Afghanistan OpiumSurvey2009 Summary Findings Ministry ofCounterNarcotics Government of Afghanistan

September 2009 ABBREVIATIONS ANP Afghan National Police CNPA Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan GLE Governor-led eradication ICMP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (UNODC) ISAF International Security Assistance Force MCN Ministry of Counter-Narcotics PEF Poppy Eradication Force UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2009 Afghanistan Opium Survey and to the preparation of this report:

Ministry of Counter-Narcotics: Dr. Mohammad Zafar (Deputy Minister), Mohammad Ibrahim Azhar (Deputy Minister) Dr. Mohammad Nabi Hussaini (Director General), Policy &Coordination, Mir Abdullah (Deputy Director of Survey and Monitoring Directorate) Survey Coordinators: Eshaq Masumi (Central Region), Abdul Mateen (Eastern Region), Abdul Latif Ehsan (Western Region), Fida Mohammad (Northern Region), Mohammed Ishaq Anderabi (North- Eastern Region), Hashmatullah Asek (Southern Region) Mohammad Khyber Wardak (Data entry supervisor), Mohammad Ajmal (Data entry), Sahar (Data entry), Mohammad Hakim Hayat (Data entry). Remote sensing analysts: Ahmad Jawid Ghiasee and Sayed Sadat Mehdi Eradication reporters: Ramin Sobhi and Zia Ulhaq.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Kabul) Jean-Luc Lemahieu (Country Representative), Elisabeth Bayer (Deputy Representative), Devashish Dhar (International Project Coordinator), Ziauddin Zaki (National Project Coordinator), Abdul Mannan Ahmadzai (Survey Officer), Noor Mohammad Sadiq (Database Developer)

Survey Coordinators: Abdul Basir Basiret (Eastern Region), Abdul Jalil (Northern Region), Abdul Qadir Palwal (Southern Region), Fawad Alahi (Western Region), Mohammad Rafi (North-eastern Region), Rahimullah Omar (Central Region), Sayed Ahmad (Southern Region), Abdul Rahim Marikh (Eastern Region), Fardin Osmani (Northern Region)

Provincial Coordinators: Fazal Mohammad Fazli (Southern Region), Mohammad Alam Ghalib (Eastern Region), Altaf Hussain Joya (Western Region), Mohammed Alem Yaqubi (North-eastern Region), Lutfurhaman Lutfi (Northern Region)

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) Sandeep Chawla (Chief, Policy Analysis and Research Branch), Angela Me (Chief, Statistics and Surveys Section-SASS), Shirish Ravan (Programme Officer), Martin Raithelhuber (Programme Officer), Patrick Seramy (Database management), Javier Teran (Statistician), Coen Bussink (GIS Expert) (all SASS/ICMP), Kristina Kuttnig (Public Information Assistant, Studies and Threat Analysis Section), Andrea Mancini (Project Coordinator, Technical Cooperation Section 2)

The implementation of the survey would not have been possible without the dedicated work of the field surveyors, who often faced difficult security conditions. The UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring activities in Afghanistan were made possible by financial contributions from the Governments of Germany, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Afghanistan Opium Survey 2009

Summary Findings

September 2009

COMMENTARY BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

The bottom is starting to fall out of the Afghan opium market. For the second year in a row, cultivation, production, work-force, prices, revenues, exports and its GDP share are all down, while the number of poppy-free provinces and drug seizures continue to rise.

Yet, Afghan drugs still have catastrophic consequences. They fund criminals, insurgents, and terrorists in Afghanistan and abroad. Collusion with corrupt government officials keeps undermining public trust, security, and the law. The taint of money-laundering is harming the reputation of banks in the Gulf, and farther afield.

The vulnerable are most at risk: drug use in Afghanistan is a growing problem, particularly among refugees. Drug addiction and HIV are spreading death and misery along opiate trafficking routes, particularly in Central Asia and Russia. Around the world, but especially in Europe, once again tens of thousands will die this year from heroin overdoses.

It is therefore essential to use this time of political change in Afghanistan to analyze the forces that are shrinking the opium market, and those needed to push further this process which is vulnerable to relapse.

The opium market plummets

In 2009, opium cultivation in Afghanistan decreased by 22%, from 157,000 hectares (ha) in 2008 to 123,000 ha today. In Helmand alone, cultivation declined by a third, to less than 70,000 ha. Indeed, the major drop in Helmand corresponds to the entire national decline this year: -34,000 ha. The dramatic turn-around in Helmand can be attributed to an effective mix of sticks and carrots: governor leadership; a more aggressive counter- narcotics offensive; terms of trade more favourable to legal crops; and the (related) successful introduction of food zones to promote licit farming.

Around the country, the number of poppy-free provinces has increased from 18 to 20. Opium cultivation in four other provinces (Kabul at 132 ha, Kunar at 164 ha, Laghman at 135 ha and Nangarhar at 294 ha) is marginal. In three others (Badakhshan, Hirat and Nimroz) poppy-free status is within reach in the next farming season. At that point, more than two-thirds of the country would be poppy-free. Today, about a third is.

Production has dropped less dramatically because farmers have extracted more opium per bulb. Whereas in the Golden Triangle, poppies yield about 10 kg of opium per hectare, this year Afghan poppies (grown in the most fertile and best irrigated part of the country) yielded a record 56 kg/ha – a 15% increase over last year’s already high figure of 49 kg. As a result, while cultivation decreased by 22%, in 2009 opium production was down by 10% to 6,900 tons. Still, to put this in perspective, the expected 800 ton decline is equivalent to roughly twice the amount currently supplied by the Golden Triangle, with a retail value of around $8 billion in consuming nations.

Over-supply at the source and lower market penetration (in Europe) are pushing opium prices down. Wholesale (farm gate) prices in Afghanistan have fallen by a third in the past year: from $70/kg to $48/kg for fresh opium; from $95/kg to $64/kg for the dry variety. In Afghanistan, opium values (in nominal terms) have not been this low since the late 1990s, when the Taliban were in power, and the opium harvest was half the size of today.

This year opium farmers saw their (gross) earnings per hectare shrink by one quarter, to $3,562/ha down from $4,662/ha in 2008. Falling prices and lower cultivation this year caused a 40% collapse in the total farm-gate value of opium production in Afghanistan, for a total of $438 million. This is equivalent to 4% of the country’s (licit) GDP, down from 12% in 2007, and an unprecedented 27% in 2002. The fact that 800,000 fewer people are involved in opium production, compared to 2008, is another indication that the drug industry is becoming less attractive.

Afghan and NATO forces are compounding the pressure caused by market forces. After some reticence, the link between drugs and insurgency is now under attack, literally. In the first half of 2009, military operations destroyed over 90 tons of precursor chemicals, 450t of seeds, 50t of opium, 7t of morphine, 1.5t of heroin, 19t of cannabis resin and 27 labs. While this has knocked out only a fraction of the Afghan drug economy, it has increased the risks of drug trafficking, and created a deterrent for the future. Indeed, our Survey shows that farmers are increasingly wary of retaliation, trading has become more discreet, and stocks are now buried underground. The impunity enjoyed thus far by the Afghan drug economy is under threat. The risks/rewards balance is starting to tilt against drugs.

The birth of Afghan narco-cartels

Despite the progress, opium remains a major source of income in one of the world’s poorest and most unstable countries. Farmers may grow it to stave off poverty. Criminals, insurgents and corrupt officials surely engage in its trade in the common pursuit of greed and power.

There is growing evidence – from tougher counter-narcotics and improved intelligence – that some anti-government elements in Afghanistan are turning into narco-cartels. It has happened elsewhere in the world. In Colombia, for example, drug trafficking (by FARC and ELN) started as a means to a political end – a way of funding an ideologically motivated guerrilla movement. Yet, the world over, drug money eventually trumps ideology, and becomes as addictive as the dope itself. Afghanistan is approaching this point. After years of collusion with criminal gangs and corrupt officials, some insurgents are now opportunistically moving up the value chain: not just taxing supply, but getting involved in producing, processing, stocking and exporting drugs. The impact this has on the stability of Afghanistan, and the ways and means to oppose it, require attention.

Avoiding a relapse

Progress in Afghanistan should not be measured only by the rising number of opium free provinces or by the declining size of poppy fields. Counter-narcotics must be a growing part of national efforts to improve living standards and governance and, therefore, should be a higher priority in international assistance programmes.

Eradicate poverty, not just poppies. The world over, development is the most powerful means to contain the twin threats of drugs and insurgency. In Afghanistan, many farmers grow opium because they depend on loans provided by traders as a down payment for the subsequent drug harvest. Historically this has trapped farmers in debt bondage. Micro- credits can free farmers from their drug masters. Infrastructures, storage facilities and access to markets can help them market their (licit) crops. This has happened, but in an inadequate and fragmented way. In post-election Afghanistan, the rural development push must be as robust as the current military offensive – to feed and employ farmers, not just to search and destroy their drugs. There is no need to bribe farmers to stay away from drugs: market forces are already doing this. The new terms of trade caused by an over-supply of drugs and an under-supply of food are already convincing farmers that it pays not to grow poppies – especially if/once the climate of impunity starts fading. Two corollaries follow. (i) Just as the military are preparing for a surge, an assistance leap in the countryside is needed. Aid has been generous, but is choked by high costs of intermediation. (ii) Just as the military are reducing their operational caveats, development assistance needs fewer restrictions. The combination of individual foreign- sponsored projects around each PRT (understandably, to protect the fighting boys), does not amount to a coherent assistance program for Afghanistan. In short, what is needed to consolidate recent gains, and to push the process forward are more assistance, greater coherence, and fewer bottlenecks at delivery.

