DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimizing Fire Alarm Notification for High Risk Groups Research Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimizing Fire Alarm Notification for High Risk Groups Research Project Optimizing Fire Alarm Notification for High Risk Groups Research Project Summary report Prepared by: Steven M.V.. Gwynne, Ph.D. Hughes Associates, Inc. THE FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ■■..,. - ..,. y_,- ., .. .,..... ...... --- ■ _.,. -- _.,. ---.....11 __.aw_,_..._, ·-•··----··--- ■ • ■ :------■-• ■ --.._-A............ ----y -11........ • a..-A •- THE FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ONE BATTERYMARCH PARK QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. 02169 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.nfpa.org/Foundation © Copyright The Fire Protection Research Foundation June 2007 FOREWORD In April of 2006, the Foundation was awarded a Fire Prevention and Safety Grant by the US Fire Administration to study the effectiveness of alarms for emergency notification of high risk groups. The study's aim was to optimize the performance requirements for alarm and signaling systems to meet the needs of these groups. Elements of the study included: a risk assessment to estimate the potential impact in lives saved of changes in notification effectiveness of smoke alarms for these groups; quantifying the human behavior aspects of the problem; developing benchmark performance criteria for alarm and signaling systems; reviewing current and emerging technologies that address the performance criteria; and assessing the information developed in the above tasks to develop recommendations on notification technology for each target group and the overall impact for the general population. This report is one in a series of four that report on the on the results of the study. The Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the report author Steven Gwynne of Hughes Associates, Inc.; the Project Technical Panelists listed on the following page; and to the United States Fire Administration, the project sponsor. The content, opinions and conclusions contained in this report are solely those of the author. Optimizing Fire Alarm Notification for High Risk Groups Research Project Technical Panel Rose Coniglio, Illinois Department on Aging Stephen DiGiovanni, Clark County (NV) Fire Department Joshua Elvove, General Services Administration Rita Fahy, NFPA Bruce Fraser, SimplexGrinnell Wendy Gifford, Invensys Controls/Firex C.hantal Laroche, University of Ottawa Arthur Lee, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Dana Mulvany Guylene Proulx, National Research Council of Canada Rodger Reiswig, SimplexGrinnell Lee Richardson, NFPA Robert Schifiliti, RP. Schifiliti Associates, Inc. John Woycheese, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Project Sponsor United States Fire Administration Grant No. EMW-2005-FP-01258 Optimizing Fire Alarm Notification for High Risk Groups Prepared for: The Fire Protection Research Foundation 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169-7471 Prepared by: Steven M.V. Gwynne, Ph.D., Hughes Associates, Inc. 3515 28th St., #307, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA Reviewed by: David Boswell, SET and David Tomecek, PE Hughes Associates, Inc. 2 Garden Center, Suite 204 Broomfield, Colorado 80020 USA June 27, 2007 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The three key objectives of this project were to identify vulnerabilities; to facilitate research on the effectiveness of notification technologies for addressing these vulnerabilities; and to provide recommendations, given the findings produced. In order to achieve these objectives, a number of novel developments had to be made. Firstly, in order to identify vulnerabilities, it was felt necessary to develop a vulnerability model (derived inductively, from the bottom-up) rather than adopt a traditional high-level statistical approach. This was required given the difficulties found in reliably recording, storing and interrogating fire data. The development of this model required an exhaustive literary review producing an extensive list of vulnerabilities. As part of the model a metric was developed that enabled the categorization of the vulnerabilities found and improved our understanding of key vulnerability attributes. A similar approach was adopted when examining the notification technologies available. The current empirical data relating to the effectiveness of notification technologies was examined. This outlined our current understanding of their capabilities. By examining the recommendations for future work made by other researchers and through guidance provided by the Technical Panel, the set of vulnerabilities were further prioritized enabling us to focus on three of them: people with an alcohol impairment; people who are hard of hearing; and the general population in public spaces. A risk assessment was performed in order to establish the potential impact of reducing these three vulnerabilities. However, the assessment was hampered by the analytical (as opposed to statistical) nature of the model employed. The three data collection activities were conducted. The work conducted by Bruck, Thomas and Ball addressed a domestic situation where the participants were asleep and impaired, either through alcohol or through an existing hearing disability. The work conducted by Gwynne addressed non-domestic situations where those involved were awake. Bruck, Thomas and Ball established the importance of adopting a low frequency square wave T-3 (LFSW) signal in spaces where people sleep. During this work, the effectiveness of this signal was established for the alcohol impaired and those with a hearing disability. This was consistent with previous research regarding other populations including children and older adults. Other technologies examined were less effective; e.g. strobes and vibrating devices presented in isolation. Bruck, Thomas and Ball identified several key areas for future work: 1. That the technical feasibility of replacing the current high frequency smoke alarm T-3 signal with a low frequency square wave T-3 (LFSW) signal, for the entire population, be investigated. 