Desp/Gtz Traditional Housing ..N Agam

Home , Lumber room, Pachir Aw Agam District, Secondary suite, Veranda

DESP/GTZ

TRADITIONAL HOUSING_..N AGAM DESP/GTZ

P LTC BUILDING CONSTRUCTON SECTION

TRADITIONAL HOUSING IN AGAM

Prepared by: Arch. Ahmad. A. B. With Collaboration of Eng. Yama. Peshawar 21st Oct 1992. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FOREWORD:

PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY

INTRODUCTION

CLIMATICAL SITUATION

SEISMICITY OF THE AREA

AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN AGAM

STUDY OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES

FOUNDATION & WALL CONSTRUCTION

CEILINGS, ROOFS AND DRAINS

WALL PROTECTIONS OVER HANGS

TRADITIONAL TYPES OF DOORS & WINDOWS

STAIR WAYS ACCESS

STORAGE FACILITIES

STOVES & WELL

BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep gratitute to Mr. OLIVIER SCHERRER and Mr. LATIFY for their contribution to this report and to Mr. YAMA for his good partnership.

Spcial thanks also to Mr. WILFRIED HERRICH for giving me the oportunity and the time to write this report. FOREWORD:

This report is a collection of information about Nangarhar Province (Agam and Kudikhel districts) which shows the situation of thesettlement, life of the people, methods and techniques of the construction in this area. The main object of this reportis to present the traditional types of construction, the climatical, topographical conditions and the seismicity of the area.

Knowing about these information will give us the opportunity to make proper designs for this area and to avoid of mistakes regarding types, size, technical problems of buildings etc. The survey data was collected on the basis of interviews and discussions with keymembers of the villages in the surveyed area. PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY

GTZ /DESP Domestic Energy Saving Project started its cross border activity in Dec. 1991.

After various missions for needs assessments and negotiation, the residential building program was setup in Agam village /Khugyani District /Ningarhar province. Recently a survey team was assigned to conduct a technical mission in the projecttarget area. The survey was conducted from 26.04.92 upto 04.05.92. The main objective of the survey can be - stated as follows:

1. To study the stabilized bricks production unit in Agam.

2. To do a technical evaluation of the houses build with support of DESP.

3. To survey the traditional housing both inAgam and Kudi Khel.

4. To collect data in order to understand the seismicity of Agam and Kudi Khel. Based of these main topics, climatical conditions in both areas were also assessed.

The program of the mission had been carefully prepared during a oneday preparation meeting with T.A. and S.H. in BMTRC, but time allocated to the survey was not enough compare to the work load necessary to achieve the objectives of the mission. In addition,to survey the traditional houses in regions like Agam andKudi Khel with respect to the traditional structure of Afghan society is not an easytask. To get the permission to enterinside the houses required a lot of talkwith the chief of each family. Though enough time was planned forthe completion of thereport, it wasn't possible to achieve it within duetime, because of participation in daily activities and involvement in other priority tasks. However, because of the abovementioned reasons we could not go as deep as we wanted, but it is hoped thatthis work can contribute to theobjectives of the project in a moderate way. The present report refers to thethird and fourth part of the terms of reference of the technical mission conducted in April /May 1992. -To survey the traditional housingboth in Agam and Rudi Rhel. -To collect data in order tounderstand the seismicity of Agam and RudiRhel.

Note: The survey of traditionalhousing in Kudi Khel will be added later onto this document. A detailed analysis of theseismicity of Agam and Kudi Khel will bepublished separately. INTRODUCTION Nangarhar is one of the most important province of Afghanistan which is located in the eastern part of the country with an area of more than 18,000 km2. This province is surrounded in the west by Kabul province, in the north by Laghman and Kunar provinces and in the east and south Nangarhar shares a 250 km border with the Kunar, Khyber and Mohmand tribal agencies of Pakistan (NWFP). To the south is the Safid Koh mountain which reaches a height of 4,500 meters. Jalalabad is one of the fifth largest cities of Afghanistan with a population of 56000 (counted in 1979). The highway of Kabul to Peshawar is passing through this city with a length of 250 km. Most people living here are Pushtoons. The settlement in this area is composed of extended families. In Nangarhar province there is about 20 Woluswalies and Alaqadaries as follows:

