URP S-09 Training Module NS4 Part IV Chapters 4, 5, and Appendix

Home , Active fire protection

S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC International Code Council (ICC)

TRAINING on BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (BNBC 2020)

Date: 14 JULY 2021

MOHAMMAD MAKSUD HELALI PROFESSOR, BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET)

URP S-09 Training Module NS4

PartIV Chapters4,5,andAppendixBandC

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PartIV

Chapter4

EQUIPMENTANDINͲBUILTFACILITIESSTANDARDS

Scope Fixedtypefirehydrantsystem Fixedinstallationotherthanwater Portablefireextinguisher Rateofwaterflowforfireprotectionintallbuilding Firedetectionandalarmsystem Relatedappendix

EquipmentandInͲBuiltFacilitiesStandards

Theprovisionsofthischaptershallcontrolstandardsofthedesign,installationand maintenanceofequipmentandinͲbuiltfixed,localizedandportablefacilities

¾ Extinguishingagentscanbewater,drysand,ash,inertgas,drychemical,wet chemicalsormixed ¾ Thegaseoussystemshallbeusedwherewaterorfoamcannotbeused ¾ Fixedtypefireprotectionsystemmeansthereshallbeapipecircuittocoverfull orpartofabuilding ¾ LocalizedfixedsystemmeansthesystemwillcoveraconfinedspacewithaselfͲ extinguishingdevicefittedwithacontainerreadytodischargeautomaticity ¾ Portabletypemeanstheextinguisherscanbehandcarried

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Fire Classification

Fire class A: Involving common combustibles such as wood, paper, plastics, clothes etc. Fire class B: Involving flammable liquids and gases, such as gasoline, propane and solvents. Fire class C: Involving live electrical equipment such as computer, fax machine etc. Fire class D: Involving combustible metals such as magnesium, lithium, aluminum etc. Fire class K: Involving cooking media such as cooking oils and fats

EQUIPMENTANDINͲBUILTFACILITIESSTANDARDS

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem: Comprisesof,standpipesandhoseorreelpipes,sprinklers,drenchersorsimilar devicesincombinationsofabove.Generalareaofapplication:FireclassA.

WaterQuantityforFireProtection RequiredflowrateanddurationofwatershallbeinaccordancewithTable4.4.1 Sizeofpipesshallbeonthebasisofthehydraulicdesign

WaterSourcesforFireProtection Waterrequiredforextinguishmentofabuildingshallbesuppliedfromoneorany combinationofthefollowingsources:

¾ Directconnectiontowatermain ¾ Roofgravitytank ¾ Storagetanks

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FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

Typicaldiagramforfireprotectionwithgroundtankandautomaticfirepump

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

Directconnectiontowatermain: Continuouswatersupplyfrompublicorprivatesystemwithsufficientquantityand pressure

Roofgravitytank: Tomaintaintherequiredpressure(200to600kPa)atthenozzleoutletthevertical distanceoftheroofgravitytankfromthetopfloorhydrantpointshallbeatleast20.5 mto62mdependingtoabovepressurerequirement.

Toavoidthisverticaldistancefirepumpofrequiredsizeandnumbershallbeinstalled withstandardmanufacturerrecommendedsuctionanddeliveryconnections

Watersupplytest Thissystemshallbeperiodicallyinspected,maintainedandtested(flowandtime) inaccordancewithNFPA25.

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FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d) Storagetanks

In absence of public water supply system, the building premises shall have individual water sources specified in Part 8. The building premises may have deep tube well with required flow, water wells, natural water sources or a ground (or underground) tank, roof top tank, swimming pools etc The capacity of these facilities shall meet the flow requirement as per Table 4.4.1.

Typicaldiagram forstoragetank

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d) Table4.4.1:FireProtectionFlowRequirements*

In standpipe system with more than one standpipe, the minimum flow specified in Table 4.4.1 for the first standpipe plus 1000 litre per minute for each additional standpipe. The total number of such additional standpipes shall not be more than 8. All standpipe risers shall be interconnected.

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FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d) Fire pump:

¾ The firefighting system shall be directly feed by automatic main fire pump ¾ Centrifugal pump, turbineͲtype pump (submerged or with vertical shaft) or positive displacement pumps ¾ Centrifugal pumps shall not be used where a static suction lift is required ¾ Once the pump starts, it shall run continuously until stopped manually. The pump shall be fully operational within 30 seconds ¾ There shall be provision for manual starting where priming is necessary ¾ Automatic priming equipment is necessary to ensure priming at all time ¾ The fire pump shall not be used for other purpose. ¾ Fire pumps shall have the rated capacities as shown in Table 4.4.2 ¾ For pump installation procedure and fittings NFPA 20 shall be followed.

