DOCSLIB.ORG

Astrid I an Attempt to Make the Microsatellite a Useful Tool for Space Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

I I ASTRID I AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE THE MICROSATELLITE A USEFUL TOOL FOR SPACE SCIENCE I Sven Grahn, Anna Rathsman Science Systems Division, Swedish Space Corporation, Solna, Sweden I ABSTRACT with the "small team afproach" first used in the FREJA project (Grahn ). ASTRID was launched The ASTRID microsatellite (27 kg) was built and into orbit from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in Rus­ launched to demonstrate that "good science" can sia on 24 January 1995. ASTRID was as a pig­ I be done with a microsatellite. It has deployable gyback passenger on a Kosmos-3M rocket from solar panels to provide plenty of power, a high the Polyot Design Bureau in Omsk. The satellite downlink data rate and a flexible structure design is in a circular orbit at about 1000 km altitude and I to provide a good field-of-view for the scientific 83° inclination. ASTRID. carries an neutral parti­ sensors. The satellite was developed and launched cle imager, an electron spectrometer and two UV in 15 months at a total cost of $1.4 million and imaging photometers. The neutral particle data set has provided pioneering imagery of energetic gathered during the mission is a first in space sci­ I neutral particles in the earth's magnetisphere. ence (Norberg et. all) I 1 A new role for microsatellites? 2 The development of ASTRID Very small satellites with a total mass below 50 2.1 The scientific instruments kg, i.e. microsatellites, have been used for tech­ I nology tests and amateur radio for almost two The Neutral particle imager, PIPPI (Prelude in decades. Because of their minute size they have Planetary Particle Imaging), is ASTRID's main not generally been viewed as useful for cutting­ instrument. The operation of PIPPI in orbit was edge space science research. the first time that a dedicated instrument meas­ I ured the neutral particle flux from the ring cur­ The low power level available to the payload has rent. The instrument consists of two cameras. The been one reason behind the lukewarm interest. SSD camera use solid state detectors which re­ Lack of DC power also limits transmitter ouput solve the energy of detected particles. The MCP I and downlink data rate. Microsatellites are often camera uses a technique whereby incoming neu­ "a box of electronics" with solar panels covering trals cause charged secondary particles to be the outside of the box which makes it difficult to emitted from a graphite target. The secondaries I locate scientific sensors for the best field-of-view. are then detected by a microchannel plate (MCP). Both cameras have deflection systems which can At the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), we reject charged particles up to an energy of 140 think that microsatellites will be common in fu­ keV. The instrument aperture plane is perpendicu­ I ture space science primarily because the lack of lar to the spin plane, all directions are thus cov­ funds will lead to long intervals between larger ered in half a spin period or approximately 1.5s. projects. Microsatellites can fill the gaps between PIPPI also serves as the data processing unit for I these "major" flight opportunities. Microminia­ EMIL and MIO (see below). turization will help make such small satellites more and more capable. SSC and the Swedish PIPPI Features SSD MCP Institute of Space Physics carried out the Camera Camera I ASTRID project to address the perceived short­ Energy range [keY) 13-140 0.1-70 Energy resolution 8 levels - comings of the microsatellite and demonstrate Sampling time [ms] 31.25 31.25 that "good science" can be achieved with such a Number of apertures 14 31 I small space vehicle. • Angular resolution· 11x9 Geometric factor rcm~ ster] 0.035 0.08 The ASTRID microsatelIite was built quickly and Bit rate rkbps] 60.5 16 at low cost at the Swedish Space Corporation Mass 3.1 kg I Power 4.0W I I I The Electron Spectrometer, EMIL (Electron Sampling time 2 ms Measurements - In-situ and Lightweight) consists Geometric factor 2x10-4 em" ster of a swept-energy toroidal electrostatic analyzer Bit rate 8 kbps I and a microchannel plate (MCP) detector. The Mass 0.3 kg O.16W instrument measures the electron distribution at Power 62.5 ms or 125 ins resolution. 