....~. 22 . Distances on Hawaii......... "23 Post Office Statistics; Comparative 'rable of Rain~fall...... 24 Indigenous Ornamental Plants ; ;........ 25- 27 Bits of Unwritten History......... .. 28--30 .Marine Casualties for the Hawaiian Islands, 1620-1861 ..:... 31-35 Legend of Kapeepeek~uila............. 36-41 Artesian \Vells ; :. 41-46 Regulations for Carriages and rates of fare... 47-48 Articles admitted into the U. S. free 6f duty by Treaty............ 48 Hawaiian Ideas of Astronomy......... 49-50 " Comparaj:ive Table Receipts and Expenditures H. r., 187~820j • HaW!li.ian Proverbs.. 51 ,'. Value o! Forei.gn Coins; ~urf Bathing ;.. 52 ~i.ble of Foreign Coms current m Honolulu................... 53 List'of Free Imports from the U. S. by'l'reaty, · 54 .~ ~~~ .~~~~a~~g~~~;;~u~~~"~~~m.G~~.~~~.~:;~ht ..S~~~~y;...... 55 Passages to and from the Coast ~ 56 The Lava Flow of 1881..........................
    [Show full text]