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d) Fire pump: (Cont’d)

¾ The pump shall be housed in a readily accessible position in a building of nonͲcombustible construction ¾ The pump shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage. ¾ There shall be a provision for secondary fire pump which can be operated by a dedicated diesel engine or by an alternate power supply source ¾ Quality of the pump assembly shall comply with the specification of International Association of Fire.

Fire pumps are designed to provide maximum reliability and additional outlet pressure value throughout the entire operational life. A general pumps are designed to provide the maximum efficiency and economic operating feature. (as per NFPA)

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Fire pump: (Cont’d)

Fire pump characteristics:

Atzeroflow,thepressuredoesnotexceed1.4timesofnominalvalue. Ͳ At1.5xnominalflowrate,pressuredoesnotdrop0.65ofthenominalvalue Ͳ Speedsarelessthan3m/sinthesuctionpipe. Ͳ Mountinginbearings:shouldofleast5,000hoursofservicelife(NFPA20)

Fire pump: (Cont’d)

Fire pump testing :

The fire pump test results shall be considered acceptable if both of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) Fire pump can supply the full system demand (2)Fire pump test results are no less than 95 percent of the flow rates and pressures at each point for either a) Original unadjusted field test curve b) Fire pump nameplate specification

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FirePumpPerformanceComparisoncurves (PSI) pressure Differential

Flow Rate (Gallons per minute) NamePlateDataAnnualFlowTest

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d) Fire pump:

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FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

Pump discharge pressure is the sum of following losses:

¾ Nozzle pressure(NP) ¾ Friction loss (FL) ¾ Elevation loss (EL)

(PDP=NP+FL+EL)

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

Friction loss = CQ2L

C= Coefficient (from chart) Q= Flow L= Equivalent Length

Value of coefficients (c) for different types of hose 1 ½” 24 1 ¾” 15.5 2 ½” 2

There are more types of hose

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DesignConsiderationsforStandpipeandHoseSystem

¾ Thissystemshallbedesignedfortheuseeitherbyamateurortrained firefightingpersonnelorboth. ¾ ThesystemshallprovideaminimumflowspecifiedinTable4.4.1. ¾ Allstandpipeshallbeinterconnectedthroughcheckvalvestoprevent recirculation ¾ Theminimumpressureattheoutletshallbe300kPa(hosedia.50mm), 200kPa(hosedia.38mm)and600kPaforsprinkler. ¾ Themaximumpressureatanypointofthesystemshallnotexceed2434 kPa, ¾ Regulatingvalveneededifoutletpressureexceeds700kPa. ¾ Diameterofthestandpipeandpumpcapacityshallcomplywithflow andpressurerequirementatthetopmosthydrantpoint.

DesignConsiderationsforStandpipeandHoseSystem(Cont’d)

¾ The stored fire water shall not be used for other purposes. ¾ The ground storage tank shall be easily accessible to fire engine of Fire Department ¾ The standpipe shall be located at intermediate stair landing, vestibules or nearby in noncombustible enclosure. ¾ The hose shall be connected to the standpipe within a height not more than 1.5 m from the finished floor level. The hose stations shall be easily accessible for inspection and testing. ¾ The hose length shall not be more than 30 m. ¾ ThereshallbeSiameseconnection.ThelocationofSiameseconnection shallbeeasilyaccessiblefromthestreetormeansofaccess. ¾ Thesystemshallbeprovidedwithadequatedrainagepipingtodischarge underpressure

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FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

WetRiser Wetriserisaverticalpipeofnotlessthan100mmIDchargedwithwater availableforuse.Theriserisconnectedtoaboosterpumportownmainof requiredflowandpressurecapacity.

DownComer Sameaswetriserconstructedasverticalpiping,withoutletsatdifferent levels,tosupplywaterfromarooftank

HighVelocityWaterSprayingProjectorSystem Thissystemapplieswaterintheformofconicalsprayofdroplets,traveling athighvelocity.

FixedTypeFireHydrantSystem(Cont’d)

WaterMistTechnology Waterspraysystemtoextinguishfiresusingwaterandair.Nozzleisusedto atomizewatertogeneratemistorfog(over22billiondropletsfrom1litreof water).CanbeusedforA,B,andCtypeoffire.Safeforelectricalequipmentand computer.ThissystemisanalternativetoHalonandothergaseoussystem.

Drenchers Drenchersareusedfortheexternalprotectionofthebuildingagainstexposure toradiantheat.Drencherheadsaresimilartosprinkler

DryRiserSystem Dryrisersystemshallbeanequivalentalternativeofwetrisersystemwithno wateratalltime.