Target rich criminals, not poor farmers. In the past the focus was on eradication, rather than interdiction. It didn’t work. Over the past two years, only 10,000 hectares of opium were eradicated: less than 4% of the amount planted, with an enormous human and economic cost. Interdiction, not a priority, suffered. As a result, although 90% of the world’s opium comes from Afghanistan, less than 2% is seized there (more than 20% of global cocaine supply is seized by its main producer, Colombia). Afghan and NATO forces have started to disrupt the drug trade by dismantling high value assets. More is needed, for example going after the handful of drug kingpins who control the bulk of the trade. Security Council Resolution 1735 of December 2007 called for them to be listed, their travels banned, their assets seized. So far no names have been submitted to the Council. Major traffickers should be reported to the Security Council and brought to justice – not executed in violation of international law or pardoned for political expediency.

Missing stocks a threat. Annual world demand for illicit opium has never exceeded 5,000 tons. Yet, over the past few years, including in 2009, Afghan supply has well-exceeded this amount. Illicit drug stockpiles may have now reached 10,000 tons – enough to satisfy two years of world (heroin) addiction, or three years of medical (morphine) prescription. At a time of declining prices, commercial traders would not hold on to

devaluing assets. So the opium stocks are probably in the hands of people who are not motivated solely by commercial interests. After all, opium ages well; it is a means of payment easily transported, with a world-wide market. Intelligence agencies should defuse the ticking-bomb of opium stock-piles, before these become the source of potential sinister scenarios.

A truly regional approach. In southern Afghanistan, for years insurgents and drug traffickers alike have taken advantage of the strategic depth in Pakistan to regroup and strike again, moving opium, equipment, arms and foot soldiers back and forth, in reaction to law enforcement pressure. At present, under combined NATO/Afghan pressure the business is being pushed south and east. Yet, although a quarter of all Afghan narcotics is smuggled through Pakistan, there are no seizures in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal (border) Areas. The recent Af/Pak focus is welcome, yet too narrow. Yearly, as much as half of Afghanistan’s opium is exported through Iran, threatening border security and spreading addiction. This is why UNODC has brokered a Trilateral Platform among Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan to share counter-narcotics intelligence and run joint operations. It is working, with results operationally small but symbolically big. The northern axis is also crucial. Drugs moving north (along the Silk Road) through Central Asia into Russia and China are spreading addiction, HIV and insurgency. Expectations are high regarding the impact the UNODC-brokered Central Asia Intelligence Centre (CARICC) will have.

An historical error

Controlling drugs in Afghanistan will not solve all of the country’s problems, but the country’s problems can not be solved without controlling drugs. A second consecutive year of much lower opium cultivation and production is welcome news. The major decrease in Helmand demonstrates that progress is possible, even under the toughest conditions.

Does this biennium represent a market correction, or a downward trend? It is too early to tell, but progress very much depends on improved security. Like never before, the fates of counter-narcotics and counter-insurgency are inextricably linked.

So much has been invested to contain the drug economy in Afghanistan, that it would be an historical error to allow this undeniable progress to be undermined not in the opium fields of poor farmers, but in the killing fields of suicide bombers.

Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Fact Sheet Afghanistan Opium Survey 2009 Change on 2008 2009 2008 Net opium cultivation (after eradication) 157,000 ha -22% 123,000 ha in % of agricultural land1 2.1% 1.6% in % of cultivation in major opium 82% NA cultivating countries Number of poppy free provinces2 18 +2 provinces 20 Number of provinces affected by opium 16 -2 provinces 14 cultivation Eradication 5,480 ha -2% 5,351 Weighted average opium yield 48.8 kg/ha +15% 56.1 kg/ha Potential production of opium 7,700 mt -10% 6,900 mt in % of production in major opium 94% NA producing countries No. of household involved in opium cultivation3 366,500 245,200

No. of persons involved in opium cultivation3 2.4 million 1.6 million

in % of total population3 9.8% 6.4% Average farm-gate price (weighted by production) US$ 70/kg -31% US$ 48/kg of fresh opium at harvest time4 Average farm-gate price (weighted by production) US$ 95/kg -34% US$ 64/kg of dry opium at harvest time4 Current GDP5 US$ 10.2 billion +5% US$ 10.7 billion Total farm gate value of opium production US$ 730 million -40% US$ 438 million in % of GDP 7% 4% Potential export value of opium, morphine and US$ 3.4 billion NA heroin (border areas of neighbouring countries) Average yearly gross income from opium of US$ 1,997 -10% US$ 1,786 opium growing households Current GDP per capita5 US$ 415 +3% US$ 426 Gross income from opium per ha US$ 4,662 -24% US$ 3,562 Gross income from wheat per ha US$ 1,625 -32% US$ 1,101

1 The area available for agriculture was updated from 76,235 km2 in 2008 to 77,217 km2 in 2009. 2 Poppy free provinces are those which are estimated to have less than 100 ha of opium cultivation. 3 Due to a change in methodology and new information available on village population size, the figures from 2008 and 2009 are not directly comparable. Estimates are based on a population of 25.5 million and an average household size of 6.5 persons for 2009 (Afghan year 1387) and a population of 24.5 million for 2008 (Afghan year 1386). Source: Government of Afghanistan, Central Statistical Office. 4 In 2008, the fresh and dry opium prices at harvest time were based on farmers responses collected through the Annual Opium Survey, which was conducted slightly before the opium harvest. In 2009, prices at harvest time were derived from the opium price monitoring system and refer to the month when opium harvest actually took place in the different regions of the country. 5 Source: Government of Afghanistan, Central Statistical Office.

SUMMARY FINDINGS

The total opium poppy cultivation estimated for Afghanistan in 2009 was 123,000 hectares (ha), a 22% reduction compared to the level in 2008. Ninety nine per cent of the total cultivation took place in seven provinces in the Southern and Western regions6, including the most insecure provinces in the country. This further substantiates the link between insecurity and opium cultivation observed since 2007. Total opium production in 2009 was estimated at 6,900 metric tons (mt), a 10% decrease from 2008. Virtually all the production (99%) took place in the same provinces where cultivation is concentrated. The other provinces produced only 1% of the country’s total opium in 2009. The seven main opium cultivating and producing provinces were Hilmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Day Kundi, Zabul, Farah and Badghis. The province of Nimroz is not on this list because its main opium cultivating area, located in Khash Rod district, was administratively re-defined as part of Farah province. The Northern region was poppy free for the first time in a decade. Among the 34 provinces in the country, 20 were poppy free in 2009, compared to 18 in 2008. With the exception of Nangarhar, all provinces that were poppy free in 2008 remained so in 2009. The new poppy free provinces are Kapisa, Baghlan and Faryab. The total estimated farm-gate income of opium growing farmers amounted to US$ 438 million. This is a significant decrease from 2008, when farm-gate income for opium was estimated at US$ 730 million. Figure 1: Opium cultivation in Afghanistan (ha), 1994-2009

200,000

175,000

150,000

125,000

100,000

Hectares 75,000

50,000

25,000

0 1994 1195 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cultivation 71,000 54,000 57,000 58,000 64,000 91,000 82,000 8,000 74,000 80,000 131,000 104,000 165,000 193,000 157,000 123,000

