THEINSTITOTE ON TI |SMELI REUNIONS

A Three-Year Report 1982-1985

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Any weakening of American Jewry, any lowering of its sense of security, any disruption of its communal life, any diminution of its status, is a definite loss to Jews everywhere and to in particular. — David Ben Gurion

With all my heart and conviction I feel that my fate and that of my children... are inextricably tied, whether we like it or not, to Israel. — Morris B. Abram Honorary President, The American Jewish Committee Why an Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations?

Israel and American Jewry — the two largest most vibrant Jewish communities in the world — are inextricably linked by ties of religion and history, a deep sense of kinship and common destiny. But notwithstanding the myriad of constructive relationships that have been forged over the years, there have been recurrent tensions as the two communities have traveled along divergent paths. Often misperceptions and misunderstandings about one another have served to alienate, rather than to unite them. It is vital for the future of Israel as it is for the future of American Jewry that such differences and tensions as exist between them be continuously examined and confronted. It is essential that the two communities learn to listen to one another, to appreciate each other's unique history, value systems and accompanying mindsets. Without such understanding, appropriate and effective modes of cooperation cannot proceed. It was toward this end that the Institute of American Jewish-Israeli Relations was created in the Fall of 1982 as an arm of the American Jewish Committee. For, surprisingly, while there were — and are — many American Jewish organizations devoted to building understanding and support for Israel here in America, there were — and are — relatively few efforts or programs under way to enhance Israel's and Israelis' understanding of the needs and concerns of the American Jewish community. Yet, for the foreseeable future, Israel may require for her own survival all the economic, political and intellectual support American Jewry can provide. How the Institute Functions

The Institute is housed in the American Jewish Committee's national headquarters in New York and in its office in . Thus it has access to the Committee's extensive resources and facilities nationally, in the communities and in Israel. It is professionally directed by Bertram H. Gold, Executive Vice President Emeritus of the American Jewish Committee, assisted by Selma Hirsh, former Associate Director of the AJC. Morris Fine, earlier the Director of the AJC's Foreign Affairs Department, serves as a special consultant, and Mordechai Gazit, one-time Director-General of the Israeli Prime Minister's Office, is the Institute's consultant in Israel. Two Advisory Boards — one in the U.S. and one in Israel — help to chart the Institute's direction and oversee its programs in both countries. The American Advisory Board, currently chaired by Stuart Eizenstat, includes some 50 distinguished American Jews with diverse interests and points of view. The full Board meets twice a year, but small ad hoc committees are convened as necessary to advise on specific programs. The Israeli Board is chaired by S. Zalman Abramov, former Deputy Speaker of the , and is made up of approximately 25 prominent men and women who bring an Israeli perspective to the Institute's program. The two Boards meet periodically to exchange views on specific issues. During its first three years, the Institute undertook a number of programs, including research, policy studies, publications, dialogues and consultations in Israel and the U.S., and sponsored visits to the U.S. by young Israeli potential leaders to enhance their understanding about America and American Jews. It has sought to develop new perspectives on issues of mutual concern and to propose new and independent initiatives to help the American Jewish community and Israel achieve more effective interaction, not only in times of crisis but day after day. The Program

Understanding One Another We regard Israel with awe. We regard it as a place of sanctity and inspiration. But the question is how to concretize these feelings without undermining the legitimate authority of the Diaspora — Dr. Gerson D. Cohen Chancellor, Jewish Theological Seminary, New York

Definitions may be good for scholars but such terms as "centrality" or "priority" or "primary" have no practical consequences for the relationship between Israel and the Diaspora The main problem is how to improve the content of this mutual relationship, how to strengthen existing ties and how to deal with points of dispute. — Simcha Dinitz Vice President, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