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DesignConsiderationofSprinklerSystem ¾ Asystemofwaterpipes,fittedwithsprinklerheads,asper manufacturersspecification,installedtoactuateautomatically, controlandextinguishafire ¾ Thepipeschedulesizingforsprinklersfordifferentusesmaybein accordancewithTables4.4.5and4.4.6 ¾ EachsprinklershallserveamaximumceilingareaspecifiedinTable 4.4.7fordifferenttypesofbuilding. ¾ Watersupplypipingandfittingsforsprinklersystemshallconformto thestandardoraccordancewithTables4.4.4and4.4.8 ¾ Thesprinklerpipingsystemshallbeprovidedwithadequatesupport ¾ Thehangerinsprinklersystemshallbedesignedtocarryaloadequal tofivetimestheweightofthewaterͲfilledpipeplusanadditionload of110kg.

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Connection

¾ There shall be Siamese connection to the sprinkler system located outside the building and accessible to the fire department connection. ¾ All risers shall be connected through a gate valve with a main of size equal to that largest riser. ¾ The sprinkler system shall be provided with adequate drainage arrangement. The drain pipe shall not discharge into sanitary sewer. ¾ All control valves and fittings shall be able to withstand the pressure specified in Sec 4.2.3.3 (shall not exceed 2434 kPa)

Inspection,TestingandMaintenance:

Inspection: All piping and equipment shall be inspected for satisfactory supports in accordance with Sec 6.15 in Part 8 of this Code and protection from damage and corrosion. All outlets shall be free from obstruction.

Maintenance The system shall be maintained for safe operating conditions and tested at least once a year.

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Inspection,TestingandMaintenance(Cont’d):

Testing

Fire protection plumbing system or part thereof shall be tested and approved.

Testing of Standpipe System: The hydrant pipes shall be hydraulically tested to a pressure 1400 kPa or 150% of working pressure whichever is the higher for 2 hours without any leakage at any points. The system shall also be tested for the required flow at the highest outlet.

Testing of Sprinkler System: This system shall be tested for at least 2 hours for a pressure of 1000 kPa or at 350 kPa in excess of normal working pressure when normal working pressure will be more than 650 kPa. The system shall also be tested for the required flow at the highest outlet.

Fixedinstallationotherthanwater

Otherthanwatertherearedifferenttypesoffixedinstallation:

¾ Centrallyfixed ¾ locallyfixed

CentrallyFixedInstallation:

¾ Oneforzonecoverageandtheotherfortotalcoverage. ¾ Forthesesystempipecircuitsandexhaustmanifoldarerequired ¾ ShallhavespecialdischargingAlarmdistinctlydifferentthanfirealarm

Foaminstallation Vaporizingliquidinstallation Drypowderinstallation Gaseousinstallation Drychemicalinstallation Wetchemicalinstallation. 32

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CentrallyFixedInstallation:(Cont’d)

Foaminstallation: ¾ Foam extinguishing system shall be of an approved type ¾ Shall be installed in accordance with the specification of the manufacturer ¾ A foam extinguishing system shall be automatically actuated during a fire with provision of manual actuation. ¾ Warning sign and discharge alarm system shall be provided ¾ The system provides protection of boiler rooms with its oils and other hazardous storage ¾ Different types of foam installation Pumpoperatedmechanicalfoaminstallation SelfͲcontainedpressurizedinstallation PreͲMixedFoaminstallation HighExpansionFoaminstallation

CentrallyFixedInstallation:(Cont’d)

Vaporizing liquid installation ¾ Liquefied compressed Halogenated hydrocarbon is fed through distribution pipe works and nozzles ¾ Upon discharge the liquid immediately vaporized to form a heavy vapour which achieves extinction. ¾ Two types 1) Total flooding system 2) Local application system. ¾ Shall be installed in accordance to manufacturer specification ¾ Safe guards are necessary to prevent injury or death from hazardous discharge.

Dry powder installation ¾ Dry powder of certain chemicals installation consist of pipe work and discharge nozzle and pressuring media. ¾ Can be operated automatically or manually. ¾ This can be designed for total coverage and for zone coverage. ¾ Can be used on various flammable liquids ¾ Shall be installed in accordance with the specification of the manufacturer.