6 Regions as designated by UNODC for analytical purposes. Please refer to Table 1 for a full list.

1 Table 1: Opium cultivation (2005-2009) and eradication (2008-2009) in Afghanistan

Change Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Change 2008- Eradication Eradication in PROVINCE 2008-2009 2005 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2007 (ha) 2008 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2009 (ha) in 2008 (ha) 2009 (ha) (%) Kabul Poppy free 80 500 310 132 -178 -57% 20 1.35 Khost Poppy free 133 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Logar Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Paktya Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Panjshir Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Parwan Poppy free 124 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Wardak 106 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Ghazni Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Paktika Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Central Region 106 337 500 310 132 -178 -57% 20 1.35 Kapisa 115 282 835 436 Poppy free NA NA 59 31 Kunar 1,059 932 446 290 164 -126 -43% 103 11 Laghman 274 710 561 425 135 -290 -68% 26 0 Nangarhar 1,093 4,872 18,739 Poppy free 294 NA NA 26 226 Nuristan 1,554 1,516 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 3 0 Eastern Region 4,095 8,312 20,581 1,151 593 -558 -48% 217 269.05 Badakhshan 7,370 13,056 3,642 200 557 357 179% 774 420 Takhar 1,364 2,178 1,211 Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Kunduz 275 102 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 North-eastern Region 9,009 15,336 4,853 200 557 357 179% 774 420.36 Baghlan 2,563 2,742 671 475 Poppy free NA NA 85 0 Balkh 10,837 7,232 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Bamyan 126 17 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Faryab 2,665 3,040 2,866 291 Poppy free NA NA 0 261 Jawzjan 1,748 2,024 1,085 Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Samangan 3,874 1,960 Poppy free Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Sari Pul 3,227 2,252 260 Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 0 0 Northern Region 25,040 19,267 4,882 766 Poppy free NA NA 85 261.24 Hilmand 26,500 69,324 102,770 103,590 69,833 -33,757 -33% 2,537 4119 Kandahar 12,989 12,619 16,615 14,623 19,811 5,188 35% 1,222 69 Uruzgan 2,024 9,703 9,204 9,939 9,224 -715 -7% 113 74 Zabul 2,053 3,210 1,611 2,335 1,144 -1,191 -51% 0 0 Day Kundi 2,581 7,044 3,346 2,273 3,002 729 32% 0 27 Southern Region 46,147 101,900 133,546 132,760 103,014 -29,746 -22% 3,872 4289.06 Badghis 2,967 3,205 4,219 587 5,411 4,824 822% 0 0 Farah 10,240 7,694 14,865 15,010 12,405* -2,605* (-17%) 9 43 Ghor 2,689 4,679 1,503 Poppy free Poppy free NA NA 38 0 Hirat 1,924 2,287 1,525 266 556 290 109% 352 67 Nimroz 1,690 1,955 6,507 6,203 428* -5,775* (-93%) 113 0 Western Region 19,510 19,820 28,619 22,066 18,800 -3,266 -15% 511 109.86 Total (rounded) 104,000 165,000 193,000 157,000 123,000 -34,000 -22% 5,480 5,351 * Due to administrative boundary changes, the 2009 estimates for Farah and Nimroz were calculated considering parts of Khash Rod district, the main opium cultivating district in Nimroz, as being in Farah province. The 2008 figures include all of Khash Rod district in Nimroz province. A province is defined as poppy free when it is estimated to have less then 100 ha of opium cultivation.

2 Opium cultivation decreases by 22% in 2009 The area under opium cultivation in Afghanistan decreased by 22% in 2009, from 157,000 ha in 2008 to 123,000 ha, 99% of which was concentrated in the Southern and Western regions. Opium poppy cultivation decreased in all regions except the North- eastern region, where in any case very little cultivation remained. The regional divide of opium cultivation between the south and rest of the country continued to deepen in 2009. Most of the opium cultivation is confined to the south and west, which are dominated by insurgency and organized criminal networks. This mirrors the sharper polarization of the security situation between the lawless south and relatively stable north of the country. The major differences between opium cultivation patterns in 2009 compared to 2008 were a drastic decrease in cultivation in Hilmand province, which contributed the bulk of the overall decrease; a significant increase in opium cultivation in Badghis and Kandahar provinces; and mixed signals from the Eastern region, where Kapisa became poppy free for the first time. Nangarhar, however, could not retain the poppy free status it had achieved in 2008, but the level of opium cultivation remained low.

Number of poppy free provinces increases to 20 in 2009 The number of poppy free provinces7 increased to 20 in 2009, compared to 18 in 2008 and 13 in 2007. Kapisa (Eastern region), Baghlan and Faryab (both Northern region) provinces became poppy free for the first time.

Table 2: Provinces with poppy free status in 2009 (<100 ha poppy cultivation) Region Province Central region Ghazni, Khost, Logar, Paktika, Paktya, Panjshir, Parwan, Wardak, Kapisa* Northern region Balkh, Bamyan, Jawzjan, Samangan, Sari Pul, Faryab*, Baghlan* North-Eastern region Kunduz, Takhar Eastern region Nuristan Western region Ghor * Provinces which were not poppy free in 2008 but became poppy free in 2009.

Almost all provinces free of poppy in 2008 remained poppy free in 2009, with exception of Nangarhar. Campaigns against poppy cultivation and effective law enforcement by the Government contributed to maintaining the provinces’ poppy free status. Efforts were made in the remaining poppy cultivating provinces in the Eastern (Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar), Central (Kabul) and Northern regions (Badakhshan) to considerably reduce cultivation, but despite the low levels remaining in 2009, they did not drop under the 100 ha poppy free threshold.

7 A province is defined as poppy free when it is estimated to have less then 100 ha of opium cultivation.

3

35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E 2007 2008 2009 International boundary Provincial boundary TAJIKISTAN Cultivation Year

km

164

557 Kunar 294 100

Badakhshan 50

Nuristan 135 Nangarhar PAKISTAN Geographic projection: WGS 84 70°E 0200 70°E

Laghman 132 Khost Kapisa Takhar Panjshir Paktya Kabul Logar Kunduz Paktika Parwan Baghlan Wardak

Ghazni 1,144 Samangan

Bamyan Balkh

3,002 Zabul

UZBEKISTAN

9,224 19,811 Sari Pul Uruzgan Day Kundi Jawzjan Kandahar 65°E 65°E Ghor

Faryab

69,833 5,411 Hilmand

Badghis

12,405 428

TURKMENISTAN 556 Farah Nimroz Hirat

IRAN

35°N 30°N Opium cultivation in Afghanistan, 2007-2009 Source: Government of AfghanistanNote: - The National boundaries monitoring and system names implemented shown by and UNODC the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

4

35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E cultivation (ha) International boundary Provincial boundary Poppy free Less than 1000 1000 - 10000 ha 10000 - 20000 ha More than 20000 ha TAJIKISTAN Legend Opium km Kunar Fayzabad Jalalabad 100 Nuristan Badakhshan PAKISTAN Nangarhar 50 70°E 70°E Laghman Geographic projection: WGS 84 Khost 0200 Takhar Kapisa Panjshir Kabul Paktya Logar Baghlan Parwan Paktika Kunduz Wardak Ghazni Samangan Mazari Sharif Bamyan Balkh Zabul UZBEKISTAN Day Kundi Sari Pul Kandahar Uruzgan Jawzjan Kandahar 65°E 65°E Faryab Ghor Hilmand Badghis Farah Hirat Farah Nimroz TURKMENISTAN Hirat

IRAN

35°N 30°N Opium Cultivation in Afghanistan, 2009 (at province level) Source: Government of AfghanistanNote: - The National boundaries monitoring and system names implemented shown by and UNODC the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

5 All provinces of the Northern region are poppy free for the first time in almost a decade The Northern region consists of Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Faryab, Jawzjan, Samangan and Sari Pul provinces. In 2009, for the first time in almost a decade, all the provinces in this region were poppy free. Most of these provinces sustained moderate levels of opium cultivation in the past except Balkh. This province emerged as a major opium cultivating province in 2005 and 2006 (10,837 ha and 7,232 ha respectively), whereas the rest of the provinces contributed in the range of 2,000 to 3,000 ha each. The decline in opium cultivation in the Northern region started with strict law enforcement and counter- narcotic initiatives. In 2008, poppy cultivation in these provinces was already negligible and Balkh has remained poppy free since 2007. Figure 2: Opium poppy cultivation in Badakhshan province (ha), 2004-2009

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000 Hectares

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Badakhshan 15,607 7,370 13,056 3,642 200 557

In the North-eastern region, Kunduz has been poppy free since 2007 and Takhar since 2008. In 2009, Badakhshan remained the only opium cultivating province in this region. However, despite a large proportional increase of 179%, poppy cultivation remained comparatively low at 557 ha, all of which happened in rain-fed areas. The increase happened in spite of 420 ha being eradicated.

Nangarhar maintains low level of cultivation Nangarhar province became poppy free for the first time in 2008. In 2009, however, 294 ha of opium poppy were detected, despite 226 ha being eradicated. Nangarhar, traditionally a large opium growing province, was the only province that lost its poppy free status in 2009.

6 Figure 3: Opium cultivation in Nangarhar province (ha), 2004-2009

30,000

25,000

20,000

Hectares 15,000

10,000

5,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nangarhar 28,213 1,093 4,872 18,739 Poppy free 294

In the last six years, the level of opium cultivation in Nangarhar has been erratic. In 2004, cultivation was at 28,213 ha, the following year it dropped drastically to 1,093 ha and was confined to remote parts of the province. In 2006, it increased to 4,872 ha and in 2007 again increased to 18,739, before becoming poppy free in 2008. In 2009, Laghman and Kunar provinces of the Eastern region were virtually poppy free with negligible amounts of cultivation (135 ha and 164 ha respectively).

Badghis emerges as major opium cultivating province Opium cultivation level in Badghis province has been rising steadily since 2004. In 2008, cultivation was expected to be high, but the total failure of rain-fed crops contributed to the drop in opium cultivation. In 2009, good rainfall resulted in extensive cultivation in rain-fed areas of this province, enabling farmers to grow more poppy. This contributed to a strong increase in opium cultivation from only 587 ha in 2008 to 5,411 ha in 2009, most of which was in areas that are difficult to access. With the exception of the drought year 2008, Badghis has experienced a continuous increase in the area under opium cultivation since 2004. In 2009, it emerged as one of the major opium cultivating provinces.

