1 Magia E Inmortalidad En El Mundo Romano

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1 Magia E Inmortalidad En El Mundo Romano 1 MAGIA E INMORTALIDAD EN EL MUNDO ROMANO. Dra. Ana Mª Vázquez Hoys, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED).Madrid, España 2 ÍNDICE Consideraciones previas: La inmortalidad en el mundo romano. Una suerte de paradoja materializada a veces en forma de serpiente 1. Serpientes, huevos y otros elementos religioso-funeraios de inmortalidad ...16 2. Las tabellae defixonum y los llamados muertos malignos :Larvas , Lémures, Aori , InsepultI como, elemento maléfico activo.......................................................37 2.1. Elementos mágicos de las Tabellae Defixionum 55 2.2. Conclusiones sobre las Tabellae Defixionum y demás elementos de magia negra usado/citados en ellas ............................................ 59 3.. Las fórmulas ex visu / ex viso y ex iussu y la magia 70 4. Las Puertas Gemelas del Sueño y el tránsito de los difuntos 96 5. Necromancia e inmortalidad 114 5.1. Definición 114 5.2. El principio del rito 115 5.3. Universalidad atemporal de la creencia del contacto de vivos y muertos 115 5.4. Otras formas de contacto entre vivos y muertos........................................ 116 5.5. Los oráculos de los muertos 119 CONCLUSIONES......................................................................................................128 - 3 RESUMEN Se estudian en las cinco partes de este artículo la conexión de la creencia en la inmortalidad en el mundo romano con las prácticas mágicas relacionadas con los difuntos maléficos, la representación de estos en forma de serpiente y los elementos arqueológicos que evidencian la creencia en una forma de “permanencia” de los difuntos en la tumba que hace posible su manipulación mágica , tales como las fórmulas que indican comunicación y/o mandato en sueños ( ex visu/ex iussu), los lugares por los que volvían los espíritus al mundo de los vivos (Puertas Gemelas del Sueño) y la necromancia , solo posible si existe una creencia en la inmortalidad RESUMÉ On étudie ici dans les cinq parties de cet article, la connexion de la croyance en l’immortalité dans le monde romain avec des practiques magiques relationnées avec les défunts malefiques, la representation de eux a la façon de serpents et des elements archéologiques qui rendrent évident la croyance en un aspect de “permanence” des défunts a la tombe qui possibilite sa manipulation magique, tels comme les formules qu’indiquent communication et/ou mandat en rêves (ex visu/ex iussu), les endroites pour ces que retournaient les esprits au monde des vivants (Portes Gemeaux du Rêve) et la nécromancie, uniquement possible si existe une croyance en l’immortalité ABSTRACT: It is under consideration in five parts of this article, the connection between the belief in the immortality on Roman civilization and the magical practices concerned with the damaging dead persons, symbolized them as a snake, and the archaeological elements which shows the belief in a kind of “remaining” of dead persons on the grave making possible their magical manipulation, just as the magic formulas showing communication, as well as the sleep orders (ex visu/ex iussu), the places through the spirits returned back to the living persons world (Twin Gates of Sleep) and necromancy, only possible if it exists an immortality belief. CONSIDERACIONES PREVIAS LA INMORTALIDAD EN EL MUNDO ROMANO. UNA SUERTE DE PARADOJA MATERIALIZADA A VECES EN FORMA DE SERPIENTE Mucho antes de que las religiones orientales y mistéricas asegurasen a sus fieles de Occidente el renacimiento tras la muerte en compañía de sus dioses , los griegos y los romanos creían ya en una cierta forma de inmortalidad como una manera sutil de 4 « existencia ténue en el Más Allá », algo que se evidencia en diversos elementos , tanto materiales como mágicos y míticos, como puede ser la existencia misma de los Lugares de los Bienaventurados , los Campos Eliseos , el Averno etc.... o en diferentes Fig.1. Lago de Averno, Nápoles elementos arqueológicos relacionados con la muerte, casi siempre considerados meramente iconográficos o funerarios , que , sin embargo, examinados desde una perspectiva mágica, evidencian una función eminentemente coercitiva y a menudo apotropaica , más allá de la puramente simbólica, mitológica y funcional. Fig.2. Deméter 5 A alguno de estos elementos en la cultura romana y no de una forma exhaustiva, que excedería los límites de nuestro propósito inicial, nos referiremos en este trabajo, como una aproximación a la comprensión de los elementos mágicos que en ella apreciamos, , ya que como reconoce Zanini Quirini ( 1 ), solo forzando notoriamente las fuentes sería posible componer un cuadro perfectamente coherente de las ideas que Grecia y Roma se formaron del Más Allá, ya que los datos literarios, epigráficos e iconográficos se muestran a menudo contrapuestos y frecuentemente, algunos autores