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CentrallyFixedInstallation:(Cont’d)

Gaseous installation ¾ Gaseous extinguishing system shall be of an approved type ¾ The system supplies gas from a pressurized vessel through fixed pipes and nozzles. ¾ The system is used where water or foam cannot be used. ¾ The system shall be automatically actuated and shall be equipped with manual actuation . Warning signs and discharge alarm shall be provided Halocarbon agents and inert gas system: ¾ Any approved Type of Halocarbon agents are chemicals in the liquid form at high ¾ These are primarily to protect hazardous fire in enclosed room, vaults, machines, containers, storage tanks, engines, unattended computer server rooms, electrical appliances, liquid gas storage etc. ¾ Example of these chemical is dichloroͲdifluoro ethane, chloroͲdifluoro methane. ¾ Inert gas nitrogen and argon in pure form or in mixer at different proportion ¾ These gases are identified as clean total folding fire suppression agents

Drychemicalextinguishingsystem:similartoabove Wetchemicalextinguishingsystem:similartoabove

Localized Fixed Installation:

¾ Containerized extinguishing agent are available in different shapes and size to be placed in different locations such as the top of cookers in the kitchen, electric connection box etc. ¾ Use of these containers shall be approved type and installation shall be as per specification of the manufacturer.

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PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHER

Portablefireextinguishersshallreadilyavailableindifferenttype

Carbondioxidetypes Drychemicaltypes Watertypes Halontypes FilmͲformingtypeFoamtypes Haloncarbontype

Inaccordancewiththeoccupancyhazard,specificationofthemanufacturerthe minimumnumberofportablefireextinguishersfordifferentclassoffireshallbe ascertained

Portable fire extinguishers shall be fully charged, operable at any time and conspicuously located where they will be readily accessible. Portable fire extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view. Should be regularly inspected and maintained

ExtinguisherClassification

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PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERs

APW DC (for “Dry Chemical”) ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires) BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

FIREPROTECTIONINTALLBUILDING:

¾ High rise building exceeding 80 meter height shall be termed as Tall Building. ¾ The quantity, sources and mode of water supply in tall building shall be in accordance table 4.4.1 ¾ In high rise buildings fittings and equipment for firefighting may be subject to excessive pressure. ¾ Pressure on firefighting equipment in Tall building shall be reduced by dividing the building into different zones. ¾ Separate automatic fire pump or combination of tank and automatic pump shall be installed for supplying water to the firefighting equipment in each zone

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Figure4.4.8TypicaldiagramforfireprotectionindifferentwatersupplyzonesofaTallBuilding

FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM

¾ Fires in buildings behave differently to fires outdoors. High temperatures and toxic smoke rise to the ceiling and spread outwards and downwards. ¾ Smoke will pass through any space or opening. ¾ Early detection and rapid evacuation are essential

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FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM

FireDetectionshallbeDonebytheFollowingWays

Humansurveillance: Humansurveillanceshallbeacceptablewheretheuserandoccupantare capableofmaintainingsurveillance

Automaticsmokeor/andheatdetection:

Automaticfireandsmokedetectionsystemshallbedoneiffireitselfcannot provideadequatewarningtoitsoccupants

Theautomaticdetectionsystemshallinclude:

¾ Spotorlinetypeheatsensitivedetectors ¾ Optical,ionizedorchemicalsensitivetypeofsmokedetectors. ¾ Videosurveillance

AppendixCDetailGuidelinesforSelectionandSittingof FireDetectionSystem

FireAlarmSystem

Objectives ¾ In a fire incident, panic management shall be the prime concern for a successful relocation, delayed egress or evacuation ¾ Activation of alarm shall be sequential and compatible with all design scenarios. A general announcement of fire shall be done ¾ Persons responsible for evacuation shall be alerted through Password ¾ As per design scenarios a systemic execution protocol shall be developed for relocation , delayed egress or immediate evacuation. ¾ The alarm system be allowed the application of alarm signal to one or more zones at the same time, shall allow voice paging to the other zones or in any combination. ¾ Activation of fire extinguishment system shall have a supervisory alarm ¾ An automatic extinguishment system capable of discharging other than water extinguishing agents shall have distinct alarm system and shall be actuated before discharging such agents

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FireAlarmSystem(Cont’d)

Types:

AlarmsystemcanbeofAudible,Visual,VibrationandDisplay

Audiblealarm: 1)Ringer2)bell3)horn4)chime5)voicecommandviaPAsystem.

VisualAlarm: Brightwhitelightemittingdevicewithspecificintensityandcycle

DisplayAlarm: Textual,graphicalorpictorialdisplayonscreensormonitors.

PARTIV

AppendixC

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AppendixC SelectionandSittingofFireDetectionSystem

ThisAppendixprovidesinformationforselectionandsittingofequipmentfor firedetectioninbuildings.

ChoiceofFireDetectors ¾ Firedetectorsmayrespondtoanyonemanifestationofcombustionssuch asheat,smokeandflames. ¾ Nosingledetectorcanmeettheneedofalltypesoffiresandalltypesof occupancies. ¾ Arisingvarioussituationsandoccupanciesjudiciousselectionisimportan.

