sign in sign up
<<
Home , Eastern Bloc, Potsdam Agreement, Western betrayal

1 The Conference

All three leaders were attempting to establish an agenda for governing post-war . They wanted to keep peace between post-world war countries. On the Eastern Front, the front line at the end of December 1943 re- mained in the but, by August 1944, So- viet forces were inside and parts of as part of their drive west.[1] By the time of the Conference, Marshal 's forces were 65 km (40 mi) from Berlin. Stalin’s position at the conference was one which he felt was so strong that he could dic- tate terms. According to U.S. delegation member and future Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, "[i]t was not a question of what we would let the Russians do, but what Yalta Conference in February 1945 with (from left to right) we could get the Russians to do.”[2] Moreover, Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt and . Also hoped for a commitment from Stalin to participate in the present are Soviet Foreign Minister (far left); . Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham, RN, Marshal of the RAF Sir Charles Portal, RAF, Premier Stalin, insisting that his doctors opposed any (standing behind Churchill); General George C. Marshall, Chief long trips, rejected Roosevelt’s suggestion to meet at the of Staff of the Army, and Fleet Admiral William Mediterranean.[3] He offered instead to meet at the Black D. Leahy, USN, (standing behind Roosevelt). Sea resort of Yalta, in the Crimea. Stalin’s fear of flying also played a contributing factor in this decision.[4] Each leader had an agenda for the Yalta Conference: Roosevelt wanted Soviet support in the U.S. Pacific War against Japan, specifically invading Japan, as well as Soviet par- ticipation in the UN; Churchill pressed for free elections The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea and democratic governments in Eastern and Central Eu- Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, rope (specifically Poland); and Stalin demanded a Soviet held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II sphere of political influence in Eastern and Central Eu- meeting of the heads of government of the United States, rope, an essential aspect of the USSR's national security the and the Soviet Union, represented by strategy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the Poland was the first item on the Soviet agenda. Stalin purpose of discussing Europe’s post-war reorganization. stated that “For the Soviet government, the question of The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta Poland was one of honor” and security because Poland in Crimea. had served as a historical corridor for forces attempt- ing to invade .[5] In addition, Stalin stated regard- The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re- ing history that “because the Russians had greatly sinned establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within against Poland”, “the Soviet government was trying to a few years, with the dividing the continent, atone for those sins.”[5] Stalin concluded that “Poland Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some must be strong” and that “the Soviet Union is interested in extent, it has remained controversial. the creation of a mighty, free and independent Poland.” Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences among Accordingly, Stalin stipulated that Polish government-in- the Big Three. It had been preceded by the exile demands were not negotiable: the Soviet Union Conference in 1943, and was followed by the would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had al- Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Stalin, ready annexed in 1939, and Poland was to be compen- Churchill (who was replaced halfway through by the sated for that by extending its western borders at the ex- newly elected British Prime Minister ) and pense of . Comporting with his prior statement, Harry S. , Roosevelt’s successor. Stalin promised free elections in Poland despite the Soviet

1 2 1 THE CONFERENCE

sponsored provisional government recently installed by ets had already liquidated most of the governments; and him in Polish territories occupied by the Red Army. Poland whose government-in-exile was also excluded by Roosevelt wanted the USSR to enter the Pacific War with Stalin) and that all civilians would be repatriated. the Allies. One Soviet precondition for a declaration of war against Japan was an American official recognition 1.1 Key points of Mongolian independence from (Mongolian Peo- ple’s Republic had already been the Soviet in The key points of the meeting are as follows: World War One and World War Two), and a recognition of Soviet interests in the Manchurian railways and Port • Arthur (but not asking the Chinese to lease), as well as Agreement to the priority of the unconditional sur- deprivation of Japanese soil (such as Sakhalin and Kuril render of . After the war, Germany Islands) to return to Russian custody since the Treaty of and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones. Portsmouth; these were agreed without Chinese represen- • Stalin agreed that would have a fourth oc- tation, consultation or consent, with the American desire cupation zone in Germany, but it would have to be to end war early by reducing American casualties. Stalin formed out of the American and British zones. agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the Pacific War three months after the defeat of Germany. Stalin pledged • Germany would undergo demilitarization and to Roosevelt to keep the nationality of the Korean Penin- denazification. sula intact as Soviet Union entered the war against Japan. • German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labour. (see also Forced labor of Germans after World War II and Forced labour of Germans in the Soviet Union). The forced labour was to be used to repair damage that Germany inflicted on its victims.[6]