- Achin - Bati Kot - Behsud - Chaparhar - Dara -e -Noor - Kama - Khogyani - Dor Baba - Deh - Bela - Goshta - Hisarak - Kouz Kunar - Lalpur - Mohmandara - Nazian - Pachir -o -Agam - Sherzad - Surkh Road Reference Map 1 General Map of Afghanistan

DAP4

DARWAZ

U.S.S.R. SHIWA aANnnRYA HINA lot FAIZABAO PAMIR

AOCHA KUNDUZ E r1t ' y,UELUKAN ( SHIBA KHANABAD

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1 y J SASCO IRAN AOMA JS CHARIKAR 2 . LAGHMAN RI . 60 75

PANJAB MAIDAN UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

N A Z A R LAKE BALANASN

ARAL SEA

CASPIAN SEA CHINA

INDIA 32 ASi,u, 0le

SYMBOLS IRAN Cities and towns S E I PAKISTAN More than 500,000 OUETTA 100,000- 150,000 50,000 -100,000

ZARE All others

Paved roads Pt WON SUMMER - - Major unpaved roads Rivers International boundaries KABUL

400 800 O 50KM 100 The number of villages which was estimated by the Swedish committee in May 1992 is about 120. Khugyani is one of the important Woluswali in Nangarhar which is located in the West central part of the province with an areaof 5812 square kilometers. To the north is Surkh Road and in the East Chaparhar, in the South the Kurrain tribal agency of NWFP Pakistan.

Most of the people of Khugyani are busy with their farming and the base of their economy is agriculture. The main agricultural products are wheat, maiz, rice, vegetables (onions, potatoes) fruit (pomegranates, apples, pears, plums, mull,berries, etc.) and poppy. Mainly the people have 6 -15 Jeribs land for agriculture. Agam has a smallbazaar named Meya Killay which comprises 10 to 15 shops. Timber harvestingprovides supplementary income for this area. Some people own mules, donkeys and other animals, which they hire out for transportation. Recently the local Shora and people had taken the decision not to cut trees and since ten years they didn't cut trees.

Pachir -o -Agam is an alaqadari of Khugyani Woluswali, Pachir -o -Agam is constituted of some 16 villages and five of them have morethan 500 inhabitants. andthe number of families in Khugyani Woluswali is about 12080. NANGARHAR FRCIV7=NCE D=STR=CTS 1137=V=S7=0N DARAE NOOR Konar H ESARAK Laghman SORKH ROD EHSUD KAMA GOSH TA Kabul SHIRZAD KHOGInN I CHAPAR HA . RODA BATI KOT L AL PUR o Logar Faktia PAC HIER DEH BALA .AC f;IN SHIN WAR Z[AN DOR BABA HMAND DA RA PROVINCE CAPITAL ( JALAL ABAD Pakistan Peshawar DISTRICT CENTER . o

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Based on the report which was prepared by the Swedish committee there is a total number of 110 villages. (district of Khugyani (82), Sherzad (19)and Pachir, Agam (17)).

The road is destroyed completely and it is too difficult to pass this way during the rainy season.

Distance from Agam to Jalalabad 37 km II " " " Kaga 24 km 11 11 II " Kudikhel to tatoo 18 km 11 11 11 " Kaga 31 km It n " " Jalalabad 65 km CLIMATICAL SITUATION

This is a cold area of Nangarhar province. The cold season is from Dec. to Feb. and snow falling is also starting from Dec.There is no systematic snow falls during winter. Usually this area receives heavy rain falls which last from. Feb. to May.

