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Antoine Vallot and the Broader Identity of the Premier Médecin Du Roi in Louis XIV’S Reign

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Antoine Vallot and the Broader Identity of the Premier Médecin Du Roi in Louis XIV’S Reign Beyond the Sun King’s bedside: Antoine Vallot and the broader identity of the premier médecin du roi in Louis XIV’s reign PhD Thesis submitted by Natalie Hawkes School of History, Classics and Archaeology: Newcastle University August 2014 Illustration 1: Antoine Vallot. Undated engraving by Jean Grignon. Image courtesy of the Wellcome Library, London. i Abstract Antoine Vallot worked as premier médecin du roi (Chief Physician to the King) to Louis XIV of France from 1652 to 1671. In this position, he participated in some of the most important political and medical developments in early modern France. Yet without a single substantial biography to his name, he remains the least studied of the three successive premiers médecins who cared for Louis XIV during his personal reign. This thesis attempts to rectify this disparity, but not through the means of a traditional biography. Instead, it aims to shed greater light upon Vallot’s career as premier médecin, and his place in the world around him in this role, through an exploration of his interactions with contemporaries. The royal court of France, and the kingdom’s wider medical profession, provide the two main backdrops for this investigation. The relationships which Vallot sustained within these two environments are explored with the help of a broad range of source material, including personal correspondence, archival records from the king’s household and Vallot’s medical record for Louis XIV. Within the source material relating to the royal court, a picture emerges of an extremely prolific physician whose professional popularity contrasted with a distinct lack of social significance. Although this social shortcoming was exacerbated by a tumultuous relationship with the royal medical team, Vallot’s exchanges with some of the court’s most important ministers reveal the achievements he accomplished within another dynamic sphere of court life: patronage. In the kingdom’s medical profession, Vallot kept a measured distance from the heated discussions of his medical contemporaries working beyond the court. Behind this distance, however, lay ambitious plans to secure a uniquely authoritative voice within the medical world as premier médecin. Throughout this investigation attention is drawn to the emerging continuities that can be traced between Vallot’s experiences in the role of premier médecin, and those of his better-known professional successors. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Wellcome Trust, whose generous financial support in the form of a Doctoral Studentship made it possible for me to undertake this project. The help of my two supervisors, Dr Thomas Rütten and Professor Tony Spawforth, was equally crucial to the completion of this thesis. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Thomas for his support, praise and constructive feedback, and Tony for our useful and entertaining supervisory exchanges on the French court. I would also like to express my gratitude to Newcastle University’s School of History, Classics and Archaeology for providing me with such a supportive working environment during my time in the city. Within the School, I am particularly grateful to the History of Medicine department, not least for their generous bestowal of the Iain M. Lonie PhD Completion Award to me in 2012. My thanks also go to Sandra Fletcher and Sarah Rylance, for the administrative help that they provided throughout the course of my PhD. My sincere thanks go to the staff of the British Library, the Robinson Library of Newcastle University and the Wellcome Collection, as well as of the Archives nationales, Bibliothèque nationale de France (both online and in person), Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de pharmacie and Ministère des affaires étrangères, for their valuable help during my research visits to these institutions. Equally, I am also extremely grateful for the online support provided by the staff of the Archives départementales du Gard, the Archives de la Loire, the Archives départementales de la Marne, the Archives départementales de la Somme, the Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle and the Bibliothèque universitaire de l'Université de Reims-Champagne Ardenne. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank some of the academics who helped me during the course of my PhD, particularly Colin Jones and Stanis Perez for their expert advice during the early stages of this project, Gavin Hardy for his botanical expertise, Cora Beth Knowles for her help with lengthy Latin translations and Brianne Preston for her expertise in early modern Spanish medicine. Finally, I’d like to express my gratitude towards my friends and family, without whom neither the completion of this thesis nor the preservation of my sanity over the past five years would have been possible. My particular thanks go to the friends that I made in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology (especially Nadine Metzger and Caroline Nielsen), Séverine Nivaud (for making Paris seem a lot less daunting!) and last but not least, my ever-supportive and understanding partner, Matthew Tucker. iii Table of Contents List of Illustrations ........................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7 I.1 The Life and Times of Antoine Vallot: A Brief Biography .................................... 9 I.1.1 Education and Ascendance ............................................................................... 9 I.1.2 Counterparts and Conflicts ............................................................................. 18 I.1.3 Life as Premier Médecin du Roi ..................................................................... 29 I.2 Vallot’s Place in the World(s) Around Him as Premier Médecin ......................... 38 I.2.1 Objectives........................................................................................................ 38 I.2.2 Historiographical Overview ........................................................................... 40 I.2.3 Structure ......................................................................................................... 45 PART ONE. VALLOT AT COURT Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 1. Vallot’s Relationship(s) with ‘la Cour’ ......................................................... 51 1.1 Vallot’s Professional Popularity ........................................................................... 53 1.2 Beyond Medical Intervention: Vallot’s Social Life Within Louis XIV’s Court ... 65 1.3 From Disparity to Continuity: Vallot and Fagon’s Shared Experiences of Life in Louis XIV’s Court ...................................................................................................... 78 Chapter 2. Vallot as Client .............................................................................................. 89 2.1 Mazarin: The Minister-Patron ............................................................................... 90 2.2 Services Rendered: Vallot’s Responsibilities as Mazarin’s Client ....................... 94 2.3 Services Received: What Vallot Gained from his Minister-Patron ...................... 99 2.4 Vallot’s Patronage Relationship with Pierre Séguier .......................................... 105 2.5 Life and Patronage After Mazarin....................................................................... 110 Chapter 3. Vallot’s Relationship(s) with the Court’s Medical Community ................. 117 3.1 Professional and Personal Connections: The Social Atmosphere Within the Court’s Medical Community .................................................................................... 119 3.2 Professional Bonds: Vallot’s Closest Colleagues ............................................... 122 3.3 Collaborative Closeness and Authoritative Distance: Vallot’s Experiences as Leader of the Court’s Physicians .............................................................................. 126 iv 3.3.1 Dispute Within the Queen Mother’s Medical Microcosm............................ 127 3.3.2 Secrets and Lies: Rebellion Within the King’s Medical Team ..................... 130 3.4 Vallot’s Relationships with Other Court Practitioners........................................ 134 PART TWO. VALLOT AND THE WIDER MEDICAL PROFESSION IN LOUIS XIV'S FRANCE Introduction ................................................................................................................... 144 Chapter 4. Vallot, Antimony and the Antimony Wars: A Medical Prelude ................. 147 4.1 Vallot’s Medical Practice .................................................................................... 147 4.2 The Antimony Wars ............................................................................................ 152 4.2.1 Courtly Precedent: La Rivière, du Chesne and Turquet de Mayerne .......... 153 Chapter 5. The Premier Médecin in the Eyes of His Professional Contemporaries ..... 158 5.1. Gui Patin ............................................................................................................ 158 5.2 The Pro-Antimony Community: Eusèbe Renaudot, L’Antimoine Justifié and a Missing Premier Médecin ......................................................................................... 165 5.3 Crown, Court and Incorporation:
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