• Creation of a reparation council which would be lo- cated in the Soviet Union.

• The status of Poland was discussed. It was agreed to reorganize the communist Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland that had been installed by the Soviet Union “on a broader democratic basis.”

• The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon A Big Three meeting room Line, and Poland would receive territorial compen- sation in the West from Germany. Furthermore, the Soviets had agreed to join the United • Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland, but Nations, given the secret understanding of a voting for- forestalled ever honouring his promise. mula with a veto power for permanent members of the Security Council, thus ensuring that each country could • Citizens of the Soviet Union and of were block unwanted decisions. to be handed over to their respective countries, re- At the time, the Red Army had occupied Poland com- gardless of their consent. pletely and held much of with a military • Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to par- power three times greater than Allied forces in the West. ticipate in the UN. The Declaration of Liberated Europe did little to dispel the sphere of influence agreements that had been incor- • Stalin requested that all of the 16 Soviet Social- porated into armistice agreements. ist Republics would be granted UN membership. All three leaders ratified previous agreements about the This was taken into consideration, but 14 republics post-war occupation zones for Germany: three zones of were denied; Roosevelt agreed to membership for occupation, one for each of the three principal Allies: The and Byelorussia while reserving the right, Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. which was never exercised, to seek two more votes [7] They also agreed to give France a zone of occupation, for the United States. carved out of the U.S. and UK zones. • Stalin agreed to enter the fight against the Empire Also, the Big Three agreed that all original governments of Japan “in two or three months after Germany has would be restored to the invaded countries (with the ex- surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated,” ception of France, whose government was regarded as and that as a result, the Soviets would take pos- collaborationist; Romania and , where the Sovi- session of Southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, 3

the port of Darien would be internationalized, and that the three would assist occupied countries to form in- the Soviet lease of Port Arthur would be restored, terim government that “pledged to the earliest possible among other concessions.[8] establishment through free elections of the Governments responsive to the will of the people” and to “facilitate • Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and where necessary the holding of such elections.”[9] brought to justice. The agreement called on signatories to “consult together • A “Committee on Dismemberment of Germany” on the measures necessary to discharge the joint respon- was to be set up. Its purpose was to decide whether sibilities set forth in this declaration.” During the Yalta Germany was to be divided into six nations. Some discussions, Molotov inserted language that weakened the examples of partition plans are shown below: implication of enforcement of the declaration.[10] Regarding Poland, the Yalta report further stated that the • The eventual partition of Germany into Allied provisional government should “be pledged to the hold- Occupation Zones: ing of free and unfettered elections as soon as possible British zone on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot.”[9] French zone (two exclaves) and from 1947 the Saar The agreement could not conceal the importance of ac- protectorate ceding to pro-Soviet short-term Lublin government con- American zone trol and of eliminating language calling for supervised Soviet zone, later the DDR elections.[10] Polish and Soviet annexed territory According to President Roosevelt, “if we attempt to evade the fact that we placed somewhat more emphasis on the • Partition plan from Winston Churchill: Lublin Poles than on the other two groups from which North German state the new government is to be drawn I feel we will ex- South German state, including modern and pose ourselves to the charges that we are attempting to go back on the Crimea decision.” Roosevelt conceded that, West German state in the words of Admiral William D. Leahy, the language of Yalta was so vague that the Soviets would be able to “stretch it all the way from Yalta to Washington without • Partition plan from Franklin D. Roosevelt: ever technically breaking it.”[11] Hanover The final agreement stipulated that “the Provisional Gov- Hesse ernment which is now functioning in Poland should there- fore be reorganized on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland and from Bavaria [9] International zone (two exclaves) Poles abroad.” The language of Yalta conceded pre- Allied-administered Austria dominance of the pro-Soviet Lublin Government in a pro- visional government, albeit a reorganized one.[10]

