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Karkaar Region, Puntland Qardho, Bandar Bayla and Hafuun Districts

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Karkaar Region, Puntland Qardho, Bandar Bayla and Hafuun Districts Baseline study SC UK project area - Karkaar region, Puntland Qardho, Bandar Bayla and Hafuun districts “While the elders sit together consider the wiseness of the person not the age” May 2006 2 The coastal baseline HEA included in this report was conducted by The SC-UK Hafuun team together with technical support from SC-UK & FSAU SC-UK Hafuun Team Faiza Mohammed Sheikh Rabea Mohammed Jama Said Mohammed Jama Mohammed Mire Said Edi Ali Dalab Ahmed Abbas Ali Technical support during the training, fieldwork and analysis was provided by: Abdinasir Osman Elmi SC-UK Consultant Abdirahman Mohammed Yusuf FSAU/FAO Somalia Jane MacAskill SC-UK Consultant Additional technical support during the training was provided by Ayan Ubahle SC-UK Belet-weyn & Mohamoud M.Yusuf, consultant on leave from FSAU. Both also compiled the preliminary data on the urban Qardho town livelihood zone from data collected a) during the field training b) complemented by information they collected in further fieldwork. The overview of the pastoral livelihood zone is based on the following FSAU documents: Baseline Livelihood Report. Sool-Sanaag Plateau: Pastoral including the Appendix: Comparison of Baselines. September 20051 Baseline Livelihood Report. Nugal Valley Pastoral. September 2005 Gagaab pastoral: Frankincense and East Golis pastoral: Frankincense. May 2002 Sarthak Pal & Binyam Woldetsadik also contributed to programming discussions towards the end this study The final report was compiled from the above by Jane MacAskill. 1 Draft version 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 TERMS AND ACRONYMS 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1. INTRODUCTION 11 1.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 13 1.2. THE LIVELIHOOD BASELINE, THE HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY APPROACH: KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 13 1.3. METHODOLOGY/SURVEY DESIGN 15 1.4. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 16 2. THE LIVELIHOOD ZONES IN THE SC-UK PROJECT AREA 16 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE 17 TIMELINE 17 SEASONAL CALENDAR 17 WEALTH BREAKDOWN 18 MAIN SOURCES OF FOOD 18 EXPENDITURE PATTERNS 20 2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN LIVELIHOOD ZONE – QARDHO TOWN 21 TIMELINE 22 POPULATION MOVEMENTS – INWARDS (MIGRANTS & DISPLACED PASTORALISTS: LONG- TERM, TRANSIENT, SEASONAL) 22 POPULATION MOVEMENTS – OUTWARDS (COMMUTERS AND SEASONAL MIGRANTS) 23 SEASONAL CALENDAR 23 WEALTH GROUP DESCRIPTIONS 24 DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMY – SOURCES OF INCOME 24 MIGRANT LABOUR 26 LIVESTOCK 27 FISHING 28 SOURCES OF FOOD & EXPENDITURE PATTERNS. 28 2.3 COASTAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE 29 DESCRIPTION OF THE COASTAL LZ 29 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FISHING IN THE COASTAL ZONE 29 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION - FISHING 30 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION - LIVESTOCK 31 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION – MARKETS 31 DESCRIPTION OF THE POPULATION 32 SEASONAL POPULATIONS (MOBILE RESIDENTS, SEASONAL VILLAGES & SEASONAL MIGRANTS) 33 MOBILE RESIDENTS 33 SEASONAL VILLAGES 34 SEASONAL MIGRANTS 34 TIMELINE 35 BASELINE YEAR 36 SEASONAL CALENDAR 36 WEALTH GROUP DESCRIPTION AND BREAKDOWN 37 MAIN SOURCES OF FOOD 39 MAIN SOURCES OF INCOME 40 EXPENDITURE 41 2.4 CONTRIBUTION TO THE HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY (BY GENDER AND AGE) 43 4 IMPACT OF SOME TSUNAMI RESPONSES IN THE COASTAL ZONE 44 3. VULNERABILITIES/RISK FACTORS 46 4. LINKAGES BETWEEN THE LIVELIHOOD ZONES 49 5. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS 50 5.1 A REVIEW OF ASSETS/CAPITALS 50 NATURAL CAPITAL 50 PHYSICAL CAPITAL 53 SOCIAL CAPITAL 53 HUMAN CAPITAL 54 FINANCIAL CAPITAL 57 5.2 INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES AND PRACTICES. 59 6. COMMUNITY PRIORITIES & TEAM PROPOSALS 60 7. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRAMMING DIRECTIONS 61 7.1 PROGRAMMING APPROACH 61 7.2 INTERVENTIONS – CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 64 7.3 AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY 66 APPENDIX 1: PEOPLE MET 68 APPENDIX 2: BACKGROUND MATERIALS/DOCUMENTS 69 APPENDIX 3: TYPE OF FISH CAUGHT BY LOCATION & FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THIS 70 APPENDIX 4: VULNERABILITY BY ZONE & IMPACT ON CHILDREN 72 APPENDIX 5: LIVELIHOOD CONSTRAINTS/DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES BY LOCATION 73 APPENDIX 6A: POPULATION BREAKDOWN 74 APPENDIX 6B: LIST OF COASTAL VILLAGES IN BANDER BAYLA 74 APPENDIX 7 – SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS 75 APPENDIX 8: FIELD DATA SUMMARISED BY WG 76 APPENDIX 9: FIELD PROGRAMME 84 5 Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible without the commitment, input and support of many people (see Appendix 1). However, a special thank you should go to the SC-UK team in Puntland and staff in Belet-weyn – both those who participated in the assessment and those who provided logistical support and technical input. And no assessment would be possible without the tolerance and patience of those people (men, women and children) living in Puntland who gave up their time to sit with the assessment teams. 