From its beginning, the Institute has sought to identify the primary issues troubling each community. At their initial meetings, both the American and the Israeli Advisory Boards discussed frankly their differing perceptions about the centrality of Israel, the concept of , such questions as religious pluralism (or the lack of it) in Israel and the matter of political dissent. Their deliberations were summarized in two publications: Understanding One Another: Excerpts of a Discussion on American]ewish-Israeli Relations (1983) and Understanding One Another-. An Israeli Perspective (1984). Since the founding of the State, there have been countless consultations and conferences and thousands of words written and spoken, in Hebrew and in English, in both countries on these and related issues. As further background for its work, the Institute commissioned and published a summary of the major dialogues over the years, as well as an up-to- date bibliography of significant articles on Israel- Diaspora relations. The two publications, Reasoning Together: Three Decades of Discussion Between American and IsraeliJews by Etta Bick, and Israel- Diaspora Relations: A Selected Annotated Bibliography by Morrris Fine appeared in 1984. 4

Joint meetings of the American and Israeli Advisory Boards were held in Jerusalem in March and November 1983, and in January and February 1985. At the most recent joint meeting, Stuart Eizenstat discussed Israel's economic crisis in the context of American-Israeli relations. His address was widely reported in the Israeli press and was later published in Commentary magazine.

How American Jews And Israelis See Each Other Early in its programming, the Institute realized that, despite all that had gone on before, there were little if any available data on how American Jews view Israel, and what Israelis today think about the U.S. and American Jews. Convinced that such information is essential if its programs are to be responsive to real, rather than imagined problems and needs, the Institute commissioned two in-depth surveys. The first, undertaken by Professor Steven M. Cohen of Queens College, City University of New York, investigated the nature and extent of American Jewry's involvement in pro-Israel activities, the depth of the emotional attachment of American Jews to Israel, their perceptions about Israelis, and their attitudes toward a range of Israeli foreign and domestic policies. The study, utilizing sophisticated techniques and methodology, involved interviews with a random sample of approximately seven hundred American Jews and a selected stratum of Jewish communal leadership. Its findings were published in 1983 under the title Attitudes of American Jews Toward Israel and Israelis. A companion study was conducted simultaneously in Israel by Hanoch Smith of the Smith Research Center, a highly regarded Israeli polling organization. This was a national probability sample covering more than a thousand interviews, including Israelis in cities, towns, new development towns, kibbutzim and moshavim, individuals from different countries of origin and with wide-ranging political preferences. Those findings were published under the title Attitudes of Israelis Toward America and American Jews. The two studies, and an accompanying discussion guide, provided the springboard for dialogues and discussion groups in both countries. Their key findings were widely reported in the press both here and in Israel. The insights gathered from these and related studies were also discussed in a penetrating publication commissioned by the Institute: Israeli and American Jews: Toward A Meaningful Dialogue (1984) by a noted Israeli psychologist, Drora Kass. The author stresses the need to confront the fact that there will always be tensions "between Israelis' particularism and American Jewish pluralism" and therefore it is imperative for the two communities to find new ways of meshing old values with new realities, of building a relationship that is meaningful and relevant to the new generation growing up on both sides of the ocean.

Getting To Know American Jewry There is not one Jewish people but two, maybe more, I now realize. But where is the common denominator between us?

I worry because I now see that American Jews are not likely to come to Israel in great numbers. What would that mean for Israel's future?

We have learned so many stereotypes about American Jews. Now I realize we need to learn much more about who you really are and who we are.