• : North German state South German state 2 Aftermath International zone Territory lost from Germany (Saarland to France, 2.1 Poland and the Upper to Poland, partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union) Further information: (1939–1945) and Eastern Bloc Because of Stalin’s strong promises and admission of 1.2 Democratic elections guilt over Poland, Churchill believed that he would keep his word regarding Poland, remarking “Poor believed he could trust Hitler. He was The Big Three further agreed that would [12] be established, all liberated European and former Axis wrong. But I don't think I am wrong about Stalin.” satellite countries would hold free elections and that or- At that time, over 200,000 soldiers of the Polish Armed der would be restored.[9] In that regard, they promised Forces in the West were serving under the high command to rebuild occupied countries by processes that will al- of the British Army. Many of these men and women were low them “to create democratic institutions of their own originally from the region of eastern Poland includ- choice. This is a principle of the – the ing cities such as Lwow and Wilno. They had been de- right of all peoples to choose the form of government un- ported from Kresy to the eastern regions of Russia, or der which they will live”.[9] The resulting report stated sent to when the USSR occupied this region of 4 2 AFTERMATH

Parliament army debate starting on February 27, which ended in a vote of confidence. During the debate many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain’s Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta.[14] Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protest- ing against Britain’s tacit acceptance of Poland’s domi- nation by the Soviet Union. These members included: ; Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet; Sir Alec Douglas-Home; James Heathcote-Drummond- Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster and Victor Raikes.[14] After the failure of the amendment, Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford, the Member of Parliament for Norwich, resigned his seat in protest at the British treat- ment of Poland.[14] When the War ended, a Communist gov- ernment was installed in Poland. Most Poles felt betrayed by their wartime allies. Many Polish soldiers refused to The military situation at the end of the conference return to Poland, because of the Soviet repressions of Pol- ish citizens (1939–1946), the and other executions of pro-Western Poles, particularly the former members of the AK (Armia Krajowa). The result was the Polish Resettlement Act 1947, Britain’s first mass immigration law. On 1, Roosevelt assured Congress that “I come from the Crimea with a firm belief that we have made a start on the road to a world of peace.”[15] However the Western Powers soon realized that Stalin would not honor his free elections promise regarding Poland. After re- ceiving considerable criticism in London following Yalta regarding the atrocities committed in Poland by Soviet troops, Churchill wrote Roosevelt a desperate letter refer- encing the wholesale deportations and liquidations of op- position Poles by the Soviets.[15] On March 11, Roosevelt responded to Churchill, writing, “I most certainly agree Poland’s old and new borders, 1945 that we must stand firm on a correct interpretation of the Crimean decision. You are quite correct in assuming that neither the Government nor the people of this country Poland in 1939. Two years later, when Churchill and will support participation in a fraud or a mere whitewash Stalin formed an against Hitler, the Kresy Poles of the Lublin government and the solution must be as we were released from the Gulags in , formed the envisaged it in Yalta.” [16] Anders Army and marched to Persia to create the II Corps By March 21, Roosevelt’s Ambassador to the USSR (Poland) under British high command. Averell Harriman cabled Roosevelt that “we must come These Polish troops were instrumental to the Allied de- clearly to realize that the Soviet program is the estab- feat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped lishment of , ending personal liberty and to return to their homes in Kresy in an independent and as we know it.”[17] Two days later, Roosevelt democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, began to admit that his view of Stalin had been exces- Roosevelt and Churchill largely acceded to Stalin’s de- sively optimistic and that “Averell is right.”[17] mands to annex[13] the territory which in the Nazi-Soviet Four days later, on March 27, the Soviet Peoples Com- Pact he and Hitler had agreed to the Soviet Union con- missariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) arrested 16 Polish trolling, including Kresy, and to carry out Polish popula- opposition political leaders that had been invited to par- tion transfers (1944–1946). Consequently, they in effect ticipate in provisional government negotiations.[17] The agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops un- arrests were part of a trick employed by the NKVD, der British command should lose their Kresy homes to the which flew the leaders to Moscow for a later Soviet Union. In reaction, thirty officers and men from followed by sentencing to a .[17][18] Churchill there- the II Corps (Poland) committed suicide.[14] after argued to Roosevelt that it was “as plain as a pike Churchill defended his actions at Yalta in a three-day 5