6 Terms and Acronyms Alaahuba Manta ray Badan Traditional boat – no motor Balago Type of fish baroosin dhig Anchorage charge CFW Cash for work DEC Disaster Emergency Committee (UK based group) Deyr Rainy season between October and December Dfid UK Department for International Development Dhexdhexaad XXXX Far/farod Measures of qaad FSAU Food Security Assessment Unit (Somalia) (FAO) Gadiir Type of fish Galool Acacia Busia Gu Rainy season between early April and June Hagaa Dry season between July and September Hais, Heis, Xeis Rain found in coastal areas just before the Jilaal HEA & HE Household Economy Approach & Household Economy HH Household Houri Traditional boat – no motor Horyel Freedmen IAA Interagency Assessment IDP Internal Displacement Persons IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing (done by foreign registered trawlers. jeerjeer small shark Jilaal Hot dry season between late December and March Kcals Kilocalories Ladan Better-Off LZ Livelihood zone Mardouf, Majine, Measures of qaad majins, niic OCHA Office for The Coordination OF Humanitarian Affairs PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal Qaad, miraa, mirra, A leaf, which is chewed (is a stimulant and contains mild hareri amphetamine). Miraa/mirra comes from Kenya, and Hareri comes from Eastern Ethiopia. Qumbulad Measure of qaad RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal Sab a low caste group attached to a majority clan Sabool Poor SC-UK Save the Children-UK SoSh Somali Shilling (between 14000 and 15000 So Shillings to 1 USD depending on location at the time of this study) Shoats Sheep and goats UNA Italian NGO WFP World Food Programme WG Wealth group Yobabal An agreement in which 1 fisherman with a few nets will share a boat with the owner and divide fish between them Zakat Religious obligatory annual payment to the poor by the better-off people, which is equivalent to 2.5% of cash deposit 7 Executive Summary The Tsunami hit the coast of Somalia on 26 December 2005, leaving 2300 people facing a humanitarian emergency in a critical urgent need of resource transfers (food and no-food) and a further 4000 people facing a livelihood crisis ie in need of urgent livelihood support ie needed a resource transfer (eg CFW) and support to basic services. In response to the Tsunami on 26 December 2005, SC-UK embarked on a livelihood recovery programme for Hafuun and Bandar Beyla districts, two of the districts most affected, with funding from the DEC. The programme covers four sectors: Health, Food Security & Livelihoods, Education and Emergency Preparedness in Hafuun and Bandar Bayla districts, Karkaar region and activities to date have included: road construction, rehabilitation of salt pans, training in net making for women, school and health centre construction2. The programme implementation has emphasised community-based approaches and ownership with the clear intention of moving from recovery to development. There are plans to scale up the programme to strengthen livelihoods initially throughout Qardho, Hafuun and Bandar Bayla districts in Karkaar region.”3 Prior to scaling-up, SC-UK identified the need for a baseline livelihood assessment in the project area. The objectives of the baseline study are to: • Establish a livelihood baseline for the SC-UK project area, which covers three livelihood zones: coastal, pastoral and urban in three districts: Hafuun, Bandar Bayla and Qardho in Karkaar region, Puntland (North Eastern Somalia) • Identify the linkages between coastal, fishing and pastoral livelihoods. • Consider how access to markets and market trends impact on these livelihoods. • Look at how the Tsunami and other emergencies impact on these livelihoods in the project area • And provide suggestions for future programming strategies (including advocacy) SC UK in Puntland. This baseline (including compilation of background material, development of the survey design and field handbook, training and field practical, the baseline surveys conducted in the coastal LZ and in Qardho urban, and analysis) was conducted between 16 January and 5 March 2006 with technical input from FSAU during the training and fieldwork. Data used in this report for the pastoral LZ is taken from an FAO baseline conducted in 2005. The SC-UK project area covers 3 LZ: the Sool plateau pastoral (Qardho district), the coastal (Hafuun and Bander Bayla districts) and Qardho town urban. In the coastal and urban LZ, the population has increased significantly (by 50-70%) since the collapse of the central government in 1990. This increase in population is due to significant numbers of clan members previously resident in the south returning to their clan areas; migrants from other clans in the south and neighbouring Ethiopia coming for work and security as well as natural growth. The pastoral population is not expected to have changed so dramatically – however several years of drought 2002-2004 have led to seasonal displacement of some pastoralists to the urban centre in search of relief and labour. 2 For details of these programmes – see the Impact Assessment of Tsunami Response and Recovery Programme Puntland State – Somalia by Simon Harrigan for SC-UK. 3 See the study TOR in the Appendix 8 Hazards that have impacted on zones in the area include: drought, which started in the 2001/2 Deyr and finished with normal to above normal rains in the 2004/5 Deyr; the 24 hours of freezing rain and floods during the Deyr 2004/5 in parts of Eastern Sool plateau which led to increased death of animals; the Saudi livestock ban – which for a while reduced the number of animals exported; and the Tsunami, which hit the coastal population in December 2005.
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