7 Figure 4: Opium cultivation in Badghis province (ha), 2004-2009

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000 Hectares

2,000

1,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Badghis 614 2,967 3,205 4,219 587 5,411

Opium cultivation in Hilmand decreases by 33% In 2009, opium cultivation in Hilmand went down by 33,757 ha (33%) compared to 2008. Despite this considerable reduction, Hilmand remained the largest opium cultivating province with 69,833 ha (57% of total cultivation in Afghanistan). The overall 22% reduction in opium cultivation in Afghanistan in 2009 was mainly due to reductions in Hilmand. Independent figures from a study done by Cranfield University (UK) showed that opium cultivation in the so-called “food zone” in Hilmand decreased by 37%, and was mainly replaced by cereal crops. Outside the food zone, however, poppy cultivation increased by 8%. The food zone programme comprised anti-poppy awareness raising campaigns, the distribution of wheat seed and fertilizer to farmers, and law enforcement activities including eradication. It covered the districts of Lashkar Gah, Nad Ali, Gereshk, Garm Seir, Sangin Qala and Musa Qala in Hilmand. The programme was implemented by Hilmand’s Governor with financial and technical support from the UK and USA.

8 Hilmand food zone, 2009

63° E 64° E 65° E

Baghran 33° N 33° N Kajaki Nowzad

Musa Qala

Washer Sangin Qala

Naher-i-Saraj

Nad Ali

Lashkargah

31° N Nawa-i-Barukzai 31° N

Garm Ser

Legend

Food Zone Reg-i-Khan Nishin Agricultural Area

30° N River 30° N Dishu District boundary Provincial boundary

Afghanistan

025 50 100 km Geographic projection: WGS 84

Hilmand 63° E 64° E 65° E The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

99% of opium cultivation is concentrated in the Southern and Western regions In 2009, 84% of opium cultivation was concentrated in the Southern region. Kandahar was the only province in this region that showed a significant increase in opium cultivation, from 14,623 ha in 2008 to 19,811 ha in 2009 (35%). In 2009, Kandahar was the second largest opium cultivating province after Hilmand, which, in spite of a strong decrease over 2008, still had over three times more area under opium cultivation than Kandahar.

9 Figure 5: Opium cultivation in Hilmand and Kandahar provinces (ha), 2004-2009

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000 Hectares 40,000

20,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Hilmand 29,353 26,500 69,324 102,770 103,590 69,833 Kandahar 4,959 12,989 12,619 16,615 14,623 19,811

In 2009, Nimroz province in the Western region ceased to be a major opium cultivating province as parts of its main opium cultivating district, Khash Rod, were shifted into the neighbouring Farah province. Khash Rod district had contributed over 95% of opium cultivation in Nimroz province in the past. Despite this shift, opium cultivation in Farah decreased from 15,010 ha in 2008 to 12,405 ha in 2009. In absolute terms, both provinces have shown a significant reduction in opium cultivation. Security has been a major problem in the Southern and Western regions. Because the lack of security compromises the rule of law from the legitimate Government, counter- narcotic interventions are limited and these regions consistently show very high opium cultivation levels. Figure 6: Opium cultivation in Farah and Nimroz provinces (ha), 2004-2009

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

Hectares 6,000

4,000

2,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Farah 2,288 10,240 7,694 14,865 15,010 12,405 Nimroz 115 1,690 1,955 6,507 6,203 428

10

Table 3: Regional distribution of opium cultivation, 2008-2009 Change 2009 (ha) as Region 2008 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2008-2009 % of total Southern 132,760 103,014 -22% 84% Western 22,066 18,800 -15% 15% Eastern 1,151 593 -48% 0.5% North-eastern 200 557 179% 0.5% Central 310 132 -82% 0.1% Northern 766 Poppy free NA NA Rounded Total 157,000 123,000 -22% 100%

Table 4: Main opium cultivating provinces in Afghanistan (ha), 2009 Change Province 2007 2008 2009 2008-2009 Hilmand 102,770 103,590 69,833 -33% Kandahar 16,615 14,623 19,811 35% Farah* 14,865 15,010 12,405 (-17%) Uruzgan 9,204 9,939 9,224 -7% Badghis 4,219 587 5,411 822% Day Kundi 3,346 2,273 3,002 32% Nimroz* 6,507 6,203 428 (-93%) Rest of the country 43,020 7,888 2,982 -62% Total 193,000 157,000 123,000 -22% * Due to administrative boundary changes, the 2009 estimates for Farah and Nimroz were calculated considering parts of Khash Rod district, the main opium cultivating district in Nimroz, as part of Farah province. The 2008 figures include all of Khash Rod district in Nimroz province.

11 Figure 7: Airborne collection of ground reference information over Hilmand, 2009

False colour satellite image of the same area acquired on 11 April 2009 showing poppy and wheat fields in different shades of red.

12 Potential opium production in Afghanistan declines to 6,900 mt in 2009 The average yield (weighted by production) for Afghanistan in 2009 was 56.1 kg/ha, compared to 48.8 kg/ha in 2008. Overall, weather conditions were favorable for agricultural crops in 2009 and there were no reports of damages caused by unfavorable weather, diseases or pests. As a consequence, potential opium production decreased by only 10% to 6,900 mt, despite opium cultivation dropping by 22%. In the last two years, unusually high opium yields have been estimated for Afghanistan. This is the result of many different factors, among which are good climatic conditions, low levels of plant diseases and pests, and the shift of the opium cultivation to the fertile southern lowlands where irrigation and improved farming techniques are more widespread than in other parts of the country. Opium yield is estimated using a correlation between poppy capsule sizes (volumes) and numbers on the one hand and the harvested opium gum on the other. This correlation was established in scientific harvest trials in Thailand, Pakistan and Afghanistan in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, the capsule sizes and numbers observed in recent years in Afghanistan, mainly in the Southern region, are much higher than those observed during these trials and exceed the range of values for which the correlation was established. It is uncertain how opium yield and capsule size and numbers correlate when these numbers are as high as those observed in Afghanistan during the last two years. Further research into opium yield is therefore necessary. The findings of this research may well lead to a revision of opium yield estimates in Afghanistan.

Table 5: Average opium yield by region in Afghanistan, 2008-2009

2008 Average yield 2009 Average yield Region Change (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Central (Parwan, Paktya, Wardak, Khost, 36.2 NA* NA Kabul, Logar, Ghazni, Paktika, Panjshir) Eastern (Nangarhar, Kunar, Laghman, 39.3 36.2 -8% Nuristan, Kapisa) North-east (Badakhshan, Takhar, Kunduz) 31.4 34.3 9%

Northern (Bamyan, Jawzjan, Sari Pul, 54.6 NA* NA Baghlan, Faryab, Balkh, Samangan) Southern (Hilmand, Uruzgan, Kandahar, 52.1 58.5 12% Zabul, Day Kundi) Western (Ghor, Hirat, Farah, Nimroz, 29.7 43.9 48% Badghis)

Weighted national average 48.8 56.1 15%

* For the Central region, no regional yield figure was calculated due to a low number of yield measurements in this region. The Northern region was poppy free.

13

35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E Opium production (metric ton) International boundary Main city Provincial boundary 1,000 Legend TAJIKISTAN km Kunar 6 19 Fayzabad 11 Jalalabad Badakhshan 100 Nuristan 5 Nangarhar Laghman 70°E 70°E 50 Khost Kabul 0200 Panjshir Geographic projection: WGS 84 Takhar Kapisa Paktya N/A Kabul Logar PAKISTAN Parwan Baghlan Paktika Kunduz Wardak Ghazni Samangan Mazari Sharif 67 Balkh Bamyan Zabul UZBEKISTAN Uruzgan 176 540 Day Kundi Kandahar Sari Pul Jawzjan Kandahar 1,159 65°E 65°E Faryab Ghor Hilmand 4,085 238 Badghis Farah Hirat Nimroz 545 Hirat 19 24 Farah TURKMENISTAN

IRAN

35°N 30°N Opium production in Afghanistan by province (mt), 2009 Source: Government of AfghanistanNote: - The National boundaries monitoring and system names implemented shown by and UNODC the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

14 75°E 75°E 35°N 30°N

INDIA INDIA 20581 Provincial boundary International boundary Eastern Cultivation (ha) North Eastern Production (mt) Legend

TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN 21

Km

19 593 Eastern

North-eastern PAKISTAN PAKISTAN 70°E 557 70°E 50 0 100 200

Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84 132

Central 0

Northern 0 UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTAN

Southern

6,026 103,014 65°E 65°E

Western

825 18,800 TURKMENISTAN TURKMENISTAN IRAN IRAN 35°N 30°N 60°E 60°E Source: Government ofNote: Afghanistan The boundaries and - names National shown and monitoring the designations used system on this implemented map do by not UNODC imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Regional opium cultivation and production in Afghanistan, 2009

15

Figure 8: Potential opium production in Afghanistan (mt), 1994-2009

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000 Metric tons

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Production 3,416 2,335 2,248 2,804 2,693 4,565 3,278 185 3,400 3,600 4,200 4,100 6,100 8,200 7,700 6,900

About 87% of total opium production took place in the Southern region (6,026 mt) and 12% took place in the Western region (825 mt) in 2009.