defienden que la idea de la inmortalidad es oriental ( 2 ). Fig. 3. Tumba de Cecilia Metella, Roma Según F.Cumont, en el mundo romano, era corriente la idea de la persistencia existencial, tras la muerte , de “almas aéreas” , radicalmente diferente de la de la supervivencia del alma en la oscuridad de la tumba o en el reino subterráneo de Plutón , en latín Pluto; en griego antiguo Πλούτων Plouton, o Hades, en el mundo griego , 1 Sobre el Infierno en general cfr. XELLA, P.: Arqueología del Infierno. El Más Allá en el mundo Próximo-Oriental y clásico Ed .Ausa, Barcelona, 1991, cfr. ZANINI QUIRINI,B.: “El más allá en las : religiones del mundo clásico, pp. 225- 262, También MINOIS, G.: Historia de los Infiernos, Ed.Paidos Contextos, 1994. La bibliografía sobre estos temas , que exceden en mucho el puro ámbito de la Antigüedad clásica grecorromana en tan amplia que la iremos citando en las diferentes notas y siempre haciéndonos eco de las obras más generales o de las que nos parecen más significativas, a las que remitimos, nunca exhaustivamente. 2 CUMONT,F.: Recherches sur le symbolisme funéraire des romains, París 1942, p. 48: Los Caldeos y los Magos de la India son, como afirma Pausanias ( IV, 32, 4) , los primeros sabios que se refirieron a la inmortalidad del alma y los que convencieron a los griegos y sobre todo a Platón. Sobre la creencia en la resurrección, este autor , id. P. 363 ss. Afirma que procede de la religión mitraica pero los griegos tardaron en admitir la resurrección de la carne y no es ella la que en época pagana, ha inspirado las ideas que se refieren al sueño de los difuntos. La fuente de la convicción es diferente. Como en el desvanecimiento y en la catalepsia misma, cuando cesas el estado de vigilia se figuraban que el alma abandonaba el cuerpo.Estas ideas, recogidas por los filósofos, pertenecen al más antiguo fondo de la religión y se encuentran en los pueblos más diferentes, cfr.TAYLOR, E. B. Taylor. Primitive Culture. Ed. John Murray. Londres. 1871. 509 ss. Y para los hebreos LODS, La croyance à la vie future dans l´antiquité israelite, 1906, p.43 ss., id. : “The Concept of Death in Early Israelite Religion J Am Acad Relig.1964; XXXII: 239-247 6 Señor de los muertos, al que se le asignó el dominio sobre el Mundo Subterráneo, conocido también por los nombres de Pluto , Aidoneo, Orco y Dis, ᾍδης Hadēs o Ἅιδης Háidēs, ‘invisible’, al que sólo en la Élide se le rendía culto, del que Homero, en boca de Agamenón decía que “ por ser implacable e inexorable, es Hades el dios más aborrecido de los mortales" ( 3 ) . Fig.4. Urna cineraria romana Para este autor, parecen mezclarse en aquellas antiguas creencias dos concepciones sobre la vida después de la muerte, planteándose la cuestión de intentar averiguar si los romanos creían en la existencia de un lugar denominado « Infierno » o algo similar al concepto cristiano de tal lugar como sitio de estancia de los muertos. • 3 CUMONT, F.: Lux Perpetua, p. 81 y 75. Sobre Hades-Plutón cfr HOMERO, Il IX.158; también .: IV,59 ; V,395 ; IX,569 ; XV,187 ; XX,613; ; APOLODORO, Bibl.: I,1,5 ; I,2,1 ; I,5,1 ;HESIODO, Teog.: 311 ; 455 ; 768 ; 774 ; 850 ; HOMERO, OVIDIO, Met: V,346 ; ESTRABÓN, III, 2,9 ; PLATÓN, Crat.: 403 7 Fig. 5. El rapto de Proserpina Fig.6. Perséfone y Hades-Pluto con cornucopia, fondo de un kilix ático de figuras rojas, h.. 440-430 a.C 8 Y responde que : « s’il est vrai qu’on ne croyait plus, dès qu’on se targuait de quelque culture, aux mythes de l’Hadès hellénistique, il s’en faut qu’eût disparu la foi primitive en un séjour souterrain des morts ( 4 ) Fig.7.Visión de Eneas de los Campos Eliseos que le muestra su padre. Detrás, la Sibila de Cumas homepage.mac.com/.../MapaMundoSubterraneo.html Negándose el hombre a que sus seres queridos desapareciesen para siempre tras la muerte , y según una creencia universalmente extendida, los romanos suponían que la Fig.8.Urna cineraria de L. Cornelio Leto .Roma.S. I d.C. 4 CUMONT, op. cit. p.82 ss.. 9 Fig.9. Hades. Vaso griego de figuras rojas. sombra de los difuntos persistía en el sepulcro( 5 ) y el Más allá, en algún lugar , al que se denominaba entre otras formas los Campos Eliseos,6 con una existencia análoga 5 El sepulcro o el lugar donde una persona era enterrado era religiosus; y cualquier cosa que estuviese en relación con los Dii Manes era religiosae; como consagrada a los Dii Superi era denominada Sacrae (Gaius, II.46) e incluso el espacio en el que se sepultaba a un esclavo era considerado religiosus (Dig. 11 tit. 7 s2). La acción de violentar un sepulcro era considerada sepulcri violati actio (Dig. 47 12; cfr. Cic. Tusc. i.12, de Leg. II.22). y el que lo hacía era condenado a muerte o con la deportatio in insulam, según su rango. O condenado al trabajo en las minas.( Dig. 47 tit. 12 s11). El título del Digesto (11 7), "De Religiosis et Sumtibus Funerum," &c., contiene también muchas informaciones curiosas al respecto.
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