staff” that Moscow’s tactics were to drag out the period • The theatre play O xogo de Yalta by the “Teatro do for holding free elections “while the Lublin Committee Atlántico” was produced in Spain. consolidate their power.”[17] The Polish elections, held on • January 16, 1947, resulted in Poland’s official transfor- The Yalta Club nightclub was opened in Bulgaria. mation to a by 1949. • (British title), The Secret Betrayal Following Yalta, in Russia, when Soviet Foreign Minis- (American title) — a book by Nikolai Tolstoy. ter Vyacheslav Molotov expressed worry that the Yalta Agreement’s wording might impede Stalin’s plans, Stalin responded “Never mind. We'll do it our own way 4 Gallery later.”[12] While the Soviet Union had already annexed several occupied countries as (or into) Soviet Socialist • Taken by War Office official photographer, United [19][20][21] Republics, other countries in eastern Europe Kingdom that it occupied were converted into Soviet-controlled satellite states, such as the People’s Republic of Poland, • the People’s Republic of Hungary,[22] the Czechoslovak • From U.S. National Archives. Socialist Republic,[23] the People’s Republic of Romania, the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, the People’s Republic of Albania,[24] and later from the Soviet zone of German occupation.[25] Eventually the United 5 See also States and the United Kingdom made concessions in rec- ognizing the then Communist-dominated regions, sacri- • The Betrayal of Cossacks ficing the substance of the Yalta Declaration, while it re- • mained in form.[26] Eastern Bloc • 2.2 Potsdam and the atomic bomb • List of World War II conferences • Further information: and Potsdam List of Soviet Union–United States summits Agreement • Operation Keelhaul • The Potsdam Conference was held from July to August 1945, which included the participation of Clement Attlee • Plan Totality (who had replaced Churchill as Prime Minister)[27][28] and President Harry S Truman (representing the United • States after Roosevelt’s death).[29] At Potsdam, the Sovi- • World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis ets denied claims that they were interfering in the affairs and the West of Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary.[26] The conference resulted in (1) the regarding the sur- render of Japan,[30] and (2) the re- garding the Soviet annexation of former Polish territory 6 Notes east of the Curzon Line, and, provisions, to be addressed in an eventual Final Treaty ending World War II, for the [1] Traktuyev, Michael Ivanovich, The Red Army’s Drive into annexation of parts of Germany east of the -Neisse Poland in Purnell’s History of the Second World War, ed- line into Poland, and northern East Prussia into the Soviet itor Sir Basil Liddell Hart, Hatfield, UK, 1981, vol.18, pp.1920–1929 Union. Four months after the death of Roosevelt, President Tru- [2] Black et al. 2000, p. 61 man ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hi- [3] Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding roshima on August 6, 1945. of the United Nations, (Boulder: Westview Press, 2003). ISBN 0-8133-3324-5