Table 6: Potential opium production by region (mt), 2008-2009

Change Change Production 2008 Production 2009 PROVINCE 2008-2009 2008-2009 (mt) (mt) (mt) (%) Central Region* 11 NA* NA NA Eastern Region 45 21 -24 -53% North-eastern Region 6 19 13 204% Northern Region 42 0 -42 -100% Southern Region 6,917 6,026 -890 -13% Western Region 655 825 170 26% Total (rounded) 7,700 6,900 -800 -10% * For the Central region, no specific regional production figure was calculated due to a low number of yield measurements in this region. Opium production in Hilmand (4,085 mt) dropped by 24% compared to 2008 but was still close to Afghanistan’s total production in 2005 (4,100 mt). The highest increase in production was estimated in Badghis province with 238 mt (14 times more than in 2008). Opium production in Kandahar (1,159 mt) almost doubled due to the increase in opium cultivation. The province remained the second largest producer of opium in Afghanistan

16 in 2009. Other provinces that contributed significantly to production were Farah (545 mt), Uruzgan (540 mt) and Day Kundi (176 mt) and Zabul (67 mt).

Table 7: Potential opium production in main opium producing provinces (mt), 2008-2009 Change Change Production 2008 Production 2009 PROVINCE 2008-2009 2008-2009 (mt) (mt) (mt) (%) Hilmand 5,397 4,085 -1,312 -24% Kandahar 762 1,159 397 52% Farah 446 545 99 22% Uruzgan 518 540 22 4% Badghis 17 238 220 1263% Day Kundi 118 176 57 48% Zabul 122 67 -55 -45%

Eradication remains at low level of 2008 A total of 5,351 ha of eradicated poppy fields were verified by MCN/UNODC including Governor-led eradication (GLE) (2,687 ha) and eradication executed by the Poppy Eradication Force (PEF) (2,663 ha). GLE was carried out in 12 provinces whereas PEF conducted eradication only in Hilmand and Badakhshan provinces. The final figures of eradication in Hilmand and Badakhshan provinces were adjusted after verification using satellite images since cases of over-reporting were observed in the preliminary reports received from these provinces.

Table 8: Eradication and cultivation in Afghanistan (ha) 2005-2009 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 GLE (ha) 4,000 13,050 15,898 4,306 2,687 PEF (ha) 210 2,250 3,149 1,174 2,663 Total (ha) 4,210 15,300 19,510 5,480 5,351 Opium cultivation (ha)* 104,000 165,000 193,000 157,000 123,000 Eradication as % of opium 4% 9% 10% 3% 4% cultivation * Net opium cultivation after eradication Points of note regarding eradication carried out in 2009 were: o Total eradication was around 4% of the total opium cultivation. o Eradication was insignificant in major opium growing provinces like Kandahar, Farah and Uruzgan. o Timely eradication could have made Kunar, Laghman, Kabul, Badakhshan, Nangarhar, Hirat and Nimroz province poppy free considering the low level of cultivation in these provinces. o Eradication took place in 12 provinces in 2009 compared to 17 in 2008. Unlike last year, eradication did not take place in Ghor, Baghlan, Jawzjan and Nuristan because of negligible opium cultivation in these provinces. However, eradication

17 did not take place in Laghman, Nimroz and Zabul due to lack of planning and will to eradicate. o The security situation continued to be unfavorable for eradication campaigns in 2009, since most of the opium cultivation was confined to the Southern and Western provinces, which are affected by insurgency and organized crime groups. o In 2009, there were 21 deaths related to eradication compared to 78 deaths in 2008. GLE and PEF teams were attacked 34 times during eradication in Badakhshan, Faryab, Hilmand, Kandahar, Kunar, Hirat, Nangarhar, Uruzgan and Zabul provinces. o Most of the security related incidents were reported in Hilmand province. In 2008, most incidents took place in Nangarhar and Nimroz provinces. o In 2009, resistance by farmers to eradication was far less than in 2008.

Table 9: Security incidents during GLE and PEF eradication, 2008-2009 2008 2009 % change Persons injured >100 52 -48% or more Fatalities 78 21 -73%

As reported by eradication verification surveyors.

Table 10: Governor-led eradication by province (ha), 2009 No. of No. of villages Eradication eradicated with Province verified (ha) fields eradication reported reported Badakhshan 401 1598 158 Day Kundi 27 113 24 Farah 43 75 8 Faryab 261 236 10 Hilmand 1,475 2,275 54 Hirat 67 247 31 Kabul 1 9 3 Kandahar 69 154 28 Kapisa 31 224 25 Kunar 11 152 12 Nangarhar 226 808 33 Uruzgan 74 371 26 Total 2,687 6,262 412

18

35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E INDIA INDIA No eradication Negligible 11 - 100 101 - 500 501 - 4119 Province boundary International boundary TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Legend Eradication (ha) km Kunar Nuristan Badakhshan Nangarhar Laghman PAKISTAN PAKISTAN 70°E 70°E Khost Ta kh a r Panjshir Kapisa Kabul Pakt ya Logar 75 Baghlan Kunduz Pakt ika Parwan Geographic Proj ection Datum: WGS 84 0150300 Ward ak Gh azni Samangan Bamyan Zabul Balkh UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTAN Sari Pul Day Kundi Uruzgan Jawzjan Kandahar 65°E 65°E Gh or Faryab Hilmand Badghis Farah TURKMENISTAN TURKMENISTAN Hirat Nimroz

IRAN IRAN

35°N 30°N fhnsa:Verified GLEAfghanistan: and PEF in eradication 2009 (by province) Source: Government ofNote: Afghanistan The - boundaries National and monitoring names system shown implemented and the by designations UNODC used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