As onecanobserveon thepictures, people are using different techniques for protecting their houses from rain effects for example the use of over hangs on walls and also different types of peaks made of wood are common

Table of climatical condition of Jalalabad

13cm Max. thickness of snow is the last ten years 26m /sec Max. velocity of wind in the last ten years 87% Max. Rational humidity

6% Min/ Rational humidity 87% Average of annual humidity 42.3C° Average of max. temperature of Hottest months 0.4C° Average of min temperature of coldest months 580m Highest altitude from Sea level Reference Map 5 Climate: Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation

SYMBOLS Winter and spring only Additional rains in summer (monsoon) During the whole year

AB MI BOO 0 50KM 100 200 400 Reference Map 7 Climate: Cool and Hot Regions

SYMBOLS J Zardsir -cool regions KABUL (-::: Garmsir -hot regions

0 50KM 100 200 40U 800 Reference Map 6 Climate: Dry Regions

SYMBOLS Moderately dry Extremely dry KABUL J

SOKM 100 200 400 BUO ci) Reference Map 8 Climate: Winds

U.S.S.R.

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JfGEA, on IN Dry winds N;nNOIXNIirzn 5 KABUL Rain -bearing winds

U 50KM 100 200 400 BOO SEISMICITY OF THE AREA Afghanistan is known as one of the most active seismic area of the world. "It occupies a portion of the broad trans - Asiastic seismic zone. This extended zone, nowknown as the Alpide Belt, stretches from the Azores in the Atlantic, through the northern mediterraneanareas of Europe, across Iran and Afghanistan, along the Himalayan Range into Burma, and down through the Indonesian Peninsula where it joins the circum pacificbelt, theother major seismic zone of the world ".

The most active seismic area in Afghanistan is identified as the Hindu - Kosh range at about 36.5 N and 70.5 E. The province of Ningarhar 34 N 70 SE can be dividedinto twozones ofseismic risk: The first one is a "major damage probable zone" which includes Jalalabad city and the northern part of the province.

The second one is a "moderate damage probable zone" which extends from the South of Jalalabad to NWFP - Pakistan.

The district of Khogyani which is located at the limit of these 2 zones can be considered as active seismic area though there is no record in the history of measure destructive earthquakes except perhaps the earthquake of February 1842 which destroyed Alingar Valley and extended up to Jalalabad with a lot of destruction.

Note: From Heuckroth and Karim "Earthquake history, seismicity and tectonic in the regions of Afghanistan ". Kabul 1970 More recently the earthquake of March 1924 damaged some buildings in Jalalabad but without destroying them completely.

'During the interviews many people mentioned a strong earthquake 25 to 45 years ago which caused a lot of destruction in the area. It was not possible to find evidences of such an earthquake in the official records but even if the accurate data could not be ascertained it gives us a clear indication about the seismicity of this area. More the observation of the houses and the interviews of the inhabitants clearly demonstrate that the builders are aware of the seismic threat.

INTERVIEWS

Basedon theinterviews of different people about the seismicity of the area, we can say that there are many earthquakeseveryyear. They arenot strong enough to destroy the houses but they cause many cracks in the edges of walls and foundations of the buildings.

Saif- ur- Rehman resident of Morgay (Agam District), explained that last year there were many shakes during one day and one night. The strongest shakes occurred during the night causing some destruction but no house fully collapsed. 40 to 45 years ago a strong earthquake hited the village and many houses were destroyed. 65 years old Allah Nazar expressed that every year earthquakes are happening but the shakes are not strong enough to destroy the houses. The earthquakes sometimes cause some partial destruction and some cracks at the corners of the walls and inside the houses, but upto now earthquakes have not destroyed any house in the village.

MohammadRasulresident of BamaKhil (Agam) told us that 25 to 30 years ago a strong earthquake happened in the village and it caused a land slide and torned the trees from the ground. Many houses were destroyed. He added, thateveryyear earthquakes happen in this area but the shakes are not strong enough to destroy the houses.