Heat Detectors ¾ Point or Spot type detectors and Line" type detectors ¾ Both the types operate on two broad principles: ¾ Heat sensitive elements is actuated by temperature rising beyond a predetermined level (Fixed temperature heat detector) ¾ The elements is actuated by predetermined rate of rise of temperature (Rate of Rise Heat Detectors)

¾ Generallyusedinsituationswheresmokealarmscannotbeused ¾ Ofteninstalledinunheatedareas ¾ Generallyveryreliableandlesspronetofalsealarmsthansmokealarms

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HeatDetectors(Cont’d)

¾ CombinationHeatDetectorsareavailable(RORandFIXED) ¾ Usedinhighsteamordustyenvironments Garages Kitchens ¾ ReͲsettableordisposable

FlameDetectors

¾Specialized devices that detect the electromagnetic light waves produced by a flame ¾Typically found in places where early detection and rapid reaction to a fire is critical ¾Complicated and expensive

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SmokeDetectors

Threetypesofsmokedetectors:

Opticaldetector:

¾ Commonlyused ¾ ActuatedbyabsorptionorscatteringofvisibleornearͲvisiblelight ¾ Respondquicklywheresmokeisopticallydense ¾ Suitableforuseindustfreecleanatmosphere ¾ Duetodustanddirtlossitsefficiency,Givesfalsedetection ¾ Demandregularmaintenance.

SmokeDetectors(Cont’d)

Ionizationchambersmokedetectors:

¾ Actuatedbydetectingproducedion ¾ Theserespondsquicklytoinvisiblesmokeofclearburning ¾ Maynotrespondtofireproducingdensesmoke ¾ Canbeusedindustfree,humiditycontrolledarea ¾ Otherfumes,Aerialdust,Fiber,SteamandCondensationmaycausefalsealarm ¾ Exposedtofastairflowscanalsocausefalsealarm

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SmokeDetectors(Cont’d)

Chemicallysensitivesmokedetectors

¾ Chemicallycoatedsensitiveelementsreacttocarbonmonoxideorother productsofcombustionpresentinsmoke. ¾ Dustormoistureadverselyaffectsthesensitiveelementsandarenotvery suitableforresidentialuse.

Sitting Of Detectors:

Considering the prevailing weather condition of the occupancies and the problem of false alarm, the type of detectors and the area of coverage shall be decided. Area of coverage of detectors is dependent on many factors, such as:

¾ Types of Occupancy ¾ Building area, height, openings and Egress location ¾ Beam size ¾ Shape of Roofs and Ceiling ¾ Staircases ¾ Various forms of overhead heating ¾ Exhaust air and cooling air blowing in and out of the room ¾ Canteen and Restaurants ¾ Plant Rooms

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PARTIV

Chapter5

REQUIREMENTSFORFIREDETECTIONANDEXTINGUISHINGSYSTEM

Scope SpecificRecommendationsforDifferentOccupancy

RequirementsforFireDetectionandExtinguishingSystem

¾ Intent of this Chapter is to reduce the probability of injury or death from fire and structural failure by Confinement, Extinguishment and Evacuation ¾ Provisions of this Chapter shall be considered as minimum requirement ¾ Passive and Active Performance based fire protection system shall be designed ¾ Passive includes arrangement of building components ¾ Active means detection, alarm, extinguishment devices and equipment

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Performancebaseddesign

DesignScenarioI FireClassandFireresistanceratingshallbedeterminedforfollowings: 1.Allsurfacefinishmaterials. 2.StructuralMembers. 3.JointsofStructuralMembers. 4.Allslabs 5.RoofSlab 6.JointsbetweenSlabs 7.AllExteriorWalls 8.AllInteriorWalls 9.Partitions 10.SuspendedCeiling BythesedataConstructionClassificationandthestructuralstabilityshallbeconcluded

DesignScenarioII Occupancyspecificdesignshallspecifythefollowing:

1.Occupantactivities. 2.Numberandlocationofoccupants. 3.Roomsize. 4.NumberofControlArea. 5.Furnishingsandcontents. 6.FuelProperties(FireClassandignitionsources) 7.Ventilationconditions. 8.Firstitemignitedanditslocation.

Performancebaseddesign(Cont’d)

DesignScenarioIII

¾ Thelargestpossiblefuelload ¾ AslowͲdevelopingfireinthecloseproximitytoahighoccupancyarea ¾ AconcealedspaceadjacenttoalargeoccupiedRoomhavinghighest numberofoccupantswithouteitherdetectionsystemorsuppressionsystem ¾ AnUltrafastdevelopingfireinthemainexitaccessbutreductioninnumber ofavailableofmeansofegress ¾ Anunoccupiedroomorotherareafromwhereafirestarts ¾ Thereliabilityandthedesignperformanceforfiredetectionandprotection system ¾ Thisscenarioshallnotbeconsideredforaroomoraspaceorabuilding wherefiredetectionandprotectionsystemsoranyindependentfeaturesare absent.