19

35°N 30°N Nari 75°E 75°E Dangam INDIA Ghazi Abad Kamdesh Bar Kunar (Asmar) Watahpoor Mara warah Sar Kani Shi gal wa Shel tan Waygal Mohmand Dara Lalpoor Dur Baba Dara-i-Pech Khas Kunar Chowkey Goshta Shi nwar Nazyan Narang wa Badil Wama Bati K ot Noor gal Wakhan Ac hi n Kama Kot Chapa Dara Rodat Kuzkunar District boundary International boundary Provincial boundary No eradication Negligible 12-100 101-200 201-300 301-1000 1001-2569 Behsud Asad Abad (Provincial Center) Jalalabad Kiran wa Munjan Nuristan Paroon (Provincial Center) Du Ab Alingar Deh Bala Darah-i- Noor Noor Gram Chaparhar Surk h Rud Eradication (ha) Khugyani Mandol Pachir wagam Qarghayee Alisheng Jaji Maidan Dand Patan TAJIKISTAN Dowlat Shah Sherzad Jaji Mehtar Lam (Provincial Center) AlaSai Darah Samkani Hesarak Surubi Tagab Az ra Nari Nijrab Hissa-i-Awal(Khinj) Shigal wa Sheltan Ghazi Abad Eshkashim Eastern Region Laja Ahmad Khel Kamdesh Watahpoor Sar Kani Mohmand Dara Rukhah Khak-i-Jabar Bagrami Koh-i-Safi Koh Band Bagram DehSabz Wardooj Shighnan Barg-i-Matal Shuhada Waygal Lalpoor Nazyan Dur Baba Darwaz-i- Bala (nesay) Jurm Darwaz-i Payin (mamay) Dara-i-Pech Khas Kunar Goshta Shi nwar Chowkey Arghanj Khwah Yamgan Zaybak Kuf A b Wama Khash Chapa Dara Baharak Noor gal Ac hi n Shi ki Kohistan Kama Raghistan Rodat Kot Kiran wa Munjan Behsud Ta sh k a n Darayim Alingar Du Ab Argo eazi(AliTerayzai Sher) Tagab Noor Gram Khwahan Nuristan Paroon (Provincial Center) Yaw an Kuzkunar Deh Bala Yaftal-i-Sufla Mandol Warsaj Bak Ki shi m Khugyani Gurbuz Alisheng Qarghayee 70°E 70°E Pary an aiSa KotNadirShah Jaji Maidan Sherzad Shahri Buzurg AlaSai Farkhar Chahab Namak Ab Darah Tanay Samkani Rustaq Jaji Chal Hesarak Kal afgan Az ra Tagab Surubi Nijrab Khwaja G har Pul -i- His ar Spera Giy an Bangi Darqad hs waKhost Firing Yangi Qala Dowlat Shah Shutul Unaba Khwajah Hijran (Jalgah) Sabari (Yaqubi) Khoshi Gozargah-i-Noor DashtiQala Woza J adr an Hissa-i-Awal(Khinj) Es hk amis h Sayy i d K aram Zir uk Deh Salah Barmal DehSabz Koh-i-Safi Ahmadabad Urgun Kabul Andarab Burk a Khak-i-Jabar Sal ang Bagram Zurmat Khanabad Dashti-i-Archi Khi nj an Nahreen Pul -i- Al am Surubi Sar Rowz a Shi nwar i Charkh Gomal Kharwar Omna Ali Abad Paghman Ma ta K ha n Nerkh Wor Mamay Deh Yak Jalr ez Dushi aoa (ProvincialTaloqan Center) Hazrati Imam Sahib Jani Khel Andar Yosuf Khel Sayyidabad Surk h-i -Par sa Zanakhan Chahar Darah Baghlan-i-Jadeed Gir o Shaykh Ali Jaghatu Tu r w o Chak-i-Wardak Dahana-i- Ghuri Qala-i-Z al TalahwaBarfak Daimirdad Wazahkhwah Waghaz Rashidan Ab B and Shebar Syahgird (Ghorband) Aybak (Provincial Center) Nawa Qara Bagh Mu q u r Dilah wa Khwoshamand Khulm Roi-Do-Ab Nawur Kahmard Hazrat-i-Sultan Gelan Shemel zai Khuram wa Sar Bagh ia--wlBehsud Hisah-i-Awal Fayroz Nakhcheer Kal dar Saighan akzi Behsud Markaz-i- Naw Bahar Jaghur i Atghar Shah Joi Ma rm u l Ma ru f Ma l is ta n Bamyan (Provincial Center) Shahrak-i-Hairatan Shi nk ai PAKISTAN Darah-i-Suf-i-Payin Chahar Kent Aj ri stan Nahr-i-Shahi Dehdadi Waras Mi rA m or Panjab Darah-i-Soof-i-Bala Kakar Kak-e Afghan Kishindeh Bahram-e Shahid (Jaghatu) Arghandab Zari Qalat (Provincial Center) Bal kh Sholgarah Yakawlang ShorTepa Chahar Bolak Dowlat abad Daychopan Balkhab Chimtal Mi za n Khas Uruzgan Gosfandi Arghistan Giz ab Shahristan Ma rd y a n waTarnak Jaldak Faizabad Ishtarlay Sangcharak Mi ya Neshi n UZBEKISTAN Chorah Khanaqa Lal wa Sarjangal Qarqin Sozma Qal a Shorabak Spin Boldak Mingajik Shah Wali Kot Sang-i-Takht Tirin Kot (Provincial Center) Ki ti Khedir Nesh Kohistanat Sayy ad Dowlatyar Khamyab Daman Kaj ran Arghandab Sari Pul (Provincial Center) Khakrez Zhire Dihrawud Khwajah DuK oh Andkhoy Shahidi Hasas Bil Chiragh Nili (Provincial Center) Sar- i-P ol Reg Gurz iwan Qush Tepah Kandahar (Provinclal Center) Ghorak Kaj ak i Pasaband 65°E 65°E Panjwayee Ma i wa nd Do Lainah Baghran Chahar Sadah Khani ChaharBagh Dowlat abad Qaram Qul Qurghan Kohistan Sangin Qala hbrhn(ProvincialSheberghan Center) Pashtun K ot Maimanah Shirin Tagab Mu s a Q a la hgcaa (ProvincialChaghcharan Center) Naher-i-Saraj Ta yw a r a Jawand Nowzad Al mar Qais ar Shahrak Nawa-i-Barukzai Garm Ser Khwajah Sabz Poshi Wali Washer Nad Ali Reg-i-Khan Nishin Tu l a k Gulistan Chiisht-i-Sharif Ghormach Saghar Lashkargah (Provincial Center) Pur Chaman Qadis Fersi Bala Murghab Obe Delaram Dishu Muqur Ab K amari Bakwah Khash Rod Karr uk h Bal a B uluk Pashtun Zarghun Asl-i-Chakhansur Shindand Hirat Enj il TURKMENISTAN Kusk-i-Kohnah Qala-i-Now ( Provincial Center) PushtRod Khak-i-Safed Kushk (Rabat-i-Sangi) Kang Chahar Burjak Niizam-i-Shahid (Guzarah) Adras kan Zendah Jan Farah (Provincial Center) Zaranj (Provincial Center) Gulr an Qala-i-Kah Shi b K oh Kohsan Lash-i-Juwayn Ghoryan Anar Darah

IRAN

35°N 30°N 60°E 60°E Source: GovernmentNote: of The Afghanistan boundaries - National and names moni toring shown system and the implemented desi gnations by used UNODC on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. fhnsa:Verified GLEAfghanistan: and PEF in eradication 2009 (by district)

20 75°E 75°E 35°N 30°N INDIA INDIA Badakhshan Wakhan Provincial boundary District boundary Poppy eradication force (PEF) Governor-led eradication (GLE) TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Legend Nari Ghazi Abad Shi gal wa Shel tan Dangam Mara warah Sar Kani Eshkashim Kamdesh Km Khas Kunar Wardooj Shighnan Waygal Lalpoor Mohmand Dara Shuhada Barg- i-Matal Noor gal Nazyan Dur Baba Kunar Darwaz-i Payin (mamay) Jurm Goshta Darwaz-i- Bala (nesay) Arghanj Khwah Khash Chapa Dara Yamgan Zaybak Kuf A b Baharak Ac hi n Shi ki Kohistan Behsud Raghistan Kiran wa Munjan Ta sh k a n Darayim Du Ab Alingar Argo Nuristan Paroon (Provincial Center) Tagab Nuristan Khwahan eazi(AliTerayzai Sher) Yaw an Mandol Deh Bala Yaftal-i-Sufla Jaji Maidan Bak Warsaj Ki shi m Nangarhar 50 Khugyani PAKISTAN Gurbuz PAKISTAN Qarghayee Pary an 70°E 70°E GCS_WGS_ 84 Laghman Shahri Buzurg Farkhar Namak Ab Chahab 0 100 200 Tanay Samkani Darah Khost Rustaq Surubi Jaji Hesarak Az ra Kalafgan Tagab hs waKhost Firing Panjshir Spera Giy an Nijrab Darqad Takhar Bangi Kapisa Khoshi Khwajah Hijran (Jalgah) DashtiQala Shwak Nika Es hk amis h Yangi Qala Baharak Zir uk Barmal Urgun Kabul Koh-i-Safi Burk a Sal ang Khak-i-Jabar Andarab Paktiya Logar Gomal Zurmat Shi nwar i Dashti- i-Archi Khinjan Khanabad Nahreen Pul -i- Al am Surubi Kabul Sar Rowz a Omna Baghlan Ali Abad Nerkh Ma ta K ha n Wor Mamay Kharwar Parwan Deh Yak Jalr ez Dushi Sayyidabad Paktika Kunduz Hazrati Imam Sahib Andar Surk h-i -Par sa Jani Khel Baghlan-i-Jadeed Gir o Jaghatu Tu r w o Chahar Darah Qala- i-Z al TalahwaBarfak Daimirdad Shaykh Ali Wazahkhwah Waghaz Rashidan Dahana-i- Ghuri Shebar Ab B and Wardak Nawa Qara Bagh Chak-i-Wardak Muqur Khulm Roi-Do-Ab Nawur Kahmard Fayroz Nakhcheer Gelan Hazrat-i-Sultan Shemel zai Khuram wa Sar Bagh Ghazni ia--wlBehsud Hisah-i-Awal Kal dar Saighan Qalat (Provincial Center) Naw Bahar Jaghuri Atghar Ma rm u l Samangan Shah Joi Ma ru f Ma l is ta n Shahrak-i-Hairatan Shi nk ai akzi Behsud Markaz-i- Chahar Kent Bamyan Mi rA m or Aj ri stan Nahr-i-Shahi Waras Zabul Panjab Chahar Bolak Bamyan (Provincial Center) Kishindeh Balkh Darah-i-Soof-i-Bala Kakar Kak-e Afghan Arghandab Zari Sholgarah UZBEKISTAN Bal kh UZBEKISTAN ShorTepa Darah-i-Suf-i-Payin Dowlat abad Khas Uruzgan Balkhab Yakawlang Daychopan Mi za n Chimtal Ma rd y a n Arghistan Giz ab Gosfandi Shahristan ankwaTarnak Jaldak Faizabad Ishtarlay Chorah Spin Boldak Mi ya Neshi n Sangcharak Lal wa Sarjangal Qarqin Day kundi Sozma Qal a Shorabak Mingajik Sari Pul Khanaqa Shah Wali Kot Sang-i-Takht Ki ti Khedir Nesh Jawzjan Kohistanat Sayy ad Kaj ran Khamyab Dowlatyar Daman Uruzgan Arghandab Khakrez Sari Pul (Provincial Center) Zhire Andkhoy Dihrawud Shahidi Hasas Bil Chiragh Reg Sar- i- Pol Kandahar Qush Tepah Panjwayee Gurz iwan Ghorak Kaj ak i Kandahar (Provinclal Center) Pasaband Nili (Provincial Center) 65°E 65°E Ma i wa nd Do Lainah Baghran Khwajah DuKoh Chahar Sadah Khani ChaharBagh Qaram Qul Dowlat abad Qurghan Kohistan Sangin Qala hbrhn(ProvincialSheberghan Center) Pashtun K ot Shirin Tagab Mu s a Q a la hgcaa (ProvincialChaghcharan Center) Faryab Ghor Naher-i-Saraj Jawand Ta yw a r a Nowzad Qais ar Shahrak Al mar Nawa-i-Barukzai Garm Ser Washer Nad Ali Reg-i-Khan Nishin Hilmand Tu l a k Gulistan Chiisht-i-Sharif Ghormach Saghar Pur Chaman Qadis Lashkargah (Provincial Center) Badghis Fersi Obe Bala Murghab Delaram Dishu Muqur Ab K amari Bakw ah Khash Rod Karr ukh Bal a B uluk TURKMENISTAN TURKMENISTAN Pashtun Zarghun Asl-i-Chakhansur Shindand Hirat Farah Nimroz Enj il Kusk-i-Kohnah aaiNw(ProvincialQala-i-Now Center) Hirat Khak-i-Safed Kang Kushk (Rabat-i-Sangi) Chahar Burjak PushtRod izmiSai (Guzarah) Niizam-i-Shahid Adras kan Zendah Jan Farah (Provincial Center) Gulr an Zaranj (Provincial Center) Qala- i-Kah Shi b K oh Kohsan Lash-i-Juwayn Ghoryan Anar Darah 35°N 30°N IRAN IRAN Afghanistan: Eradication locations - GLE and PEF, 2009 Source: MCN - UNODCNote: The Afghanistan boundaries Eradication and Survey names 2009 shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