Typical crackatthe junction oftwo walls. ev (V" Reference Map 10 Seismic Risk Zones

11,

PAKISTAN

SYMBOLS No damage probable L... Minor damage Moderate damage Major damage Reference Map 2 Geographic Zones

U.S.S.R.

PAMIR KNOT HINA BADAKHSHAN TURKESTAN PLAINS ; UNDUZ WAKHAN CORRIDOR

3G NORTHERN MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS IRAN EASTERN N MOUNTAINS H NAZARA.J AT KABUL

CENTRAL MOUNTAINS PAKTYA

HERAT- SOUTHERN FARAH MOUNTAINS LOWLANDS AND FOOTHILLS

DANDAHA :

WESTERN IRAN STONY PAKISTAN DESERTS SOUTHWESTERN SANDY SEISTAN BASIN - DESERTS HELMAND VALLEY

SO4M 00 200 400 400 Reference Map 3 Topography

SYMBOLS Less than 600 m 600 -1,800 m 1,800 -3,000 m KABUL ; M More than 3,000 m

SOKM 100 POO 40(1 60 61 66 70

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1 I I T 4 7 71 12 67 61 i 6 64 BS 1 6 Beitrige vrr regionalen Geologic der Erde Band 14:Tos..rxrcr BE WEITERINITE:Geologic von Afghanisra Gebriider Borntrseger, Berlin Swngan AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Local construction materials like sand, gravel, soil, mold stones and crushed stones are existing on the site, there is also a large source of wood( "Jangles in Pachir ")but due to the agreements made by local Shoras and people, they can't use this wood.

Other materials like cement, steel bar, glass,plastic, etc. are imported from Jalalabad city and when it is not existing, the peopleimport materials from Peshawar. Earth is the most widely used material for the construction of houses in the area.

The quality of soil from Agam which was tested in BMTRC is silty sand soil. The aggregates which are found in the riverbedare constituted of a well graded mix of gravel and sand 10mm <926< 0,1mm. TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN AGAM

The dwelling type known as "Qala" originated as a stable form compound with thick massive walls in square or rectangular shape (plan). Most of the "Qalas" have defence towers named "Bourge ".The dwelling parts are mostly multi stories, doors and windows are facing the central compound. Each Qala is used by many families and constituted of a compound of family living area,animals stables,storage, barns, kitchens and guestroom. Usually "Qalas" are divided into many compounds, each compound belonging to a family (extended family).

The guest room "Mehmankhana" varies according to the financial statusof the families. Eachfamily has a separate "Mehman Khana" adjacent to the house. Usually in the kitchen local people build "Digdan" (Clay Stoves) anduse the common fuel such aswood, hay and cow -dung during summer season outdoor kitchen " Digdan" are used.

Traditionally in houses the ground floor is used for winter. Massive thick walls are used as a good base for upper story. The observation of the building techniques used inAgam shows that most of the houses built inthis area are made of raw mud with smallpieces of stone. Wooden timbersare used for covering the roof. Onecan alsoobservethatthe houses plans follow thesame design and the same space organization.Most of the houses have massive walls(outer and load bearing walls) withthickness of 80 upto 20 cm. Height of theouter walls is 4.5 to6.00 meters. For protection of ills from rain erosion people 'aditionally use different types of per -hangs made of differentmaterials like, wood, stones,and reeds.

As mentioned before "Qalas"have defence t_.° ewers "bourge" whichare now mostly used (v; storage facilities. Thesetowers have more than six angles thus havinga stable shape by itself and theyare located at the corner of the Qalas. STUDY OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES ALLAH NAZAR QALA:

This house doesn't have good foundations, at the bottom of the walls people have used river stones cemented withmud mortar. The width of wall is 80cm, the material used for the wall construction is "Pakhsa" (mass clay) mixed with some gravel,sand and in some parts of the walls large size stones have been placed, for reducing the spreading of cracks.

During the interview Allah Nazar explained that they put small branches of trees in the walls especially in corners. He added that they were preparing the mix of mass clay oneor two days in advance.