[4] Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. New 3 Cultural significance York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 709. ISBN 9780316023740. • The musical Jalta, Jalta was produced in Yugoslavia [5] Berthon & Potts 2007, p. 285 about this conference. [6] Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geogra- • The movie Yalta by Yves-André Hubert was pro- phy of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European duced in France about this conference. University Press 2003 ISBN 963-9241-68-7 P.244-249 6 8 FURTHER READING

[7] “United Nations”. U.S. Department of State. Archived [26] Black et al. 2000, p. 63 from the original on 2003-03-03. Retrieved 2014-09-22. Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent mem- [27] Roberts 2006, pp. 274–5 bers of the Security Council were finalized at the Yalta [28] “Clement Richard Attlee”. Archontology.org. Retrieved Conference in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that 2011-12-19. the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly mem- [29] Truman 1973, p. 208 bership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes [30] “Potsdam Declaration”. Ndl.go.jp. 1945-07-26. Re- for the United States. trieved 2011-12-19.

[8] “Agreement Regarding Japan,” Protocol Proceedings of the Crimea Conference (February 11, 1945). [On- line at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp](http:// 7 References avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp). • Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007), Warlords: [9] February 11, 1945 Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Con- An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II ference, reprinted in Grenville, John Ashley Soames and Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Bernard Wasserstein, The Major International Treaties of Roosevelt, and Stalin, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306- the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts, 81538-9 Taylor and Francis, 2001 ISBN 0-415-23798-X, pages 267–277 • Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, [10] Leffler, Melvyn P. (1986). “Adherence to Agreements: Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), Rebirth: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War”. A Political since World War II, International Security 11 (1): 88–123. JSTOR 2538877. Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3664-3

[11] {The American People in World War II: Freedom from • Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), A History of Fear, Part Two By David M. Kennedy page 377 the World from the 20th to the 21st Century, Rout- ledge, ISBN 0-415-28954-8 [12] Berthon & Potts 2007, p. 289 • LaFeber, Walter (1972), America, Russia, and the [13] “WWII Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the Cold War, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471- West. In Depth. Uneasy Allies”. PBS. 1941-12-07. Re- 51137-4 trieved 2011-12-19. • Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), From Roosevelt to [14] pp.374–383 Olson and Cloud 2003 Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, [15] Berthon & Potts 2007, pp. 290–94 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-86244-2

[16] Telegram, President Roosevelt to the British Prime Min- • Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), Stalin’s Wars: From ister, Washington, 11 March 1945, in United States De- World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, Yale Univer- partment of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, sity Press, ISBN 0-300-11204-1 Diplomatic Papers: 1945 Volume V, Europe (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 509-510. • Truman, Margaret (1973), Harry S. Truman, William Morrow & Co., ISBN 0-688-00005-3 [17] Berthon & Potts 2007, pp. 296–97 • Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in [18] Wettig 2008, pp. 47–8 Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-5542- [19] Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). 1940: revolution 9 from above. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978- • Kennedy, David M. (2003), The American People in 90-420-2225-6. World War II Freedom from Fear, Part Two, Oxford [20] Roberts 2006, p. 43 University Press, ISBN 0-19-516893-3

[21] Wettig 2008, pp. 20–1

[22] Granville, Johanna (2004). The First Domino: Interna- 8 Further reading tional Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-298- • Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America 4. at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2010). [23] Grenville 2005, pp. 370–71 • [24] Cook 2001, p. 17 Geoffery Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 (New Haven: Yale University [25] Wettig 2008, pp. 96–100 Press, 2008). 7

• Geoffery Roberts, “Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and • The Division of Europe Online Documents Collec- Potsdam Conferences,” Journal of Cold War Studies tion 9:4 (Fall 2007): 6-40. • Special German series 2. The Committee on Dis- • Gideon Rose, How Wars End: Why we always fight memberment of Germany Allied discussions on the the last battle, a history of American intervention dismemberment of Germany into separate states, from to (New York: Si- March 29, 1945. The committee was ordained at mon & Schuster, 2010). Especially ch. 3. Yalta.