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FireProtectionPlan:

Abuildingorpartthereofmusthaveafireprotectionplanforthefollowingcases.

¾ Highrisebuilding ¾ OccupancygroupsG,H,J,KandMwhicharetwoormorestoreyinheightwith over1858m2pergrossfloorareaoraretwoormoreinheightwithtotalarea exceeding4717m2grossfloorarea. ¾ A3occupancycontaining30ormoredwellingunits;A4andA5havinggrossfloor areaofthebuildingmorethan1200m2. ¾ Partofabuildingusedasmercantile,assembly,institutionalorhealthcare ¾ Havinggrossfloorareaofthebuildingover930m2. ¾ Alterationtoabuildingoraportionthereof.

FireProtectionPlan(Cont’d)

Informationabout:

¾ Buildingaddress ¾ Heightinmeter ¾ Occupancyclassification ¾ Detailoccupantload.

Planshows:

1. all floors, 2. exits, 3. corridors, 4. partitions serving as fire separations or compartments, 5. locations and ratings of required enclosures, 6. windowless stair with pressurization, 7. exit discharge, 8. locations of frontage space including street width of abutting plot.

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FireProtectionPlan(Cont’d)

Descriptions of safety systems and features which includes:

1.Communications systems , 2. Alarm system, 3. Detection systems, 4. Location of fire commend station , 5. Elevator recall , 6. Emergency lighting and power 7. Extinguishing equipment, 8. Compartmentation , 9. Horizontal exits 10. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, 11. Smoke control systems and equipment, 12. Furnishing type and materials, 13. Places of assembly, 14. Fire department access, 15. Other system, required or voluntary to be installed

A fire protection plan shall be signed by the same architect who is signing on the proposed drawings for building approval and any person responsible for the Fire protection design.

SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

¾ The following recommendations for fire protection system specified for construction Type IͲA and surface finish ClassͲI within the range of zero to twenty five flame spread index. ¾ All buildings of any occupancy type and construction type shall provide a performance based fire protection

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OccupancyA:RESIDENTIAL

OccupancyA1andA2:SingleFamilyDwellingandTwoFamiliesDwelling

¾ For buildings having total floor area less than 500 m2, fire detection and fixed firefighting arrangements is not required. ¾ Buildings exceeding total floor area 500 m2 shall have manual alarm system and portable extinguishers

OccupancyA3:FlatsandApartments

¾ Upto33mheightfiredetectionandfixedfirefightingarrangementshallnotbe required. ¾ Noprotectionisrequiredwithinthedwellingunitsofhighriseflatsand apartments;manualalarmsystemandfixedhydrantsystemshallbeprovidedin thelandingsoffirestairsorintheliftlobbyaspertheprovisionsofthisCode.

OccupancyA4:Mess,BoardingHouseandHostels

¾ Forbuildingsupto2storeyheight,firedetection,firealarmandfixedfirefighting arrangementsshallnotberequired. ¾ Buildingshaving3storiesandhavingfloorarealessthan300m2 shallnotrequire firedetectionandfixedfirefightingarrangements. ¾ The floor area of 3 stories building having more than 300 m2 per floor and less than 33 m height having central corridor with rooms on both sides, manual fire alarm system shall be provided along with portable fire extinguishers. Instead of double loaded corridor a single loaded corridor having 3 m width shall not require any detection and fixed firefighting arrangements. ¾ Highriseboardinghouse,messandhostelsmanuallyoperatedelectricfirealarm systemshallbeprovidedalongwithhydrantsystem.

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OccupancyA5:HotelsandLodgingHouses

¾ For buildings up to 2 storey height, fire detection, fire alarm and fixed firefighting arrangements is not required. ¾ Buildings having 3 floors or above and having floor area less than 300 m2 shall not require fire detection and fixed firefighting arrangements. ¾ The floor area of such building is more than 300 m2 per floor and low rise building having central corridor with rooms on both sides, manually operated fire alarm system shall be provided along with portable fire extinguishers. ¾ For low rise buildings with other configurations performance based firefighting system shall be required ¾ High rise hotels and lodging houses manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be provided along with hydrant system.