This house is three stories high, on ground floor plan there is one entrance hall, a big stable, a store for fall and winter fuel. The size of the stable is (7 meters by 6.2 meters) andinside the stable there are four wooden columns, it is planed for winter time and beside of that there is another stable for summer.

The firstfloorcomprisestworooms, (family room and guest room) ,the size of the family room is 6.40 by 7.40 meters and its roof is supported by four columns. The small guest room is covered with a traditional type of wooden roof with two main wooden logs "Shah Teer" and smaller timbers, the height of the rooms are 2.3 meters.In front of the room there is a veranda with width of2.5 meters. is 5,10 by The size ofthe guest room with a heightof 2.30 meters. 5.10 meters windows are The dimensionsof doors and for example, one door not regular, while the measures 1,00by 2,00 meters by 1.70 meters,similarly other is 1.05 0.6 by 1.10 the size ofthe windows are meters and 1.25 x2.40 meters. wooden stair At the cornerof the house a second floor,which casedistributes the consists of two rooms"Bala Khana"(upper sitting room and aguest room) for family no relatives. There are room for only furniture in thefamily sitting room and three woodencolumns, a wooden screen located the next to the woodenscreen is clay stove. The "hujra"(guest room)has only one window with size of185 x 165 locatedin the middle partof the wall. Thefront wall is made ofwood with a doorsize of 0.90 x 1.90 metersat the corner. For eleven roof coveringthey have used wooden logs (timbers)with the length of 6.20 meters whichalso cover the veranda and guest room. The inner walls ofthe guest room are plastered with mud + strawand for good finishing they have usedliquid mud and applied it with broom onwalls and then they have painted thewall with lime ( "Chuna "). ALLAHiv4zAPLc42-4, -4.'1= NTS-tf .ll r---a.ss..-t- _ . s-c- z..-l t' "ot -SUr--'lt --K sr.-' `'-r-oR Y/ 111 ,Lr s oïa -4='1.1 tNG t e LaV l cR 1 115 . 7. i--idu t-k t="lp.qtti-ts\o1J o M IT is `-^n W -'ttr-18-ézs W2St=ac-t--1 tc...Uo L- -

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This "gala"locatedin Pass Saber was built 46 years ago. It is surrounded with cultivated lands and in front of the gala lays a garden of mulberry trees. This gala has many rooms for different purposes. For example entrance hall, guest room, living room, sitting rooms, storage,animals stable.The rooms are located all around the central yard. As one can see on the plan of the "gala" the family sitting and sleeping rooms are located in the western side and have a good orientation. The animals stables are built in the eastern part of gala. In the northern side there is a store with a big sleeping room and at the corner of the "gala" a stable, for goats and sheep. In the southern side of the compound one can find sitting rooms with place for washing the clothesand a place for backing the bread "tandoor khana" .

There is no foundation, only river stones were used at the bottom of the mass clay walls. The thickness of the outer walls is 1,20 meters and the innerwalls thickness is 60 cm. The six meters high walls are made of 12 layers of mass clay (each layer being 50 cm high). At the center of the gala laysa big yard. The necessary slope has been taken into consideration and the surface water runs out side the house (the difference level between terrace and house yard is 10 cm).In some parts sun -dried bricks were used in the wall construction. Traditionally in theareapeopleuse wooden logs and timbers ( wooden beams) for covering the roofs. Another alternative is to use a reed mat "boria" for covering the structure made of wooden branches "shada ". The minimum space between the small beams is 25 cm and the maximum 60 cm. Normally three wooden logs are used in one meter length span. For covering the roof people use mat, reed, mass clay,dry soil,a mix of mud and straw, even plastic for water proofing. T2`OHAJ UL GyQLS1 x

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This Qala is located in Landakhil village of Agam district and surroundedby cultivated lands from three sides and faced by a garden. This Qala belongs to two brothers Esmail Khan and Shir Zaman and is divided into two compounds , each compound consists of a family sitting room a sleeping room, a storage, a kitchen and animals stables.