• O'Neil, William L. World War II: a Student Com- • Yalta casts its shadow 60 years on, BBC, February panion. New York: , 1999. 7, 2005

• Persico E. Joseph Roosevelt’s Secret War. New York: • Scientific conferences devoted Yalta 2004-2010; Random House, 2001. Yalta-45|13 Yalta-45/15

• Plokhii, Serhii (2010). Yalta: The Price of Peace. • EDSITEment lesson plan Sources of Discord, 1945- New York, NY: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670- 1946 02141-3. Coordinates: 44°28′04″N 34°08′36″E / 44.46778°N • “Portraits of Presidents: Franklin D. Roosevelt.” 34.14333°E School Arts Magazine February 1999: 37. Stu- dent Research Center. EBSCO Host. Philadelphia. April 2, 2006. Keyword: FDR.

• Snyder, Louis L. (1981), World War II, New York: Grolier Company

• Sulzberger, C. L. (1998), Stephen E. Ambrose, ed., American Heritage New History of World War II, New York: Viking Penguin

• Waring, J. G. A student’s experience of Yalta

• “Yalta Conference.” Funk and Wagnalls New Ency- clopedia. World Almanac Education Group, 2003. Sirs Discover. Philadelphia. April 2, 2006. Key- word: Yalta Conference.

• Yalta Conference, 1945: actual issues of history, law studies, political science, culture studies and philosophy / materials of the international scientific conference Yalta-45/13 (Simferopol, Ukraine 23- 27 April, 2013 ) / edited by Oleg K. Shevchenko. – Simferopol: publishing house К.О.Ш., 2013. – 152 р.

• Shevchenko O. Yalta-45: Ukrainian science histori- ographic realia in globalization and universalism era

9 External links

• Minutes of the conference Combined Arms Re- search Library

• Foreign relations of the United States. Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945

• Protocol of proceedings of Crimea Conference

• MilitaryHistoryOnline Yalta Conference

• How good was the Good War? 8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