21 35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E (Ha) Eradication INDIA INDIA Attack Demonstration Mine explosion + Attack No incidence Legend TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Shig al wa SheltanDangam Nazyan Lalpoor Noor gal Kunar Khas Kunar Achin Tashkan Badakhshan Argo Darayim Nuristan ProvinceBadakhshan No ofDay incidents KundiFarahFaryabHilmand 3 InjuredHirat 0KabulKandahar Dead Kapisa 0 2Kunar 16Nangarhar 5Uruzgan 1 6Zabul 0 0 3 1 1 25 1 1 1 420 8 9 1 27 5 4,119 1 261 7 43 3 4 67 1 69 1 226 31 2 11 74 0 Nangarhar Kishim Yaftal-i-Sufla Khugyani 70°E 70°E Laghman Khost Sherzad Suru bi Nijrab Panjsher Ta k ha r Kapisa Paktya Kabul Logar Baghlan Parwan Paktika Kunduz Wardak PAKISTAN Km Ghazni Samangan Balkh Zabul Bamyan UZBEKISTAN 50 GCS_WGS_ 84 0 100 200 Daykundi Spin Boldak Tirin Kot (Provincial Center) Sari Pul Jawzjan Uruzgan Arghandab Zhire Dihrawud Kandahar (Provinclal Center) 65°E 65°E Kandahar Panjwayee Faryab Ghor Naher-i-Saraj Nawa-i-Barukzai Nad Ali Hilmand Ghormach Badghis Bala Bu luk TURKMENISTAN Nimroz Shindand Hirat Farah Kushk (Rabat-i-Sangi) Adraskan IRAN IRAN 60°E 60°E 35°N 30°N Source: MCN - UNODCNote: The Afghanistan boundaries Eradication and Survey names 2009 shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. fhnsa:Scrt niet uigeaiain 2009 during Security incidents eradication, Afghanistan:

22 Although the highest eradication of 4,119 ha was reported from Hilmand (1,475 ha GLE and 2,644 PEF eradication), this amount is very low (6%) considering the amount of opium cultivation in this province (69,833 ha). Eradication in Kandahar (69 ha) was negligible in comparison to the total cultivation of 19,811 ha in this province. Eradication in Badakhshan and Nangarhar, however, were 50% and 43% respectively of the total area under opium cultivation in these provinces. Figure 9: Distribution of GLE and PEF total eradication by province, 2009

Hilmand 55.1% 99% Badakhshan 15.0% 1% Faryab 9.8% Nangarhar 8.5% Uruzgan 2.8% Kandahar 2.6% Hirat 2.5% Farah 1.6%

Kapisa 1.2% Day Kundi 1.0% Kunar 0.4% Kabul 0.1%

0% 50% 100%

GLE PEF

PEF eradication activities started already in January 2009. The main part of the GLE eradication was carried out in the month of March and efforts continued until June 2009. Manual eradication using sticks was carried out during late flowering to capsule stage in Nangarhar and Badakhshan provinces.

Opium prices continue to fall in 2009 In 2009, the average farm-gate price of dry opium at harvest time (weighted by production) was US$ 64/kg; 34% lower than in 2008. For the same period, farm-gate prices of fresh opium fell by 31% to US$ 48/kg (weighted price) at harvest time.8 These were the lowest prices recorded since 2001. MCN/UNODC has monitored opium prices on a monthly basis in various provinces of Afghanistan since 1994. Monthly prices have shown a decreasing trend since 2005 in all regions. Since mid-2007, opium prices at the trading level in the Western and Eastern

8 In 2008, the fresh and dry opium prices at harvest time were based on farmers responses collected through the Annual Opium Survey, which was conducted slightly before the opium harvest. In 2009, prices at harvest time were derived from the opium price monitoring system and refer to the month when opium harvest actually took place in the different regions of the country.

23 regions tend to be higher than prices in other regions. Since 2005, opium prices have been converging across the different regions of Afghanistan. Figure 10: Afghanistan, dry opium prices reported by traders, by region (US$/kg), January 2005 to July 2009

300

200 US$/kg

100

0 Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-09 Apr-05 Oct-05 Apr-06 Oct-06 Apr-07 Oct-07 Apr-08 Oct-08 Apr-09 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09

Eastern Southern Western North-eastern Northern

Table 11: Regional farm-gate prices of dry opium at harvest time (US$/kg), 2008-2009 Average Dry Average Dry Region Opium Price Opium Price Change (US$/kg) 2008 (US$/kg) 2009 Central 171 160* -6% Eastern 105 90 -14% North-eastern 85 75 -12% Northern 97 64 -34% Southern 70 62 -11% Western 103 72 -30% National average price weighted by 95 64 -33% production** * Prices for the Central region were taken from the annual village survey as there is no monthly opium price monitoring in the Central region. ** In 2008, the dry opium prices at harvest time were based on farmers responses collected through the Annual Opium Survey, which was conducted slightly before the opium harvest. In 2009, prices at harvest time were derived from the opium price monitoring system and refer to the month when opium harvest actually took place in the different regions of the country.

24

Lower opium prices in Afghanistan reflect the continuing high levels of opium production, which is thought to exceed global demand for opium and its derivatives in the illicit market. Lower prices were also one of the reasons why some farmers stopped cultivating opium in 2009. Thus, the decrease in opium cultivation in 2009 can be interpreted as a market correction. A 33% drop in the national average opium price is in fact a drastic fall, which makes opium poppy a much less lucrative crop compared to the previous years.

Total farm-gate value of opium drops by 40% to US$ 438 million Based on potential opium production and reported opium prices, the farm-gate value of the 2009 opium harvest amounted to US$ 438 million. The farm-gate value of opium as a proportion of GDP decreased in 2009 to 4% compared to 7% in 2008 and 13% in 2007.

Gross income from opium decreases by 24% to US$ 3,562 per ha Due to the low price of opium in 2009, the gross income for farmers per hectare decreased by 24% to US$ 3,562. This was the lowest per hectare income from opium since 2004. At the same time, the per hectare income of wheat was at a relatively high level, albeit lower than in 2008, when wheat prices reached record levels worldwide. Over the last years, the discrepancy between (illicit) gross income from opium and (licit) income from wheat has shrunk considerably, driven by decreasing farm-gate prices for opium and, more recently, by higher wheat prices.

Table 12: Gross income from opium and wheat (US$/ha), 2003-2009 Income in US$/ha Ratio Year opium/wheat Opium Wheat income 2003 12,700 470 27:1 2004 4,600 390 12:1 2005 5,400 550 10:1 2006 4,600 530 9:1 2007 5,200 546 10:1 2008 4,662 1,625 3:1 2009 3,562 1,101 3:1 In prices of the reporting year, not adjusted for inflation. Income from poppy stalks and seeds and from wheat straw is not considered in this calculation.

25 Figure 11: Reasons for stopping opium cultivation in or before 2009 (n=1,877 farmers)

It was banned by government 33% Low sale price of opium 18% It is against Islam 16% Not enough yield 6% Lack of experience 4% Land/climate conditions not suitable 4% Elders and shura decision 4% High price of wheat 3% No response/No data 3% It is harmful for human beings 2% Lack of water 2% Fear of government 2% Fear of eradication 1% Other 1% High cost of inputs (fertilizer, labours etc) 1% It is not the custom 0.1%

0% 20% 40%

Reasons for cultivating and/or stopping cultivation In 2009, farmers who stopped cultivating opium in 2009 or before were asked about their major reason for doing so. The Government ban on opium cultivation was mentioned by about 33% of the respondents, making it the most frequently cited reason for stopping. Low sale prices of opium were the second main reason. In previous years, low opium prices were mentioned by only a very small percentage of farmers. This provides some evidence for the argument that reduction in opium cultivation is partly a response to market changes. The high sale price was the most important reason cited by farmers (61%) for cultivating opium poppy in 2009. Provision of basic food and shelter for the family, high demand for opium and the fact that it was an easy way to earn money were other important reasons given.