These are but a few of the comments made by some 27 young Israelis at the end of their two-week visits to major centers of Jewish population across the country. Brought to the U.S. by the Institute, they came in three separate groups (May '83, '84 and '85) to learn something of America and the American Jewish way of life. Chosen because they were viewed as potential leaders of their country, the young Israelis were remarkably representative of the professionals and intellectuals of their generation in Israel today. This unique and ongoing program, made possible by a gift from Matthew and Edna Brown of Boston is, perhaps, one of the Institute's most important and innovative programs to date. For the fact is that a considerable portion of the Israeli population today is young, born after the State itself, and while young American Jews have many opportunities to study, work, or visit in Israel, young Israelis do not have comparable opportunities in the U.S. Unless a special effort is made, they will have little or no knowledge of Jewish life outside of Israel — a situation hardly conducive to building dependable bridges of understanding in the years to come. Those selected to participate in this program are carefully screened by a committee of the Israeli Advisory Board and given a two-day orientation session before they leave Israel. Upon their return they are appointed Associates of the Institute and many of the participants become active "multipliers," able and willing to influence other Israelis and incorporate their American experience into their ongoing professional work and activities. A number of them now lecture in Israel about the American Jewish community, and some have extended hospitality to American groups visiting Israel in order to continue dialoguing with their American counterparts. While it is too early to measure accurately the long- range impact of their visits, all seem certain that their experience will affect their attitudes and their future actions in ways impossible to predict. Moreover, it is clear that through them, the Institute is building a network of young Israelis who have a much firmer understanding of, and a heightened bond with, American Jewry. These visits have also generated considerable interest and excitement among the American Jews with whom the Israelis come in contact, as they provide an unusual opportunity for stimulating and provocative one-to-one discussions on various issues of mutual concern. Community Dialogues Dialogues in several cities have also been launched by the Institute together with AJC chapters. American Jewish communal leaders are being brought together with Israelis residing temporarily in the U.S. on sabbatical leaves or on special training programs. These regularly scheduled discussions are usually without specific agendas but the exchanges between the Americans and the Israelis are candid and often painful as they deal with such explosive issues as aliyah, the meaning of Jewish identity, religious intolerance in Israel, American Jewry's right to dissent, and so on. Like the Israeli Visitors program, the dialogues are not viewed as ends in themselves, hut rather as expressions of a continuing responsibility on both sides to further the process of confronting issues having the potential for conflict rather than cooperation. American Academics in Israel We came, like the Israelis, to look at half-buried problems... we wanted, like them, to chart and order difficult things that could not always be seen... We needed to hear Israelis react to our problems... and their reactions were also important to us... Behind the sureness on both sides. .. there was, is, a mutual need for mutual response that reveals how deep are the ties that bind the two communities. — Prof. Janet Burstein Academic Seminar Alumna American university campuses — including many campuses with significant Jewish student bodies and faculties — have long been receptive to pro-Arab and pro-Palestinian appeals. Therefore, for more than a decade, the American Jewish Committee's Department of Jewish Communal Affairs has deemed it important to make available to selected, influential academics (some 275 to date), having little or no knowledge of Israel, a first-hand experience of that country. In the summer of 1984, the Institute, in conjunction with the Jewish Communal Affairs Department, selected alumni from those earlier seminars to return to Israel for two weeks of intensive discussion with their Israeli peers to probe and clarify mutual perceptions and misperceptions. The two groups often voiced starkly different views on such issues as Jewish identity and continuity, Jewish nationalism, relations between Jews and non-Jews, and the Arab and Israeli conflict. Yet the dialogues also highlighted common bonds and resulted in many ideas for future cooperative efforts. The published report of that experience, Charting the Minefields: American Academics and Israelis In Dialogue (1985), by Janet Burstein, Professor of English at Drew University, has been given wide distribution among Israeli and American academics. 8

The American Media and Israel Are the American media obsessed with Israel? Is their coverage of Israel fair? Why does Israel receive such extensive and intensive media attention in this country? Does such scrutiny help or hurt Israel's cause? Some sixty leading American and Israeli editors, publishers, journalists and commentators discussed and debated these questions at a two-day conference in New York in April 1984, convened by the Institute in collaboration with the Israel-Diaspora Institute of University. While no conclusions were reached, the conference provided working journalists with an opportunity to consider and discuss what they do, why they do it and whether or not change is indicated in their coverage of events in Israel. There was also discussion of what, if anything, might be done in Israel, as well as in the United States, to correct distortions and enhance Israel's image in this country. A summary of the discussion and the recommendations flowing from it, Perceptions of Israel in the American Media, by a participant, Joshua Muravchik, was published and distributed to key American journalists and commentators, editors and media executives.