• Yalta Conference Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference?oldid=674863309 Contributors: Youssefsan, JeLuF, SimonP, Ellmist, Zoe, R Lowry, Olivier, Leandrod, Stevertigo, Mrwojo, Dominus, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin Austin, TakuyaMurata, Delirium, Ge- offrey~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Kingturtle, Ijon, Marteau, David Stewart, Ruhrjung, Hashar, Boson, JCarriker, Peregrine981, Maximus Rex, Morwen, Sben, Joy, Raul654, Capbat, Jhobson1, Robbot, PBS, Altenmann, Romanm, Enceladus, Mirv, Kday~enwiki, Halibutt, Mervyn, Hadal, Mushroom, Lysy, Stirling Newberry, DocWatson42, MaGioZal, Laudaka, Oberiko, Mintleaf~enwiki, Meursault2004, Karn, Braaropolis, Everyking, Fleminra, Bsparks, Mboverload, Sesel, Cam, Junkyardprince, LiDaobing, DCrazy, Antandrus, Beland, OverlordQ, Piotrus, Rdsmith4, Mzajac, OwenBlacker, C4~enwiki, Neutrality, Mschlindwein, Adashiel, Esperant, Sparky the Seventh Chaos, Moverton, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Michal Jurosz, Vsmith, Pavel Vozenilek, Trey Stone, Bender235, Petersam, Oniows, Zscout370, El C, Art LaPella, Svdmolen, Thuresson, Bobo192, J44xm, Mababa, Nk, Alansohn, Gary, Duffman~enwiki, 119, Lordthees, Ricky81682, Andrew Gray, Zippanova, T-1000, !melquiades, Lee S. Svoboda, Hohum, Noosphere, Kade, Ghirlandajo, Tariqabjotu, Sk4p, Hyperfusion, Oliphaunt, Ekem, Ilario, Briangotts, Lapsed Pacifist, GregorB, Mb1000, Palica, Jbarta, Dysepsion, Magister Mathemati- cae, Island, Tim!, Koavf, Cuenca, JHMM13, Bhadani, Allicat9, Yamamoto Ichiro, Austrian, FlaBot, Ground Zero, Rune.welsh, Gurch, AdamantlyMike, TeaDrinker, Russavia, Chobot, Nicwolff, Gginesta, YurikBot, Wfried, Nobs01, Anders.Warga, RadioFan, Rsrikanth05, Astral, Howcheng, Cruise, DGJM, Roche-Kerr, Bota47, Mikeroetto, TheKoG, Theda, Mike Selinker, Fang Aili, Redefining form, Jon- Roma, Petri Krohn, GraemeL, Tobixen, Chriswaterguy, Giantcn, Curpsbot-unicodify, Ybbor, Katieh5584, Appleseed, DVD R W, ER, Phinnaeus, SmackBot, Elonka, Historian932, Mangoe, Midway, Nickst, Eskimbot, Jab843, The Ronin, Aivazovsky, Mauls, PeterSymonds, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Skizzik, Chris the speller, MK8, Jfsamper, DHN-bot~enwiki, Colonies Chris, Jahiegel, Scalpy, Cripipper, MJCdetroit, Wikipedia brown, Greenshed, Amazins490, Nakon, Valenciano, Ultraexactzz, Smerus, Stor stark7, DDima, Ohconfucius, Byelf2007, ArglebargleIV, AThing, Petsco, John, KenFehling, Microchip08, Mathiasrex, Apurins, MickPurcell, Jaywubba1887, Filip- powiki, Cwiki, Ckatz, CyrilB, Speedboy Salesman, A. Parrot, Mrhurtin, Wikster72, Don Alessandro, Tobyw87, Anonymous anonymous, Pauric, Levineps, Nehrams2020, ILovePlankton, Sombrero, Tikai, CapitalR, DEddy, Marysunshine, Ewulp, Tawkerbot2, Blacksham- rock, Kamaal 1989, Mattbr, Unionhawk, Vints, Aherunar, Gbrading, ObiterDicta, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Kanags, Poeticbent, Gogo Dodo, Lullabelle, R-41, Tec15, Dusty relic, Kiske, DumbBOT, Gimmetrow, Sosomk, Epbr123, CaliforniaWIkiGuy, John254, James086, RichardVeryard, Dgies, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Atavi, Jj137, Mack2, Lupusrex, KMeyer, Zedla, Turgidson, MER-C, PhilKnight, Murphy11, Beaumont, Casvelyn, Slipdigit, Lukewagoneer, VoABot II, Cville Gamer, Fordsfords, JiaJun, Foochar, The Anomebot2, Cgin- gold, Jcdams, Gomm, JaGa, Lvovsky, MartinBot, Eternal Pink, Xumm1du, BeadleB, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, Billos, NinjaLore, J.delanoy, Uncle Dick, TCB007, Extransit, Katalaveno, McSly, Garret Beaumain, Mrg3105, BoredTerry, Belovedfreak, NewEnglandYan- kee, Babedacus, Sunderland06, STBotD, Tygrrr, Gtg204y, David Lauder, Alex:D, Random Passer-by, Thismightbezach, Jao829, Ttk371, VolkovBot, Seattle Skier, Harfarhs, Nroscha, Ian Struan, Chienlit, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Sandman09, Dojarca, Nono le pe- tit robot~enwiki, ThinkMedical, Sean D Martin, Arnon Chaffin, Dime2, Ferengi, Commuood, Rjm at sleepers, Imbris, Roland Kaufmann, Coching, Jjucovy, Naravorgaara, Swtiedeman, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, BaronGrackle, Koalorka, Ajrocke, Tboden, DVoit, Wikkiwikki- wowwow, EmxBot, Bcboatfloater, Deconstructhis, Sharecropper, Jocelinmorant, SieBot, Twopenguins, YonaBot, Work