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From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense' : the Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England

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From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense' : the Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1988 From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England Karen L. Smith Adams Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the European History Commons, and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Smith Adams, Karen L., "From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England" (1988). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3793. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5677 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Karen L. Smith Adams for the Master of Arts in History presented March 18, 1988. Title: From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense': The Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Ann Weikel, Chair Susan Karant-1~ \ \,, '''·· ... Michael Reardon Until the sixteenth century, childbirth in England was the exclusive domain of women and was orchestrated by the female midwife. By the end of the seventeenth century, / 2 university-educated and church-approved male physicians were systematically beginning to usurp the midwife's role in the lying-in room and to gradually assume authority and power over the process of childbirth. Ultimately doctor­ dominated childbirth threatened, and in some places accom­ plished, the displacement of the midwife. No one factor was responsible for the shift in delivery room personnel nor was the transition from female midwives to male obste­ tricians a "natural" one. This thesis looks at three fac­ tors which contributed to the success of the transition: first, midwifery practices and the criticism of them by male medical practitioners; second, the association of mid­ wifery and witchcraft; and third, the failure of attempts, particularly in the seventeenth century, to educate and re­ gulate midwives at a time when the male medical profession was doing just that. The entrance of medical men into the birth chamber fundamentally challenged popular values about childbirth and traditional mores embodied in its management. In order to achieve a dominant position in operative obstetrics, phy­ sicians and surgeons had to legitimize the practice of mid­ wifery by men, defuse the competition, and establish their supremacy by education and organization. By redefining childbirth as a disease, medical men justified their en­ trance into the traditionally all-female world of the lying­ in room. They also used their improved knowledge of 3 anatomy, gained through anatomical dissections of human bodies and reproduced in an increasing number of medical textbooks, to discredit both midwives and their practices. Portrayed as ignorant and unskilled, and isolated from the discoveries of the medical Renaissance, midwives continued throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to prac­ tice their art in much the same way as they had for cen­ turies. Male medical practitioners, unable to reconcile many of these practices with their new medical knowledge, attacked midwives as being medically inept. At the same time, the Church regarded many midwifery practices that were not sanctioned by official religious doctrine to be superstitions and tainted by witchcraft. In the seven­ teenth century several unsuccessful attempts were made to educate and regulate English midwives in an effort to counteract their poor reputation and to improve their ability to compete with male medical professionals who were building a power base through education, regulation, and organization. The failure of such attempts contributed to midwives falling behind as the providers of the best medi­ cal knowledge available and to the entrance of better­ educated male physicians and surgeons into the birth chamber. By the end of the seventeenth century, midwifery in England began its transformation from a female mystery employing superstitions and herbal medicines to a 4 scientifically-based clinical skill using surgical instru­ ments and chemical formulas. FROM 'THE HELP OF GRAVE AND MODEST WOMEN' TO 'THE CARE OF MEN OF SENSE': THE TRANSITION FROM FEMALE MIDWIFERY TO MALE OBSTETRICS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND by KAREN L. SMITH ADAMS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY Portland State University 1988 TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES: The membe rs o f the Committee approve the thesis of Karen L . Smith Adams presented March 18, 1988. Ann We i kel, Chair Michael Reardon APPROVED: Head, Department 0£ History Bernard Ross, Vic e Provo st for Office of Graduate Studies ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have been particularly influential in my academic life and in the completion of this thesis. I would like to thank them. I have been very fortunate to have had excellent teachers, among them George Vaternick from whom I took my first college history class and whose excellence in teaching and encouragement motivated me to pursue a History degree. Susan Karant-Nunn, whose kind ad­ vice, encouragement and support have meant more to me than I can express, has set a model for a teaching style I hope to some day emulate. And a special debt of gratitude goes to Ann Weikel who has given me her time, expertise, advice, direction, and friendship throughout my five years at Portland State University. Dr. Weikel's endless knowledge of English History has been an inspiration and I have learned more from her than I probably now realize. I also cannot thank her enough for all that she has taught me about teaching. The research and writing of this thesis would not been possible without the kind assistance of several individ­ uals. I would like to thank the staffs of the following libraries: Portland State University and Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland; the Bodelian Library in .. iv Oxford, England; and the Wellcome Institute Library and British Library in London. A special thanks goes to Chester F. Carlson, whose 1938 invention of the xerographic process saved me many hours in various libraries and made my research much easier. Without the remarkable skills of Mary Dozark, who typed this thesis with patience, diligence and humor, my research would, no doubt, still be only a handwritten draft. I am particularly grateful to my many friends who gave me their friendship and moral support during my time at Portland State, especially Carol Dewitte, Steve Taylor, Terri Kuechle, Dorothy Rackley, Carlos Rivera, Robert Lanxon, and Jerry Packard. Above all my greatest thanks and appreciation go to my family; to my children, Jill, Heather, Reagan, Kendra, and Joshua, who have managed to grow and prosper in spite of an often-absent mother; and to my husband, Dan, who has made everything possible and who continually earns my love and respect. :l PREFACE From time immemorial women have assisted other women in the process of childbirth and until the Tudor/Stuart per­ iod in England, the lying-in room and childbirth were the unquestioned, exclusive domains of women with the midwife in a position of some authority. By the seventeenth cen­ tury, university-educated and church-approved physicians1 were systematically beginning to usurp the midwife's role in the lying-in room and to gradually assume authority and power over the process of childbirth. Ultimately doctor­ dominated childbirth, with its emphasis on science and technology, hospitalization and interventionist practices, threatened, and in some places accomplished, the displace­ ment of the midwife. Dr. William F. Mengert contends it was the invention of the obstetric forceps which secured the installation of men in the lying-in room and that "without this invention surely the practice of obstetrics would still be in the hands of women. 11 2 But the transition from female mid­ wifery to male obstetrics which began in sixteenth century England was not quite as simple as all that. The Chamberlen family "invented" obstetric forceps at least 100 years before they became publicly available (c. 1733) and by that time men had made such inroads into the previously ,.. vi all-female birthing room that one cannot attribute their presence there to the invention of a single surgical instru­ ment. No one factor was responsible for the shift in de- livery room personnel nor was the transition from female midwives to male obstetricians a "natural" one. Rather it was an active takeover by male medical professionals for whom the "political and economic monopolization of medicine meant control over its institutional organizations, its theory and practice, its profits and prestige."3 In large part the suppression of female midwives was a simple, and yet complex, case of gender conflict. The process was a long and complex one and as this thesis developed it became clear that not all of the ident­ ified contributing factors could be given satisfactory at­ tention because of length and resource limitations. Unfor­ tunately, it is not within the scope of this thesis to analyze, in any depth, the role and position of women in Tudor/Stuart society (a topic which deserves greater con­ sideration in relationship to the topics of childbirth and midwifery). Nor will this thesis attempt to establish pre­ cisely who midwives were, what sort of women became mid­ wives and why, or whether they were skilled medical pract­ itioners or bumbling, ignorant craftswomen.4 Specific new medical advances of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the history of the incorporation and vii professionalization of physicians and surgeons will also not be discussed at any length, though both are important elements in the genesis and implementation of the transi­ tion from female to male birth attendants.
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