American Jewry and the Israeli Media At the behest of the Institute's office in Israel, Yehudit Elitzur of the Hebrew University's Institute of Communications examined coverage of the American Jewish community in the Israeli media. Aside from reports of American Jewish philanthropy and American foreign policies affecting Israel, Dr. Elitzur found that little or no information was conveyed concerning American Jewish life. Her findings were shared with editors and publishers in Israel as well as with the head of the Israeli Broadcasting Authority. The Newsletter and Other Information About American Jewry A direct result of the Elitzur survey was the Institute's decision to issue a monthly newsletter in Hebrew that would report on aspects of American Jewish life not normally covered by American correspondents in Israel or Israeli correspondents in the U.S. It is prepared in the Institute's Israel office, based largely on material provided by the Institute's office in New York. The Newsletter is distributed to some 500 opinion molders in Israel, including government officials, Knesset members, media personalities, academics, teachers, and other Israeli influentials. Material from the Newsletter is regularly picked up by the Israeli press and radio. Occasionally the Institute also commissions in- depth papers on topics of special import to Israeli leaders. One such publication, The Demographics of American Jewry by Professor Sidney Goldstein of Brown University, was given selective distribution throughout Israel. Inventory of American Jewish Activity on Behalf of Israel To evaluate the present state of interaction between American Jewry and Israel the Institute is developing an inventory — the first of its kind — of all American Jewish pro-Israel efforts, including groups with branches or offices in Israel, "friends" of Israeli institutions operating in the United States, and projects being carried out in Israel by American Jewish organizations that do not have an actual presence there. It is expected that the inventory will be useful for both American Jewry and for Israelis interested in furthering and facilitating cooperative undertakings. The Economic Connection In 1984 the Institute commissioned a study of incentives and disincentives for American investment in Israel. Questionnaires were sent to approximately 150 American companies doing business in Israel. In addition, face-to-face interviews were conducted in Israel with business leaders there. When the analysis of the data was completed, a series of recommendations, designed to help attract needed foreign investments, were shared with Israeli government officials and business leaders. Intergroup Relations in Israel The Institute is convinced that an understanding of both the problems and the potential of a pluralist society is as essential for Israel's health as it is for the perpetuation of American Jewry. It is, however, a concept not easy to grasp. This was strikingly evident in the comments of the young Israelis who participated in the Institute's "Getting to Know U.S. Jewry" program, as they came to realize the striking diversity of this country's population, the interaction between its various ethnic groups and their access to mainstream political power. 10

Relations between and among Israel's different ethnic, religious and national groups are an ongoing concern in government circles, in the communities, in the universities and in the schools. In 1983, psychologist Esther Perel, a specialist in the field of ethnic identity who has practiced in the United States, Europe and Israel, was commissioned to interview Israeli professionals involved in one or another aspect of intergroup relations. Her report, Intergroup Relations Practice in Israel (1984 ), surveys both theory and practice in Israel, particularly with respect to the problems between Arabs and Jews, Ashkenazim and Sephardim, and religious and secular Jews, and suggests some new and innovative approaches to improving intergroup understanding. The findings and recommendations of the study were widely reported in the American Jewish and Israeli press. The tensions between Ashkenazim and Sephardim in Israel today were also the subject of an Institute conference in New York in the summer of '85, convened in cooperation with the International Sephardic Education Foundation. The scholars participating in the conference stressed that the social gap between the two groups was evidenced not only in the statistics on income and education, but also in the many ethnic slurs heard in Israel and the attitudes they reflect. The discussion centered on the current status of the Sephardim and the implications of the growing Sephardic majority for American Jewish- Israeli relations. The Conference papers, together with summaries of the discussion, will be published. In addition, an anthology is being prepared in Israel, for distribution in Israel and the U.S., to include selected articles on Ashkenazi-Sephardic relations and a review of the literature in the field. Educating About the Diaspora The Institute's office in Israel, in cooperation with the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, is reviewing existing teaching programs devoted to American Jewry in the Israeli school system. The study will examine the nature and extent of such teachings, with a view to promoting and enlarging upon these 11 efforts. It is expected the project will take several years, with the initial period devoted to curriculum development and teacher training, and later endeavors concentrating on implementation and evaluation. Aliyah While the issue of aliyah remains a highly emotional one for both Israelis and American Jewry, few facts are available concerning American Jews who tried, but have been unsuccessful in their attempts to settle in Israel. A study commissioned by the Institute has surveyed approximately 75 Jews who made aliyah, remained in Israel for at least one year and then returned to the U.S. The interviews are being analyzed to determine why they returned and what problems they encountered in Israel. A second study will probe the dynamics of successful American aliyah, through interviews with those who emigrated to Israel and have remained there. A publication has also been commissioned which will deal with all aspects of aliyah, including possible American Jewish support systems. Territories and Peace: The Views of Religious Zionists Territories, borders and peace are issues on which, understandably, sharp differences of opinion persist both within Israel and between American Jews and Israelis. A publication now in preparation seeks to provide American Jews with some understanding of how various Orthodox religious movements, from Gush Emunim to the Orthodox peace groups, regard the status of Judea and Samaria, and the Halachic sources of these attitudes. The New Zionism: We Are One or Are We? We are, from a Zionist point of view, presented with an unprecedented reality of whole blocs of Jewish communities who not only have become integrated into the cultures among whom they live, but who identify with them and choose to remain among them permanently. Natan Rotenstreich Professor of Philosophy, Hebrew University 12