2.2 Designing for "good science" I No. of angular channels 6 sectors in spin plane. Energy range 50 eV - 40 keV, resolu- Detailed technical specifications for ASTRID are tion (LlE/EkO.1 0 listed on page 9 , the main features of the satellite I Energy steps 32 or 64 are shown in Figure 1 and the dimensions of Sampling time per step 2ms ASTRID are found in Figure 2. However, the re­ Geometric factorl sector 4x10'4 cm~ ster keV/keV Bit rate 24 kbps quirements of the science instruments satellite's determines the design of ASTRID in terms of its I Mass 0.9 kg Power 0.9W shape, structure, attitude and power generation. The UV imaging photometers, MIO (Miniature The size and shape of the satellite I Imaging Optics), are mounted in the satellite spin plane. One observes Lyman alpha-emission from ASTRID weighs 27 kg. In the launch configura­ the Earth's geocorona, the other observes auroral tion the dimensions of the satellite are approx. emissions. Each photometer consists of optics 0.45 x 0.45 x 0.29 m. We picked this size and I mounted in a stainless steel tube with a ceramic mass because it is roughly half of the maximum channel electron multiplier in the opposite end. permitted size and mass of a microsatellite that the Ariane rocket accommodates on its platform I MIO-l passband (Lyman-a) 121 nm (MgF2 + Oxy- for small auxiliary payloads, ASAP. The Swedish gen gas filter + KBr) Institute of Space Physics specified that the sci­ MIO-2 passband (Oxygen)125-160 nm entific sensors needed to scan the sky, so it was (CaF2+KBr) Focal width 255mm natural for us to decide that the satellite should I Field-ot-view 1 degree spin. I Antenna for recep­ Ni-Cd battery tion on 450 MHz and transmission on 400 /""---1 UV imaging photometer 1 MHz I /'"'~ __ I Electron-spectrometer Energetic neutral "System Unit" particle imager, ASTRID's main in­ Spin-up rocket I strument I I Solar panel I Thin-film solar cells I ~_---1 Spin axis 1Separation hook 1-----1 I Figure 1 Main features of the ASTRID microsatellite I I 2 I I I To achieve a stable spin the moment-of-inertia letting the on-board computer switch it "on" for ratio (axial/transverse) needed to be larger than one minute and "off' for four minutes. In case the I 1.0. An oblate shape makes it easier to achieve computer "crashes" the default state of the switch this ratio. This was the main factor in the choice is to turn the receiver "on". If a command is re­ of the dimensions of the satellite - especially the ceived the receiver stays "on" for five minutes. I height. We kept the transverse dimensions com­ patible with the Ariane ASAP. The small size and How to provide a good view for the scientific mass of ASTRID also helped to keep launch sensors costs low it is always easier to find room for a I small piggyback payload than a large. The scientific sensors that we mounted on ASTRID were developed for other projects, so it Electrical power for the experiments and the was impossible to redesign them during the I data link ASTRID project, which lasted only seventeen months from first idea to launch. It was easier to The easiest way to obtain a high output from the design the satellite to fit the sensors. A conven­ solar arrays is to keep them perpendicUlar to the tional design of the structure with honcycomb I direction of the Sun. Four solar panels deploy equipment platforms and longerons to connect the from the base of the satellite to a position roughly platforms is very flexible and allowed us to fit the perpendicular to the spin axis. Commands from instruments and still provide the required fields­ the ground keep the spin axis pointing towards of-view. Other satellite units were relatively easy I the Sun. This arrangement provides plenty of to "move around" on these platforms to accom­ power from the solar arrays (S45 W) to supply modate the sensors. Of course some units could the experiments and the radio transmitters - the not be placed anywhere. The batteries, for exam­ I largest consumers of power. The experiments and ple, have to be located on the shadowed platform their memory unit consume up to 9.3 Wand the in order to keep them cool. S-band transmitter consumes 16 W. It was necessary to make the top and bottom plat­ I The energy balance is also a problem for a micro­ forms 0.42 x 0.35 m , i.e. not perfectly square, to satellite. To save electrical energy we do not run accommodate the main instrument, the energetic the command receiver continuously. The receiver neutral particle imager, on one side face of the I is a spare part from the FREJA project and its satellite. In this way it could have a 3600 field-of­ substantial current drain of 106 rnA is reduced by view in a plane parallel to the spin axis. I Field-of-view of sensor I I I Volume for locating sensor head of the neutral particle I imager I ISpin axis Figure 2 The location of ASTRID's main instrument.
Recommended publications
  • GLONASS Spacecraft