The main gate of the Qala is facing east. Surface water is going out by the mean of a stream which runs toward east under the main gate. The residential area of the first compound which is not completely destroyed consists of a sitting room, a sleeping room, a corridor, a stair case which gives access to the roof,a bath under the stair case,a kitchen and a veranda.

Both sleeping and sitting rooms have the same size (370 x 520(cm with height of 230 cm. The width of the veranda is 230cm with a difference of 60 cm with the ground level, beside ofthe kitchen there is a covered space. Inside there is an oven "digdan ". For cooking and attached to the western wall there is a tandoor. At the west side of "gala" there are two big storages with a large animals stable.

For the construction of this "gala" sun - dried bricks are used in some parts, the width of the outer walls is 1.00 meter and theinside walls which hasthe thickness of 50 cm, are made of sun -dried bricks. The next compound has the same specifications. ,r4:1 1"."1"'''PlifiAiRt.;;17. " 7..111:11fiitZtrz--tta.: ,

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[_C_ 1 v GUEST HOUSE "HOJRA"

This guest house located inMargo village was built 35 to40 years ago and it belongs to Allah Nazar. The two stories guest houseis surrounded by mulberry trees andhas a small yard full of flowers. In groundfloorthere is a veranda, a stair way, a sleepingroom for winter and a bath.

At the first floor we finda veranda, a sleeping room,the pray room and the stair way which givesaccess to the roof. This guest house has a good foundation. The height of the foundation from ground level to plinth level is 50cm and its width 50 cm. The thickness of thewalls made of sun -dried bricks is 35cm. At the edge of the veranda in both ground floor and first floor there isa wooden beam with a width of 7cm and a height of15cm for wall protection.

At the ground floor plan we finda place for putting the jar (pot for water). The size of the sleeping room which hastwo wooden columns is 5,00 x 5,10 meters and its height is 2.15 meters.

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:Ltd"s-7:z.- tJ SULTAN MOHAMMED GUEST HOUSE This guest house which is located in Saber Sufla belongs to Sultan Mohammed and was built 30 years ago. It is still in very good condition. The guest house is surrounded by gardens from three sides and faces cultivated lands.

We have observed cracks in the corners of the rooms. They are mainly due to the bombardments and to the earth quakes. The guest house has good foundations worked with cement and sand mortar with a height of 70 cm. Flooring were plastered with a mix of mud + straw "kahgel ". Walls are made of sun -dried bricks with a thickness of 50 cm. Inside and out side walls are plastered with "Kahgel ". The large rooms are of different size 300 x 5,30 meters 3.50 x 3.30 m or 4.00 x 3.30 meters. The roomis used as sitting room and two other rooms are devoted for sleeping. The veranda located in front of the house is supported by wooden columns of 15 x 18 cm.

The roof of each room is built following the same principle: Two main beams "Shah Teer" support smaller logs "teers" which are covered by wooden boards. On the top of this wooden "Shah Teer" a mat made of reeds is laid.It is covered then with "Ghora Gel" (mass clay for the roof) and dry soil to give the slope. Finally a mud straw plaster "Kahgel" is applied on its surface. Pfr-N.1> a. ... öy 1 T'-'-t 1 ^J... 'i.s_ , jÌ. I1cI -is_c->c-Tf -4 . k-1 .

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çç KHAMMAR QALA Khammar gala was built 20 years ago in Bama Khil village and it represents a good example of the galas one can find in the village. The gala located on a hill faces a cultivated green land while the three other sides remain uncultivated. It has good and strong foundations, the height of the foundations is 70 cm,width 100 cm, it is tipped with cement + sand mortar. The central room measures 5.35m x 5.55 meters and the size of other two rooms located on both sides is 7.60 x 5.10 meters.The height of the outer walls is 6.7 meters and the height inside the rooms is about 2.55 meters .