What does it mean to be a Zionist or non-Zionist today? Are there still basic differences over such classic Zionist concepts as the centrality of Israel, the negation of the Diaspora and the ingathering of the exiles? Can these differences be reconciled? If not, can they be set aside so that the Israeli and American Jewish communities can continue to work constructively on the issues that affect their common future? The Institute is currently engaged in an intensive internal debate around these questions. Three Working Papers have been prepared: "Toward A Consensus on Zionist Ideology" by Professor David Sidorsky of Columbia University; "Zionism and American Jewry" by Professor Henry Feingold of the City University of New York; and "Trends in Zionist Ideology and Their Contemporary Meaning" by Dr. Anita Shapiro, an Israeli historian. The objective of these papers is to stimulate wider discussion of what are perhaps the most significant ideological and pragmatic differences between the American Jewish community and Israel today. It is expected that these discussions will be ongoing in both countries and that both old and new formulations will continue to be debated for some time to come.

Outlook The new generation of Israelis has grown up with a different experience as has the new generation of American Jews. And the communication between the two communities will not be as easy and as clear- cut in the future as it perhaps has been in the past. David Harman Professor of Education, Hebrew University In a sense the Institute has been engaged in a kind of private diplomacy, having a number of strands, all aimed at enhancing the level of discourse between Israel and the American Jewish community, hoping to bring to that discourse a greater openness of mind and a greater readiness to seize opportunities for constructive interchange — especially among the new generations of Israeli and American Jewry. 13 Certainly, as its programs have unfolded during this initial period, they have provided abundant reaffirmation of the Institute's founding premises, namely: a. The American Jewish community is a healthy, creative and viable community with a positive future in the United States. b. American Jewry's commitment to Israel's security and survival is strong and irrevocable; for many, Israel is a major ingredient of their Jewish identity. c. Israelis realize the importance of the existence of strong and viable Jewish communities in the Diaspora and, in particular, of the American Jewish community, for the future of the Jewish people. d. Events that affect either community are likely to affect other Jewish communities. The issues that must continue to be addressed are exceedingly complex, and definitive answers to them may well elude us or be determined by events beyond our control. But neither community can afford to simply await such an eventuality. The Institute is convinced of the need to continue to bring the best minds to bear as each community seeks to understand the other's needs and concerns, to grasp the values and assumptions that dictate the other's thinking and behavior, to recognize and accept their distinctive contributions to the texture of Jewish history. Without such efforts, each will continue to have unrealistic expectations of the other, and legitimate differences that exist now or in the future, will create chasms difficult or impossible to bridge. The Institute looks ahead with confidence, but without illusions. It will devote its resources to evaluating and fine-tuningth e most promising of those techniques and strategies it has cultivated over the past three years, and of course it will remain alert to new and emerging problems and opportunities, determined as ever to make whatever contribution it can to improve the quality of interaction between the citizens of Israel and American Jews. 14 Financial Support* Both annual gifts and endowments have insured continuity for the vital programs now under way and enable the Institute to undertake and develop significant new initiatives. We are happy to take this opportunity to express appreciation to those who have made possible the work of the Instituted

