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Mothers, Monsters, Machines: Unnatural Maternities in Late Eighteenth-Century British Women's Writing Meghan Lorraine Burke

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Mothers, Monsters, Machines: Unnatural Maternities in Late Eighteenth-Century British Women's Writing Meghan Lorraine Burke Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Mothers, Monsters, Machines: Unnatural Maternities in Late Eighteenth-Century British Women's Writing Meghan Lorraine Burke Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MOTHERS, MONSTERS, MACHINES: UNNATURAL MATERNITIES IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING By MEGHAN LORRAINE BURKE A Thesis submitted to the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Meghan L. Burke defended on March 14, 2007. _______________________________ Candace Ward Professor Directing Thesis _______________________________ Eric Walker Committee Member _______________________________ Meegan Kennedy-Hanson Committee Member Approved: _____________________________________________ Nancy Warren Director of Graduate Studies, Department of English The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii Dedicated to Daryl Ann Burke, my own Ideal Mother, with thanks and love. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Candace Ward for her generous guidance, encouragement, and patience during every point of the evolution of this study. Not only were her insights integral at all stages of this project, but she also introduced me to Wollstonecraft when I was an undergraduate, and has led me through my growing love of eighteenth-century literature throughout my graduate career. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Eric Walker and Meegan Kennedy, for their willingness to be part of this final project as well as the support and instruction they provided during all of my years here at FSU. Finally, a special thanks to my family and all my friends in Tallahassee, including Brianna, Laura, Brendan, and especially Doug Hattaway, for serving as constant sources of encouragement, friendship, and laughter. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 1) “HORROR—AH! WHAT HORROR!—THAT I DISCOVERED I WAS WITH CHILD:” RATIONAL MOTHERS AND GOTHIC REALITIES IN MARIA, OR THE WRONGS OF WOMAN .................................................................................................................................10 I) The (Im)Possibility of Rational Motherhood ....................................................................13 II) Women’s Gothic Realities ................................................................................................20 III) “The Natural, the Dreaded Consequence:” Constructions of Motherhood in Maria ........25 2) “WHAT CALAMITIES HAS THY FRAILTY ENTAILED UPON THY MISERABLE OFFSPRING!”: TRANSMISSION, CONFINEMENT, AND THE POLLUTANT MATERNAL BODY IN WOLLSTONECRAFT AND HAYS .............................................39 I) “Involved, As By a Fatal Mechanism, In the Infamy of My Wretched Mother:” The Power and Pathology of Maternal Transmission ..............................................................43 II) “A Prison May Yet Bring Her to Reason:” The Politics of Power and Maternal Confinement ......................................................................................................................49 III) The Infecting, Inescapable Maternal Narrative in The Victim of Prejudice .....................52 3) MAKING MOTHER OBSOLETE: FENWICK’S SECRESY AND THE MASCULINE APPROPRIATION OF MATERNITY ..................................................................................64 I) Removing the Midwife .....................................................................................................65 II) Erasing the Mother ............................................................................................................69 III) Man-Made Women and Womanly Men: Destructive Reproductions in Secresy..............73 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................84 NOTES ..........................................................................................................................................90 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................93 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................................98 v ABSTRACT The notions of maternity and motherhood in late-eighteenth century England are fraught with ambiguity and contradictions. By this period, the cult of idealized motherhood and maternal virtue is beginning to emerge in England in order to protect a seemingly threatened cultural hegemony. However, this ideological project is dependent upon problematic constructs of the overriding “unnatural” aspects of maternity. In order to delineate ideal, normative maternity, examples of dangerous and monstrous motherhood are overwhelmingly emphasized. Although women’s reproductive authority was historically granted to them because the female body was viewed as the natural site of reproduction, eighteenth-century England saw an influx in the number of ways motherhood could be rendered unnatural by its very ties to women’s bodies, which were represented as being susceptible to (or, more seriously, the source of) all that was uncontrollable and irrational: illicit sexuality, ignorance, passions, madness, disease, and even murderous desires. Maternity as it was understood as the symbolic locus of collective female community and creative agency was effectively effaced, and was instead rendered an “unnatural” pathological condition “naturally” in need of treatment and control by masculine, rational authorities. In this thesis, I interrogate these constructions of maternity through the 1790s fiction of writers Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Hays, and Eliza Fenwick, all of whom, I argue, use their texts to protest the pathologization and mechanization of maternity that had occurred within their culture. In Wollstonecraft’s Maria; or The Wrongs of Woman, Hays’s The Victim of Prejudice, and Fenwick’s Secresy, or The Ruin on the Rock, each writer utilizes popular gothic conventions in their dramatizations of the dangers of various forms of feminine oppression in patriarchal England, not the least of which lies in the removal of maternity from female control. In each of their novels, Wollstonecraft, Fenwick, and Hays appropriate and reproduce much of the dominant negative discourse of unnatural maternity in order to show how it is ultimately these sorts of oppressive ideological fictions (and their patriarchal proponents) that are themselves monstrous, rather than the women whom they demonize and oppress. Furthermore, I argue that by creating and disseminating texts that protest the loss of maternal agency and demand a return of forms of collective female power, these writers are attempting to wrest back control of some form of creative power that was once indelibly linked to the woman’s womb. vi INTRODUCTION Cells fuse, split, and proliferate; volumes grow, tissues stretch, and body fluids change rhythm, speeding up or slowing down. Within the body, growing as graft, indomitable, there is an other. And no one is present, within that simultaneously dual and alien space, to signify what is going on. “It happens, but I’m not there.” “I cannot realize it, but it goes on.” Motherhood’s impossible syllogism. – Julia Kristeva in “Motherhood According to Giovanni Bellini” Critic Marilyn Francus notes in her discussion of male reproductive and creative anxieties, “What constitutes strength in the female weakens the male, and therefore female power must be reinterpreted in order to be subjugated” (830). In eighteenth century England, maternity was one such site of strength for women that underwent a subjugating reinterpretation in the dominant discourse. In the following study, I examine the ways in which maternity, once a locus of empowerment and agency for women, was successively demonized, pathologized, and ultimately mechanized by patriarchal discourse in late eighteenth-century England, until the birth process itself was effectively re-gendered as a masculine domain, and thereby no longer threatening to the existing male hegemony. This re-gendering is largely achieved by a gradual erasure of the mother and her specific forms of and claims to maternal agency in the experience of pregnancy and childbirth through a complicated recasting of the concept of “natural” maternity. Although women’s reproductive authority was historically granted to them because the female body was viewed as the natural site of reproduction, eighteenth-century England saw an influx in the number of ways motherhood could be rendered unnatural by its very ties to women’s bodies. Everything from literature to legal and medical discourse featured narratives of deviant motherhood, highlighting the ways in which maternal bodies were susceptible to (or, more seriously, the source of) all that was uncontrollable and irrational: illicit sexuality, ignorance, passions, madness, disease, and even murderous desires. The concept of abnormal,
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