    GLONASS Spacecraft

    INNO V AT IO N The task of designing and developing the GLONASS GLONASS spacecraft fell to the Scientific Production Association of Applied Mechan­ ics (Nauchno Proizvodstvennoe Ob"edinenie Spacecraft Prikladnoi Mekaniki or NPO PM) , located near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. This major aero­ Nicholas L. Johnson space industrial complex was established in 1959 as a division of Sergei Korolev 's Kaman Sciences Corporation Expe1imental Design Bureau (Opytno Kon­ struktorskoe Byuro or OKB). (Korolev , among other notable achievements , led the Fourteen years after the launch of the effort to develop the Soviet Union's first first test spacecraft, the Russian Global Nav­ launch vehicle - the A launcher - which igation Satellite System (Global 'naya Navi­ placed Sputnik 1 into orbit.) The founding gatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or and current general director and chief GLONASS) program remains viable and designer is Mikhail Fyodorovich Reshetnev, essentially on schedule despite the economic one of only two still-active chief designers and political turmoil surrounding the final from Russia's fledgling 1950s-era space years of the Soviet Union and the emergence program. of the Commonwealth of Independent States A closed facility until the early 1990s, (CIS). By the summer of 1994, a total of 53 NPO PM has been responsible for all major GLONASS spacecraft had been successfully Russian operational communications, navi­ Despite the significant economic hardships deployed in nearly semisynchronous orbits; gation, and geodetic satellite systems to associated with the breakup of the Soviet Union of the 53 , nearly 12 had been normally oper­ date. Serial (or assembly-line) production of and the transition to a modern market economy, ational since the establishment of the Phase I some spacecraft, including Tsikada and Russia continues to develop its space programs, constellation in 1990.
  • Space Astronomy in India: 43 Years and Counting

    Space Astronomy in India: 43 Years and Counting

    Interstellar Matter and Star Formation: A Multi-wavelength Perspective ASI Conference Series, 2010, Vol. 1, pp 177{191 Edited by D. K. Ojha Space astronomy in India: 43 years and counting R. K. Manchanda¤ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India Abstract. The beginning of Space astronomy in India took place at TIFR in 1966, with the development of a small balloon borne X- ray astronomy payload. During the 1966-1976 period, studies in the X-ray and Gamma ray energy bands were pursued both at TIFR and PRL, Ahmedabad. Infrared astronomy made its beginning in 1975. The rapid progress of Space astronomy in the early years was mainly due to the availability of large plastic balloons and detector tools de- veloped by the High altitude studies group of TIFR, which I joined in 1966 and initiated the fabrication of the X-ray payload. Balloon borne astronomy has thrived during the past 43 years while satellite opportunities during this period were few and only for piggyback pay- loads. At present, a full fledged multi-wavelength astronomy satellite mission named ASTROSAT is under fabrication and will be launched in 2011. Keywords : X-ray astronomy, Space astronomy, Balloon borne ex- periments, History of astronomy 1. Early phase Space astronomy in India was born in 1966 at TIFR as a Balloon-borne ex- ploratory programme soon after the chance discovery of the ¯rst X-ray sources in 1962 and within one year became the key project of the High Altitude Stud- ies group. Simultaneously, balloon borne X-ray and gamma ray astronomy work started at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.
  • The Soviet Space Program

    The Soviet Space Program

    C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A.
  • NATIONAL ACADEMIES of SCIENCES and ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA

    NATIONAL ACADEMIES of SCIENCES and ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA

    NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED STATES NATIONAL COMMITTEE International Union of Radio Science National Radio Science Meeting 4-8 January 2000 Sponsored by USNC/URSI University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado U.S.A. United States National Committee INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RADIO SCIENCE PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS National Radio Science Meeting 4-8 January 2000 Sponsored by USNC/URSI NOTE: Programs and Abstracts of the USNC/URSI Meetings are available from: USNC/URSI National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 at $5 for 1983-1999 meetings. The full papers are not published in any collected format; requests for them should be addressed to the authors who may have them published on their own initiative. Please note that these meetings are national. They are not organized by the International Union, nor are the programs available from the International Secretariat. ii MEMBERSHIP United States National Committee INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RADIO SCIENCE Chair: Gary Brown* Secretary & Chair-Elect: Umran S. !nan* Immediate Past Chair: Susan K. Avery* Members Representing Societies, Groups, and Institutes: American Astronomical Society Thomas G. Phillips American Geophysical Union Donald T. Farley American Meteorological Society vacant IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Linda P.B. Katehi IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Society Roger Lang IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Arthur A. Oliner Members-at-Large: Amalia Barrios J. Richard Fisher Melinda Picket-May Ronald Pogorzelski W. Ross Stone Richard Ziolkowski Chairs of the USNC/URSI Commissions: Commission A Moto Kanda Commission B Piergiorgio L. E. Uslenghi Commission C Alfred 0.
  • Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor

    Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor

    ESPInsights The Global Space Activity Monitor Issue 2 May–June 2019 CONTENTS FOCUS ..................................................................................................................... 1 European industrial leadership at stake ............................................................................ 1 SPACE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES .................................................................................... 2 EUROPE ................................................................................................................. 2 9th EU-ESA Space Council .......................................................................................... 2 Europe’s Martian ambitions take shape ......................................................................... 2 ESA’s advancements on Planetary Defence Systems ........................................................... 2 ESA prepares for rescuing Humans on Moon .................................................................... 3 ESA’s private partnerships ......................................................................................... 3 ESA’s international cooperation with Japan .................................................................... 3 New EU Parliament, new EU European Space Policy? ......................................................... 3 France reflects on its competitiveness and defence posture in space ...................................... 3 Germany joins consortium to support a European reusable rocket.........................................
  • Oceanography

    Oceanography

    [H.N.S.C. No. 104-41] OCEANOGRAPHY JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE FISHERIES, WILDLIFE AND OCEANS SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES [Serial No. H.J.-2] HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD DECEMBER 6, 1995 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 35--799 WASIDNGTON : 1996 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, Washington, DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-053903-X MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVEWPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania, Chairman. JAMES V. HANSEN, Utah JOHN M. SPRATT, JR., South Carolina TODD TIAHRT, Kansas PATRICIA SCHROEDER, Colorado RICHARD 'DOC' HASTINGS, Washington SOLOMON P. ORTIZ, Texas JOHN R. KASICH, Ohio JOHN TANNER, Tennessee HERBERT H. BATEMAN, Virginia GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi ROBERT K. DORNAN, California MARTIN T. MEEHAN, Massachusetts JOEL HEFLEY, Colorado ROBERT A. UNDERWOOD, Guam RANDY "DUKE" CUNNINGHAM, California JANE HARMAN, California JOHN M. McHUGH, New York PAUL McHALE, Pennsylvania JOHN N. HOSTETTLER, Indiana PETE GEREN, Texas VAN HILLEARY, Tennessee PATRICK J. KENNEDY, Rhode Islan... JOE SCARBOROUGH, Florida WALTER B. JONES, JR., North Carolina DOUGLAS C . RoACH, Professional Staff Member WilLIAM J. ANDAHAZY, Professional Staff Member JEAN D. REED, Professional Staff Member CHRISl'OPHER A. WILLIAMS, Professional Staff Member JOHN RAYFIEW, Professional Staff Member TRACY W . FINCK, Staff Assistant COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES DON YOUNG, Alaska, Chairman W.J. (BILLY) TAUZIN, Louisiana GEORGE MILLER, California JAMES V. HANSEN, Utah EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts JIM SAXTON, New Jersey NICK J . RAHALL II, West Virginia ELTON GALLEGLY, California BRUCE F.
  • The European Launchers Between Commerce and Geopolitics

    The European Launchers Between Commerce and Geopolitics

    The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Report 56 March 2016 Marco Aliberti Matteo Tugnoli Short title: ESPI Report 56 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print), 2076-6688 (online) Published in March 2016 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 56; March 2016. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 56 2 March 2016 The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Access to Space at the Nexus of Commerce and Geopolitics 10 1.2 Objectives of the Report 12 1.3 Methodology and Structure 12 2. Access to Space in Europe 14 2.1 European Launchers: from Political Autonomy to Market Dominance 14 2.1.1 The Quest for European Independent Access to Space 14 2.1.3 European Launchers: the Current Family 16 2.1.3 The Working System: Launcher Strategy, Development and Exploitation 19 2.2 Preparing for the Future: the 2014 ESA Ministerial Council 22 2.2.1 The Path to the Ministerial 22 2.2.2 A Look at Europe’s Future Launchers and Infrastructure 26 2.2.3 A Revolution in Governance 30 3.
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017