Founders Morris Bergreen Alan C. Greenberg Matthew Brown Irving Harris Bruner Foundation, Inc. David Rose Leonard Davis

Fellows Norman Alexander Martin Jellin Robert Blatt Alfred Moses Philip E. Hoffman Sam Rubinstein

Donors Michael M. Adler William Rosenwald Robert Goodkind Irving Schneider Peter Kovler Harriet Zimmerman Robert Rifkind

Friends Robert Horowitz Jacob Stein Robert Jacobs George Szabad Esther Landa Elmer Winter Jerome Shestack Gordon Zacks

'Tax-exempt gifts may be made to the American Jewish Committee, earmarked for the Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations. |As of October 1985 15 Publications of the Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations Americans and Israelis: Attitudes and Perceptions — A Discussion Guide. 6 pages. 1984. Bick, Etta. Reasoning Together: Three Decades of Discussions Between American and Israeli Jews. 38 pages. 1985. Burstein, Janet. Charting the Minefields: American Academics and Israelis in Dialogue —A Cultural Analysis. 36 pages. 1985.

Cohen, Steven M. Attitudes of American Jews Toward Israel and Israelis. 36 pages. 1983. Eizenstat, Stuart E. Israel's Economic Crisis: What Israel Must Do. 27 pages. 1985. Fine, Morris. Israel-Diaspora Relations: A Selected Annotated Bibliography, 1973 -1983. 45 pages. 1983. Goldstein, Sidney. The Demographics of American Jewry. 70 pages. 1983. Kass, Drora. Israeli and American Jews: Toward a Meaningful Dialogue. 29 pages. 1984. Muravchik, Joshua. Perceptions of Israel in the American Media: Summary of a Conference. 34 pages. 1985.

Perel, Esther. Intergroup Relations Practice in Israel: A Preliminary Survey. 27 pages. 1984. Smith, Hanoch, and The Smith Research Center. Attitudes of Israelis Toward America and American Jews. 38 pages. 1983. Understanding One Another: An Israeli Perspective. 9 pages. 1984.

Understanding One Another: Excerpts of a Discussion on American Jewish-Israel Relations. 20 pages. 1983. Conference on Ashkenazi-Sephardi Relations in Israel: Selected Papers. 45 pages. 1985. 16

American Advisory Board*

Chair Stuart E. Haenstat,Washington Peter Kovler, Washington Morris B. Abram, New York Norman Lamm, New York Michael M. Adler, Miami Esther R. Landa, Salt Lake City Norman E. Alexander, New York Frank R. Lautenberg, Washington Morris H. Bergreen, New York Richard Maass, White Plains, NY Irving Bernstein, New York Theodore R. Mann, Philadelphia Robert M. Blatt, Cincinnati Newton N. Minow, Chicago Rudy Boschwitz, Washington Alfred H. Moses, Washington Matthew Brown, Boston Bess Myerson, New York Gerson D. Cohen, New York Leo Nevas, Westport, CT Leonard Davis, Palm Beach, FL Robert I. Pelz.Mw York Theodore Ellenoff, New York Martin Peretz, Washington Edward Elson, Atlanta Arnold M. Picker, Golden Beach, FL Raymond Epstein, Chicago Robert S. Rifkind, New York Max M. Fisher, Detroit Donald Robinson, Pittsburgh Joseph H. Flom, New York David Rose, New York Richard J. Fox, Philadelphia Irving Schneider, New York Howard I. Friedman, Los Angeles Ruth Septee, Philadelphia Leonard Garment, Washington Jerome J. Shestack, Philadelphia E. Robert Goodkind, New York Ira D. Silverman, Philadelphia Alfred Gottschalk, Cincinnati Jacob Stein, tffdsi><7/t> AY Irving B. Harris, Chicago George Szabad, Scarsdale, NY Rita E. Hauser, New York Theodore Tannenwald, Jr.,Washington Richard J.L. Herson, New York Lawrence A. Tisch, New York Philip E. Hoflrnan, Ato York Barbi Weinberg, Beverly Hills Robert S. Jacobs, Chicago Elmer I. Winter, Milwaukee Geri M. Joseph, Minneapolis Maynard I. Wishner, Chicago Marvin Josephson, New York Daniel Yankelovich, New York Max M. Kampelman, Washingtonf Sidney R. Yates, Washington Irena Kirkland, Washington Gordon Zacks, Columbus Morton Kornreich, Harrison, NY Harriet M. Zimmerman, Atlanta