26 Figure 12: Reasons for cultivating opium in 2009 (n=508 farmers in 2009)

High sale price of opium 61%

Poverty (provision of basic food and shelter) 11%

High demand for opium 8%

Easy way to earn more money 7%

High income from little land 5%

Possibility of getting loan 2%

Other 2%

It is a custom 2%

To improve living condition 1%

No response/No data 1%

Climate conditions suitable 1%

Low cost of inputs (seeds, fertilizer, labour) 1%

0% 35% 70%

Strong correlation between lack of security and opium cultivation Eighty four per cent of the opium cultivated in 2009 was concentrated in Hilmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Day Kundi, and Zabul provinces of the Southern region. These are the most insecure provinces where security conditions are classified as high or extreme risk by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS). Most of the districts in this region were not accessible to the UN and NGOs. Farah, Nimroz and Badghis, which are insecure province in the Western region, contributed to 15% of cultivation, thus 99% of the total opium cultivation came from the Southern and Western regions. Anti-government elements (AGE) as well as drug traders are very active in the Western region. Provinces in the south are the strongholds of AGEs, while provinces in the west (Farah, Badghis and Nimroz) are known to have organized criminal networks. The link between lack of security and opium cultivation was also evident in Nangarhar province (Eastern region), where cultivation was located in districts classified as having high or extreme security risk. Security incidents in Afghanistan have been on the rise every year since 2003, especially in the south and south-western provinces. The number of security incidents increased sharply in 2006, in parallel with the increase of opium cultivation. 2009 shows further sharp increase in the security incidents.

27 Security level (as of 16 July 2009) and opium cultivation in Nangarhar, 2009

70° E 70° E 71° E 71° E

Kapisa Parwan Darah-i- Noor Kunar

Laghman

Kuzkunar Kabul 35° N 35° N

Behsud Kama Goshta Jalalabad Surkh Rud

Lalpoor Hesarak Chaparhar Rodat Bati Kot Nangarhar

Khugyani Mohmand Dara Sherzad Shinwar Kot Logar Pachir wagam Deh Bala Dur Baba Nazyan Achin

34° N Legend 34° N Cultivation Opium poppy field locations

Paktiya Agricultural area Security PAKISTAN Extreme Risk 0204010 km High Risk Geographic projection: WGS 84 Medium Risk Khost 70° E 70° E 71° E 71° E Low Risk The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Source security map: United Nations Department of Safety and Security. Figure 13: Number of security incidents by month, January 2003 to June 2009

1200

1000 2003 800 2004 2005 600 2006 2007 400 2008 2009 200

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: United Nations Department of Safety and Security

28

35°N 30°N 75°E 75°E 164 Kunar 294 Nuristan Badakhshan Opium cultivation (ha) by province 135 Extreme Risk High Risk Medium Risk Low Risk District boundary Provincial boundary International boundary Laghman Nangarhar Khost 10,000 Security TAJIKISTAN Kapisa Panjshir 132 Paktiya Logar 164 Kabul Kunar Parwan Paktika 557 294 Nuristan Wardak Ghazni Nangarhar 135 70°E 70°E Laghman Khost Ta k h ar Panjshir 132 km Kapisa Paktya Kabul Logar Baghlan Parwan Kunduz Paktika Wardak PAKISTAN Ghazni Samangan 45 Balkh Zabul Bamyan Geographic projection: WGS 84 1,144 090180 UZBEKISTAN 9,224 3,002 Sari Pul Day Kundi Jawzjan 19,811 Kandahar Uruzgan 65°E 65°E Faryab Ghor Hilmand Badghis 69,833 5,411 Farah Nimroz 428 12,405 Hirat 16 July 2009) and opium cultivationAfghanistan in by province, 2009 TURKMENISTAN 556 of IRAN

60°E 60°E

35°N 30°N Source security map: UNDSS Source cultivation :Government ofNote: Afghanistan The - boundries National and monitoring names system shown implemented and by the UNODC designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations Security map (as

29 Role of counter-narcotic activities The last few months have seen a rise in the number of counter-narcotics activities conducted by national authorities and ISAF. The survey was not specifically designed to estimate the impact of counter-narcotics activities on opium cultivation. It is nonetheless interesting to note that although relatively few of the farmers interviewed had reportedly heard of counter-narcotics activities in their village area, most of those who had were farmers who had stopped growing poppy. Almost none of the poppy farmers, on the other hand, reported they knew of counter-narcotics activities in their area. Interviews with key informants revealed that it seems to be a rather common occurrence for drug traders to lose a shipment due to counter-narcotics activities. Over half of the informants interviewed had themselves lost a shipment in the last 12 months, and an even higher proportion knew of others who had. Many knew about clandestine laboratories having been destroyed, and often they could recall several instances when laboratories were destroyed by NATO/ISAF and/or ANP. While some thought that the risk of losing a shipment had remained the same in the past 12 months, a large majority of the informants thought it had indeed increased. In October 2008, based on the request of the Afghan Government, consistent with UN Security Council Resolutions and under ISAF's existing operational plan, NATO Defence Ministers agreed that ISAF could act in concert with Afghan police and army against narcotics facilities and facilitators who support the insurgency. Narcotics facilities/facilitators were defined as all facilities associated with the narcotics industry and those individuals involved in the processing, storing and transporting of illegal narcotics or precursor chemicals that directly support the insurgency. Figure 14: Results of counter-narcotics operations as reported by NATO/ISAF and CNPA

500 459

400

338

295 300

200

134

98 100 74 61 50 36 27 19 2 5 7 2 0 Opium (wet Poppy seeds Heroin (mt) Morphine Cannabis Precursors Labs (no.) Guns (no.) and dry) (mt) (mt) (mt) resin (mt) (mt)

NATO/ISAF (January - July 2009) CNPA (April 2008 - March 2009)

Source: Statistics compiled by ISAF Headquarters, CNPA Annual Report 2008.

30 Against this background, over the period from April 2008 to July 2009, ISAF/NATO, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA) and other Afghan forces together seized considerable volumes of opiates, poppy seeds, cannabis, precursors and labs (see Figure 14 and Table 13). Table 13: Results of counter-narcotics operations as reported by ISAF/NATO, January to July 2009 Other Mor- Canna- Canna- Acetic precur- Poppy Opium Heroin Province phine bis seed bis resin Anhyd- sors/ Labs Seed (mt) (mt)* (mt) (mt) (mt) (mt) ride (lt) chemi- cals (mt) Badakhshan 0.03 Farah 0.60 2.27 0.02 1 Hilmand 456.28 42.81 0.46 0.59 10.95 4,180 91.10 17 Hirat 0.14 Kandahar 2.03 1.28 0.85 3.99 8.23 900 1.40 1 Nangarhar 0.13 2.67 6.81 0.12 0.18 400 1.41 8 Uruzgan 0.76 Total 459 50 7 2 4 19 5,480 94 27 * 80% of the total weight of the seized amount was wet and 20% dry opium. Source: Statistics compiled by ISAF Headquarters.

Combined ISAF/NATO and Afghan forces conducted counter narcotics operations in 7 provinces (namely Badakhshan, Farah, Hilmand, Hirat, Kandahar, Nangarhar, and Uruzgan), mainly focusing on Hilmand and Nangarhar (especially the district of Achin). They destroyed a total of 27 labs, 17 of them in Hilmand and 8 in Nangarhar, corroborating the assumption that a large proportion of the morphine/heroin manufacturing is taking place within Afghanistan. Twelve laboratories were seized in Sangin district of Hilmand alone, suggesting that this district is crucial for drug traffickers. In addition, large opium seizures at the border of Hilmand with Pakistan indicate high volumes of opium trafficking in this area. The location of laboratories in the most insecure areas of Afghanistan further substantiates the link between insurgency and opiates trade. Despite this recent success, seizure levels in Afghanistan in terms of proportion of opium production are still very low. Between 2002 and 2007, the proportion of opiates seized in Afghanistan, expressed in opium equivalents and measured as a proportion of annual production in Afghanistan, was usually in the range of 1% or 2 % and never higher than 4%. Preliminary figures for 2008 show a similar picture. The steep increase in opium production in 2006 and 2007 did not lead to correspondingly higher seizures in Afghanistan and Pakistan but did in the I. R. of Iran.

31 Figure 15: Opiates seizures in Afghanistan, I. R. of Iran and Pakistan as proportion of Afghan annual opium production, 2002-2007

25% 9,000

8,000

20% 7,000

6,000 15% 5,000

4,000 10% 3,000 Opium production (mt) production Opium 5% 2,000 1,000

As % of opium production in Afghanistan in production of % opium As 0% 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Afghanistan opium production Pakistan seizures (as % of production) Afghanistan seizures (as % of production) Iran seizures (as % of production) Combined seizures (as % of production) Opium, morphine and heroin seizures of unknown purity of opium equivalents. Conversion of morphine/heroin to opium equivalents 1:10.

Source: UNODC, World Drug Report 2009.

32