During the interview Mr. Kammar expressed that they used small branches of trees at the corners of the "Qala" in order to strengthen them. During the construction of mass clay walls small pieces of flat stones were used in the middle parts of the walls for avoiding cracks. The inside walls and some parts of the outer walls are plastered with a mix of mud + straw "Kahgel ". The roof is covered with wood. l-EGilb . -I.NTFNC

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This Qala is located in Zamar Khil village in Agam district. It is surrounded by cultivated lands and mulberry trees. In front of the main gate of the Qala lays a garden of mulberry trees and a stream of water runs on two sides about 3 meters away from the outer walls. The thickness of the outer wall is one meter and its height 4.5 meters. For foundation round shape stones and also pieces of mountain stones (crushed) were used with mud mortar. Walls are of mass claywithsmallpieces of stone for avoiding thecracks. There aresmall holes in the walls of the "Qala" called "tearkush"by thelocal people. The main gate of the gala is 2.2m width x 2.50 metersheight. This Qala is a compound of internal hall "Dallan ", family sitting room, sleeping room, animal stables,stair case,bath and a tower "bourge ". c-= -.T..E-(EL ç._^-7t2iJr-[' =LGX'ík :

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IRsT r LOO2rPl_ L \ C, SAYED AHMAD SHAH OALA Ahmad Shah Qala which belongs to two brothers is located in Zamarkhil village of Agam district and was built 25 to 30 years ago. The Qala is surrounded by cultivated lands from two sides while the other two sides are gardens. This compound consists ofsitting and sleeping rooms, veranda, storage, guest room and animals stables. Rooms are located in two sides of the gala and the guest house at a corner. '3s.4-4r1-F1...A...-`_ 2. 4. -T'G.-..$1 . atïeA.4-^ra}s_ . -at (#r1=,a k1 WG

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717.1,7- FOUNDATION & WALL CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATION "TAHDAH" Community houses are built with a stone basenamed"Tandah" with the minimum height of 30 cm. The main function of the foundation is to provide a strong base for the structure and to protect the mud walls made of sun -dried bricks "Khesht Kham" or mass clay wall "Dewal Pakhsa" from dampness. The width and depth of the foundation depends on the height of the walls and the quality of the soil.

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-Foundations made of crushed stone "Sang Parcha" with cement + sand mortar.

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GTZ /DESP Domestic Energy Saving Project started its cross border activity in Dec. 1991.

After various missions for needs assessments and negotiation, the residential building program was setup in Agam village /Khugyani District /Ningarhar province. Recently a survey team was assigned to conduct a technical mission in the projecttarget area. The surveywas conducted from 26.04.92 upto 04.05.92. The main objective of the survey can be stated as follows:

1. To study the stabilized bricks production unit in Agam.

2. To do a technical evaluation of the houses build with support of DESP.

3. To survey the traditional housing both inAgam and Kudi Khel.

4. To collect data in order to understand the seismicity of Agam and Kudi Khel. Based of these main topics, climatical conditions in both areas were also assessed.

However, because of the above mentioned reasons we could not go as deep as we wanted, but it is hoped that this work can contribute to the objectives of the project in a moderate way. The present report refers to the third and fourth part of the terms of reference of the technical mission conducted in April /May 1992. -To survey the traditional housing both in Agam and Kudi Khel. -To collect data in order to understand the seismicity of Agam and Rudi Khel.

Note: The survey of traditional housing in Kudi Khel will be added later on to this document.

A detailed analysis of the seismicity of Agam and Kudi Khel will be published separately. ---'1--Y U5

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W,6.,T E W Y 1 T f'_ i Y t- y) K._1q BIBLIOGRAPHY

-Afghanistan" Albert Szabo & Thomas J. Barfield. University of Texas Press.

Austin ( 1991 )

- "Nangarhar Province "UNHCR background report (1989)

-The Agricultural Survey of Afghanistan "13th report of Khogiani Area" Sweedish committe for Afghanistan (May 1992)

-"Earthquake history, seismicity & tecktonic in the region of Afghanistan" Heuckroth & Karim Kabul (1970). note:

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