Late Antique Archaeology

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN LATE ANTIQUITY LATE ANTIQUE ARCHAEOLOGY Editorial Board SERIES EDITOR LUKE LAVAN COMMITTEE MEMBERS Albrecht Berger Averil Cameron Beatrice Caseau James Crow Simon Ellis Sauro Gelichi Lale Özgenel Jean-Pierre Sodini Bryan Ward-Perkins Enrico Zanini VOLUME 3.1 – 2005 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN LATE ANTIQUITY EDITED BY WILLIAM BOWDEN ADAM GUTTERIDGE and CARLOS MACHADO CONCEIVED AND CO-ORDINATED BY LUKE LAVAN LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 Cover illustration: Interior visualisation of the Alacami. The mosaic tabula ansafa bearing the dedi- catory inscription is visible in the south side. Brill has done its best to establish rights to use of the materials printed herein. Should any other party feel that its rights have been infringed we would be glad to take up contact with them. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Social and political life in late Antiquity / edited by William Bowden, Adam Gutteridge, and Carlos Machado ; conceived and co-ordinated by Luke Lavan. p. cm. — (Late antique archaeology, ISSN 1570-6893 ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-14414-9 ISBN-10: 90-04-14414-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Social history—To 500. 2. Social change—Political aspects—History—To 1500. 3. Power (Social sciences)—History—To 1500. 4. Social classes—History—To 1500. 5. Social archaeology. 6. Archaeology and history. I. Bowden, William. II. Gutteridge, Adam. III. Machado, Carlos. IV. Title. V. Series. HN9.S62 2006 937—dc22 2006051692 ISSN 1570-6893 ISBN-10: 90 04 14414 5 ISBN-13: 978 90 04 14414 9 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................... ix List of contributors .................................................................... xi Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity: an Introduction .... xv Adam Gutteridge and Carlos Machado Bibliographic Essays Political Life in Late Antiquity: a Bibliographic Essay .......... 3 Luke Lavan Social Life in Late Antiquity: a Bibliographic Essay .............. 41 Lukas Schachner The Roman State: From Identity to Policy Constructing Roman Identities in Late Antiquity? Material Culture on the Western Frontier .......................... 97 Ellen Swift Coins and Politics in the Late Roman World ........................ 113 Richard Reece The Emperor and his Monuments Civil War and Public Dissent: the State Monuments of the Decentralised Roman Empire ........................................ 141 Emanuel Mayer Building the Past: Monuments and Memory in the Forum Romanum .................................................................. 157 Carlos Machado vi contents The City: Social and Political Change Fora and Agorai in Mediterranean Cities during the 4th and 5th c. A.D. .............................................................. 195 Luke Lavan The Control of Public Space and the Transformation of an Early Medieval town: a Re-examination of the Case of Brescia .................................................................................... 251 Gian Pietro Brogiolo Churches and Power Architecture and Power: Churches in Northern Italy from the 4th to the 6th c. .............................................................. 287 Gisella Cantino Wataghin Dark Age Rome: Towards an Interactive Topography ........ 311 Kate Cooper, Julia Hilner and Conrad Leyser A New Temple for Byzantium: Anicia Juliana, King Solomon and the gilded ceiling in the Church of St Polyeuktos in Constantinople .......................................... 339 Jonathan Bardill The Middle Class Artisans and Traders in the Early Byzantine City: Exploring the Limits of Archaeological Evidence .............. 373 Enrico Zanini Middle Class Houses in Late Antiquity .................................. 413 Simon Ellis contents vii The Poor in Texts Constructed and Consumed: Everyday Life of the Poor in 4th c. Cappadocia ............................................................ 441 Susan Holman Poverty and Society in the World of John Chrysostom ........ 465 Wendy Mayer The Poor and Archaeology The Urban Poor: Finding the Marginalised ............................ 487 Steve Roskams Rural Impoverishment in Northern Gaul at the End of Antiquity: the Contribution of Archaeology ........................ 533 Paul Van Ossel Socio-Cultural Change Some Aspects of Social and Cultural Time in Late Antiquity .................................................................... 569 Adam Gutteridge Social Transformation in the 6th–9th c. East ........................ 603 John Haldon Index .......................................................................................... 649 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all contributors to both this volume and the two conferences, as well as all those who helped organise and sub- sidise both events. Bryan Ward-Perkins was joint convenor at Oxford and advisory editor for this volume. Yuri Marano organised the ses- sion in Padova, thanks to the generosity of Gian Pietro Brogiolo. The Craven Fund Committee, the Oxford Byzantine Studies Commit- tee, the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara and the British Academy provided generous grants towards the cost of the Oxford meeting. At Oxford, Lukas Schachner’s organisation was outstand- ing. Finally, our thanks go to Julian Deahl for agreeing to publish these papers and to him, Marcella Mulder, Gera van Bedaf and others at Brill for their work on this manuscript. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jonathan Bardill researches in Roman and Byzantine archaeology. He has held fellowships at the Institute of Archaeology and Linacre College, Oxford, at Dumbarton Oaks, and at Newcastle upon Tyne. He has a particular interest in the archaeology of Istanbul, and explores the history and chronology of many of that city’s late antique build- ings in Brickstamps of Constantinople (2004). William Bowden is Lecturer in Roman Archaeology at the University of Nottingham. He specialises in the archaeology of Roman and late antique Greece and Albania. Recent publications include Epirus Vetus: the Archaeology of a Late Antique Province (2003) and Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994–1999 (2004 with R. Hodges and K. Lako). Gian Pietro Brogiolo is Professor of Medieval Archaeology at the University of Padua. He specialises in late antique to Early Medieval settlement (the countryside, castra, churches and towns). His recent publications include Aristocrazia e campagne nell’Occidente europeo (IV–VIII secolo), (forthcoming with A. Chavarria). Gisella Cantino Wataghin teaches Christian Archaeology at the University of Eastern Piedmont at Vercelli. She has written numer- ous studies on late antique cities, particularly those of northern Italy. Her recent publications have dealt with Christian topography including “Christian topography in the late antique town: recent results and open questions” Late Antique Archaeology 1 (2003) and “The ide- ology of urban burials” in The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (1999). Simon Ellis gained his doctorate from Lincoln College Oxford, on late antique urban housing in 1984, and published Roman Housing in 2000. He directed excavations at Carthage from 1977 to 1988. From 1989 to 2001 he worked in UK local government. In 2001 he joined the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. He is responsible for global statistics on Education, Science and Technology, Communications and Culture including a recent initiative on archaeological sites in the World Heritage list. xii list of contributors Adam Gutteridge is the Artemis A. W. & Martha Joukowsky Post- doctoral Fellow at the Pembroke Center, Brown University. His PhD (Cambridge, 2005) considered perceptions of time and temporality in late antique culture. John Haldon is Professor of Byzantine History at Princeton University. His research focuses on the history of the early and middle Byzantine empire, in particular in the period from the 7th to the 11th cen- turies, on state systems and structures across the European and Islamic worlds from late ancient to early modern times and on the pro- duction, distribution and consumption of resources in the late and post-Roman world, especially in the context of warfare. Susan R. Holman is an independent scholar in Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts, currently supported by the Project on Lived Theology at the University of Virginia. Her research interests include social issues in the sermons of Basil of Caesarea, and the role of religion in responses to poverty, hunger, and health care in late antiquity. Her publications include The Hungry are Dying: Beggars and Bishops in Roman Cappadocia (2001). Luke Lavan is Post-Doctoral Research Fellow of the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, working for the Sagalassos Archaeological Project. His doctorate (2001) considered Provincial Capitals in Late

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