Occupancy B: EDUCATIONAL

¾ Low rise buildings with open corridor of 3m width fire detection and fixed firefighting arrangements shall not be required. ¾ High rise building or building having central corridor with classrooms on both sides, manual fire alarm and hydrant systems shall be required as per provisions of this Code. Single loaded open corridor having width 3 m or more shall have detection and manual alarm systems. ¾ Where hydrants cannot be used to extinguish fire in those areas appropriate portable firefighting appliances shall be installed as per standard.

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Occupancy C: INSTITUTION FOR CARE

Occupancy C1: Institution for Care of Children:

Fire detection and fixed firefighting arrangements shall not be required. Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed

Occupancy C2: Custodial Institution for the Physically Capable adults:

Fire detection and fixed firefighting arrangements shall not be required. Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed

Occupancy C3, C4, C5: Custodial Institution for the Physically Incapable, Penal and mental institutions for children and Penal and mental institutions for adults:

Manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be installed. Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed

OccupancyD:HEALTHCAREFACILITIES

OccupancyD1,D2:NormalandEmergencyMedicalFacilities:

¾ Manually operated electric fire alarm system or automatic fire alarm system shall be installed in the duty room, so that the duty personnel receive the fire warning well in advance. ¾ Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed ¾ For low rise health care facility buildings with more than 300 m2 per floor, performance based firefighting system shall be required ¾ For high rise health care facility buildings, manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be provided along with hydrant system.

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OccupancyE:BUSINESS

Buildings ActiveFireProtection Office buildings up to 2 storey high and 500 Portable fire extinguishers or hydrants m2 single effective undivided space in a floor Office buildings more than 2 storey high or Manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be more than 500 m2 single effective undivided provided along with portable fire extinguishers or space in a Floor. hydrants Laboratories with precession instruments Automatic fire alarm system and performance based extinguishing system. Control areas of office buildings dealing with Automatic foam or gaseous or dry chemical fire flammable liquids extinguishing system required along with portable fire extinguishers. Solvent storage in a control area of an office Automatic fire alarm system and performance based foam or gaseous or dry chemical fire extinguishers or portable fire extinguishers.

OccupancyE:BUSINESS(Cont’d)

Buildings ActiveFireProtection Telecommunication, Internet gateway Automatic fire alarm system and performance based fixed equipment or computer installation in an gaseous or fixed vaporizing liquid extinguishers or portable fire unattended server room. extinguishers. Electrical low tension distribution panel Automatic fire alarm system and performance based localized room in a subͲstation. fixed gaseous or vaporizing liquid extinguisher or portable fire extinguishers. Space under one false ceiling more than Automatic fire alarm system shall be installed for above and 500 m2 under the false ceiling. Essential Services (Occupancy E3) Due to importance of services and the functionality of the building of this occupancy classification during any national or local emergency situation thus the fire protection system design shall be performance based (Sec 5.1.1).

High rise office buildings Manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be provided along with hydrant system.

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Occupancy G: INDUSTRIAL

Occupancy G1: Low Hazard Industries: ¾ Manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be installed with portable fire extinguishers or hydrants when occupant loads are not more than 150. ¾ Where occupant loads are more than 150 active fire protections shall be performance based.

Occupancy G2: Moderate Hazard Industries Among the moderate hazard industries where large number of occupants are densely populated in a building, the active fire protections shall be performance based.

Fire safety requirement for such type industry is elaborated as follows: ¾ Where occupancy load is more than 150 per production area shall have minimum 9.5 m3 air volume per occupant. ¾ There shall have direct exits from the ground floor. This exit doors shall be used by only the occupant of the ground floor. ¾ Buildings less than 33 m height shall have open stair and the interior stairs shall be protected by fire rated enclosures. Occupants located 33 m or above, all stair shall have smoke proof enclosures 71

OccupancyG2:ModerateHazardIndustries(Cont’d)

¾ All windows or openings on exterior walls passable by occupant located above 3 m in height shall be protected by grill. ¾ All raw materials, finished good and accessories shall be stored in control areas ¾ Density of storage materials per control area shall not be exceeded the standard. ¾ Cargo lift and passenger lift shall have smoke proof lift lobby. ¾ Occupant load in a single effective undivided space shall not exceed 600 ¾ Areas and in process stores shall have hydrant system ¾ In the utility occupancy areas fire extinguishing system shall be installed as specified for utilities ¾ Up to 750 m2 single effective undivided space in a floor shall be installed with manual fire alarm system with portable fire extinguishers or hydrants system ¾ Above 750 m2 single effective undivided space in a floor shall be fitted with manual fire alarms system with hydrant system

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OccupancyH:STORAGE

OccupancyH1:LowFireRiskStorage Manuallyoperatedelectricfirealarmsystemshallbeinstalled.Dependingonthe typeofmaterialstobestoredperformancebasedfireprotectionshallbeinstalled