Israel Advisory Board Chair S. Zalman Abramov Jerusalem Emanuel Rackman, Ramat Gan Eli Amir Jerusalem Alexander JUphadiJerusalem Meir Amit, Ramat Gan Aviezer YUvitski Jerusalem Badri Kiujerusalem Shalom Rosenfeld, Herzliya Rivka Bar Yoscfjerusalem Daniel Rosolio, Tel Aviv Shlomo Ben Ami, KfarSaba Natan Rotenstreich Jerusalem S.N. Eisenstadt Jerusalem Avraham Shavit, Tel Aviv Yehudit Hittur Jerusalem Penina TiAmon Jerusalem Ephraim Evron, Tel Aviv Dan Tolkowsky, Tel A viv Walter Eytmjerusalem Aharon Yariv, Ramat Gan Arieh Gwenjerusalem Reuven Yaron Jerusalem Avraham Hatrranjerusalem Esther Herlitz, Tel Aviv Consultants Yosef Kukia Jerusalem Mordechai Gmijerusalem Barukh Levy, Zahalah M. Bernard ResnikoffJerusalem

•As of October 1985 t On leave of absence while serving as the President's Ambassador for Arms Control Negotiations. 17

Community Associates* Naomi J. Banks, Brookline, MA Joseph Lesser, Tenafly NJ Harold Berry, Southfield, Ml David M. Livingston, San Francisco Milford M. Bohm, fit Louis Julian Mark, Stamford, CT Leon I. Charash, Woodbury, NY David Mincberg, Houston John Franco, Seattle Herman J. Oberrmyer, Arlington, VA Peter Gilbert, Buffalo Adele Pollock, Shawnee Mission, KS Allan H. Goroll, Weston, MA Stanley Rabin, Dallas Norman Hahn,LaJolla,CA Clyde RodbeU, Atlanta Ruth B. Hurwitz, Baltimore Stanton Rosenbaum, Denver Sema Jelin, South Orange, NJ Richard Rossett, St. Louis Joseph Kaplan, Houston Evelyn Smith, Phoenix Lionel Kaplan, Princeton Stanley R. Weinberger, Chicago Harry Lerner, St. Louis Park, MN Israel Associates Amit Anter, Kamat Gan Claude Malki, Kiryat Gat Moshe Barner, Haifa Yardena Mailer, Jerusalem Gideon Becker Jordan Valley Haggai Merom, Boar Yifat Miri Bittonjerusalem Yael Nuchmiasjerusalem Chaya Cohen, Ashdod Zeev Pearl, Safed Eliahu Dekel, RoshPina Yossef Pninijerusalem Lior Dushnitsky, Tel Aviv NitzaSela,D.N.As&era< Yaacov Elgrably, Maaleh Adumim Tallie Selinger, Tel Aviv Mordechai Haimowich,/m««/em Haim Shibijerusalem Chaim Hecht, Tiberias Gad Shimron, Tel Aviv Nissan Krupsky, NessZiona Shimon Tswie\i,Jerusalem Liora Lenger, Kiryat Tivon Ruth Yovel, Ramot Avraham Lev, Haifa OfraZion, Tel Aviv Limor Livnat-Hoenig, Tel Aviv

•As of October 1985 The American Jewish I Committee 165 East 56 Street • New York, NY 10022