permit, Smsar- mad, Revent, Rpm698, Digwuren, Joedog91, Xostrlite93, Agarcialw, Dangerousnerd, Oxymoron83, BenoniBot~enwiki, S210146, Pres- identman, Lesomers, Nickomargolies, Randy Kryn, Atif.t2, Loren.wilton, ClueBot, Panoptik, Fyyer, Ppearson, The Thing That Should Not Be, Nnemo, Der Golem, Jacurek, Trivialist, SamuelTheGhost, Pernambuko, Excirial, Wikiscribe, Grey Matter, MrWhich, Versus22, Alexander Tendler, Bellwether BC, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Herby909, Redtrog, Elwrucko, Patbreen, Good Olfactory, RyanCross, Zir- guezi, Addbot, Bagori, Jojhutton, AkhtaBot, Ronhjones, Laurinavicius, Damiens.rf, Rejectwater, Morning277, Mosedschurte, AndersBot, Favonian, Lucian Sunday, LinkFA-Bot, Brufnus, West.andrew.g, William (The Bill) Blackstone, Stiaand, Tide rolls, Mtminchi08, Jarble, Luckas-bot, Ajh1492, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Nallimbot, Paul Siebert, AnomieBOT, SalvoJ, Piano non troppo, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Vicki Reitta, 90 Auto, Citation bot, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Xtboris, RibotBOT, Operdyne7, Nick2x, Surv1v4l1st, Kupredu, Tobby72, Pencil13, Michael93555, Jamesoe, Jack Daniel Adams, Programmer13, Cherry berry dude, LittleWink, Rushbugled13, Chum- chum7, Grover132, TobeBot, Mercy11, Lotje, Piotr Herod, Varsovian, 564dude, AutumnWeikal, Bento00, Yaush, Antidiskriminator, Alltheothernameshavegone, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Immunize, Mashaunix, The Madras, ZéroBot, Scrubysteve, Min79, AMan- WithNoPlan, Gz33, Pengkeu, CN3777, L Kensington, Donner60, Puffin, Peter Karlsen, Sven Manguard, ClueBot NG, Silv the Something, Cupdawg1, YaltaExpert1945, Frognosticator, Raven Rashal, AdamWimborne, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, Smudge703, Newyork1501, KiteRunner98203, Anubus2GoPlease, BG19bot, 64ryj0ns7on, 15lopop, CarnivorousGnomeCatuse, BattyBot, Vanobamo, ChrisGualtieri, GoShow, Veroveritas, Laggan Boy, Dexbot, Mogism, XXzoonamiXX, Lugia2453, Builtiger, SFK2, Jamesx12345, ColaXtra, Njk345, , Docents, Epicgenius, S2pindia, Boomtahn, Шеудженико, Cumbrianladjames, Khanate General, Aaxxellssccooppaa., Quenhitran, JaconaFrere, Умник2013, SantiLak, Asabasapin, Doowrahyrahcaz, SWillamLarsen, EoRdE6, Iwilsonp, Pyrotle, Jacobdaun, KasparBot, CrimeaConference and Anonymous: 754

10.2 Images

• File:1945-02-15GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/ 1945-02-15GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Document “Atlas of the World Battle Fronts in Semimonthly Phases to August 15th 1945: Supplement to The Biennial report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army July 1, 1943 to June 30 1945 To the Secretary of War” Original artist: Army Map Service • File:Churchill_portrait_NYP_45063.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Churchill_portrait_NYP_ 45063.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph NYP 45063 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums. Original artist: British Government • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/JStalin_ Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 10.3 Content license 9

• JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg Original artist: JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg: • File:Livadiya_Conference.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Livadiya_Conference.JPG License: GPL Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Map_of_Poland_(1945)_corr.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Map_of_Poland_%281945% 29_corr.png License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Symbol_template_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B&W).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This me- dia is available in the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration, cataloged under the ARC Identifier (National Archives Identifier) 531340. Original artist: US government photographer

10.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0