OccupancyH2:ModerateFireRiskStorage Performancebasedfireprotectionsystemshallbeinstalled

Occupancy I: ASSEMBLY

Occupancy I1: Large Assembly with Fixed Seats ¾ All auditorium, corridor, green rooms and canteen attached to assembly buildings shall be fitted with manual fire alarm system and the performing stage should preferably be covered by an automatic sprinkler system. ¾ Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed Occupancy I2: Small Assembly with Fixed Seats Manually operated electric fire alarm system or automatic fire alarm system shall be installed in the duty room. Occupancy I3: Large Assembly without Fixed Seats Automatic fire alarm system shall be provided. Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed Occupancy I4: Small Assembly without Fixed Seats Manually operated electric fire alarm system or automatic fire alarm system shall be installed in the duty room. Occupancy I5: Sports Facilities Manually operated electric fire alarm system shall be provided. Portable firefighting appliances shall be installed

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OCCUPANCY J: HAZARDOUS All hazardous occupancies shall be installed with automatic fire alarm and automatic fixed firefighting gaseous or foam or dry chemical extinguishing system as compatible with class of fire shall be installed

OCCUPANCY K: GARAGES

¾ Where both parking and repair operations are conducted in the same building, the entire building shall comply with the requirement stated in this Code for Occupancy G1. ¾ Where the parking and repair sections are separated by not less than 1Ͳhour fireͲrated construction, the parking and repair sections shall be permitted to be treated separately. ¾ In areas where repair operations are conducted, the requirement of Occupancy G1 shall be fulfilled. ¾ The area used only for parking shall fulfill the requirement as laid down in chapter 42 of NFPA 101 edition 2015.

OCCUPANCYL:UTILITIES FireprotectionsystemshallbeasstatedinSec2.12ofthisCode

OCCUPANCYM:MISCELLANEOUS Performancebasedfireprotectionsystemshallbeinstalled

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PARTIV

AppendixB

FireProtectionConsiderationsForVentingIn IndustrialAndStorageBuildings

FireProtectionConsiderationsForVentingIn IndustrialandStorageBuildings

ThisAppendixcoversventingrequirementsinindustrialbuildings. Provisionsapplicabletofactoryandstoragefacilitiesoflargefloorareaswithout dividingwallsandenclosures.

ThisAppendixshallapplytofireandsmokeoftwocriteria: 1. Fireorsmokelayerthatdoesnotenhancetheburningrate. 2. Deflagration.

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VentingofFireAndSmokeThatDoesNotEnhancetheBurningRate

¾ Venting requirement varies with rate of combustion, composition of the combustion product, shape, size and packaging of the combustible materials as well the size, height of stock. ¾ Vent area required to achieve a mass rate of flow through the vent that equals the mass rate of smoke production. ¾ Venting devices shall operate automatically at the earliest sign of fire or smoke and keep the product temperature below 150oC. ¾ Vent area shall be sized to meet the design objectives and the performance of NFPA 204 and maintained as per NFPA 204 ¾ Design of venting for sprinkled building shall be based on performance analysis ¾ Where automatic sprinklers are installed, the sprinklers shall operate before the vent system comes into operation.

VentingofFireAndSmokeThatDoesNotEnhancetheBurningRate(Cont’d)

¾ In industrial buildings exterior wall windows alone shall not be accepted as satisfactory means of venting, but may be reckoned as additional means ¾ Release mechanism of vent closure shall be simple in operation and shall not be dependent on electric power. ¾ Automatic operation can be achieved by actuation of fusible links or other heat or smoke detectors or by interlacing with the operation of sprinkler system or to open by counterweights utilizing the force of gravity or spring. ¾ Vents shall be properly sited, at the highest point in each area to be covered Minimum vent opening shall not be less than 1250 mm in any direction. ¾ Vent spacing shall be designed considering the fact that higher number of smaller vents is better than smaller number of large vents

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DeflagrationVenting

¾ Deflagration is the subsonic propagation of a fire or smoke at a pressure about 0.5 bar ¾ Deflagration vents design involves lot of variables ¾ No Venting recommendations are currently available for fastͲburning gases, such as hydrogen. ¾ Be careful about that fastͲburning gas, as deflagrations can readily undergo transition to detonation. ¾ Deflagration venting is provided for enclosures to minimize structural damage. ¾ The venting area shall be distributed as symmetrically and as evenly as possible. ¾ Theneedfordeflagrationventscanbeeliminatedbytheapplicationof explosionpréventiontechniquesdescribedinNFPA69 ¾ Asfaraspossiblehazardousareasshallbesegregatedbemeansoffirewalls orpartywallstopreventspreadoffire

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