    The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017

    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .
  • Of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia for 2013

    Of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia for 2013

    OF S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE PUBLIC CORPORATION ENERGIA FOR 2013 This Annual Report of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia (also hereinafter called “OAO RSC Energia”, “RSC Energia”, “the Corporation”) by the 2013 performance is drawn up in accordance with the RF Government Decree No 1214 as of December 31, 2010 “On Improvement of the Procedure for Management of Open Joint-Stock Companies Whose Stock is in Federal Ownership and Federal State Unitary Enterprises” with due regard for the requirements set forth in the Order issued by the RF Federal Financial Markets Service No 11-46/pz-n as of October 4, 2011 “On Approval of the Provision on Information Disclosure of Issuers of Registered Securities”. This Annual Report was preliminarily approved by RSC Energia’s Board of Directors on April 29, 2014. Minutes No10 as of May 6, 2014. Accuracy of the data contained in this Annual Report was confirmed by RSC Energia’s Auditing Committee Report as of April 17, 2014. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ........................................................................... 6 ON CORPORATION ACTIVITIES ................................................................................. 8 Corporation background ................................................................................................................................8 Corporation structure (its participation in subsidiary and affiliated companies) ...........................................9 Information about purchase and sale contracts for
  • SOYUZ THROUGH the AGES the R-7 Rocket That Led to the Family of Soyuz Vehicles Launching Today Lifted Off for the First Time Onfeb

    SOYUZ THROUGH the AGES the R-7 Rocket That Led to the Family of Soyuz Vehicles Launching Today Lifted Off for the First Time Onfeb

    RUSSIAN SPACE SOYUZ THROUGH THE AGES The R-7 rocket that led to the family of Soyuz vehicles launching today lifted off for the first time onFeb. 17, 1959. The last launch, on Dec. 27, 2018, was number 1,898. Irene Klotz and Maxim Pyadushkin Vostochny Cosmodrome anufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Center in Sama- Evolution of Soyuz-Family Launch Vehicles ra, Russia, the medium-lift expendable booster originally was used for Soviet-era human space missions and later became the R-7 Soyuz Soyuz-L workhorse for the country’s civilian and military space programs. M 1957 First launch of the ICBM (SS-6 1966-76 (32 launches, 1970-71 (three launches, Sapwood) that served as a basis for including 30 successful, all successful, The first rocket officially named Soyuz was launched in Soviet/Russian launch vehicles from Baikonur) from Baikonur) 1966 and has since flown 1,050 times, of which 1,023 were including the Soyuz family successful. Production of Soyuz rockets peaked in the early Soyuz 1980s at about 60 vehicles per year. Medium-Class Launch Vehicle Russia began offering Soyuz launch services internationally in the mid-1980s through Glavkosmos, a commercial entity set up to sell Soviet rocket and space technologies. Manufacturer: Progress Rocket Space Soyuz-U/-U2 Soyuz-M Center, Samara, Russia In 1996, Russia created Starsem, a joint venture (35% ArianeGroup, 25% Roscosmos, 25% RKTs Progress, 15% 1991 Breakup of the 1973-2017 1971-76 (eight launches, Soviet Union, (859 launches, including all successful, from Plesetsk) Dimensions Arianespace) that had exclusive rights to provide commercial launch services on Soyuz launch vehicles.
  • &lt;&gt; CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA

    <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA

    1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A
  • Quarterly Launch Report

    Quarterly Launch Report

    Commercial Space Transportation QUARTERLY LAUNCH REPORT Featuring the launch results from the previous quarter and forecasts for the next two quarters 1st Quarter 1998 U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n • F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n A s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r f o r C o m m e r c i a l S p a c e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n QUARTERLY LAUNCH REPORT 1 1ST QUARTER 1998 REPORT Objectives This report summarizes recent and scheduled worldwide commercial, civil, and military orbital space launch events. Scheduled launches listed in this report are vehicle/payload combinations that have been identified in open sources, including industry references, company manifests, periodicals, and government documents. Note that such dates are subject to change. This report highlights commercial launch activities, classifying commercial launches as one or more of the following: • Internationally competed launch events (i.e., launch opportunities considered available in principle to competitors in the international launch services market), • Any launches licensed by the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation of the Federal Aviation Administration under U.S.