2. That the T-3 pattern duration (ON/OFF pattern) be further investigated. 3. That the strobe should not be considered as a viable means of independent notification for people asleep. 4. That the combined use of signals be investigated (e.g. auditory T-3 plus one other), in conjunction with the development of a modular kit where combinations of these signals can be delivered. 2 5. That there should be further investigation of an appropriate means of measuring the intensity of bed and pillow shakers and that this inform a new standard. In public spaces, Gwynne clearly established the importance of both alerting and informing the population. This importance increased where preparation was not possible and the effectiveness of the emergency procedure was not guaranteed. Gwynne identified several key areas of future work: 6. Guidance should be provided on the use of a tone/voice combination in public spaces. This is generally important, but critical when preparation is not possible. The tone employed (e.g. low frequency square wave T-3, swooping tone, broadband, etc.) should be examined along with the content and format of the voice message provided including whether the voice announcement is live or pre-recorded. Clear guidance should be supplied on the information provided in such messages, making reference to literature associated with mass notification systems. 7. The technical feasibility of utilizing existing means of visual (and tactile) notification should be explored for public spaces. The potential for the emergency notification system to exploit existing non-emergency communication (e.g. large screens, televisions, monitors, paging, etc.) should also be examined. These findings were derived directly from the three data collection activities. Building on these findings, and on the rest of the work conducted during this project, a simple framework was developed recommending the notification systems to be implemented. This was sensitive to the potential for providing information to a population before and during an incident, rather than just to the type of occupancy involved. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was conducted for the Fire Protection Research Foundation under a grant from the U.S. Fire Administration. This work reflects a collaborative effort between three principal organizations, Victoria University, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Hughes Associates, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the Technical Panel, John Hall, Ian Thomas and Dorothy Bruck. I would also like to thank Dave Boswell and Dave Tomecek from Hughes Associates, Inc. for their assistance in producing this document. 4 CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Acknowledgements 4 1. Introduction 8 2. Approach Adopted to Identify Vulnerabilities 10 3. Stage I: Literature Review 15 4. Stage I: Identification of Vulnerabilities 47 5. Stage I: Categorization of the Notification Process 53 6. Stage I: Notification Technology 63 7. Stage I: Recommendations for Stage II Research Activities 72 8. Stage II: Research Activity – Risk Assessment 76 9. Stage II: Research Activity – People who are Alcohol Impaired 87 10. Stage II: Research Activity – People who are Hard of Hearing 87 11. Stage II: Research Activity – Large Groups in Public Spaces 91 12. Discussion 95 13. Conclusions and Recommendations 104 14. References 106 15. Notification Technology Links 120 16. Appendix A: Request for Proposals - Large Groups 122 17. Appendix B: Request for Proposals - Alcohol Impaired 123 18. Appendix C: Request for Proposals - Hearing Impaired 124 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Architectural/Structural Factors the might influence performance..............................................................................18
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of Ontario Fires and Reliability of Active Fire Protection Systems
    ANALYSIS OF ONTARIO FIRES AND RELIABILITY OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS by Chandra S. Juneja A thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Applied Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © Chandra S. Juneja, 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Fire Protection Systems
    NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Society of Fire Protection Engineers Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology September 2005 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Michelle O’Neill, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Disclaimer No. 1 Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Disclaimer No. 3 Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is “voluntarily provided safety-related information” that is “not directly related to the building failure being investigated” and that “disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information” (15 USC 7306c).
    [Show full text]
  • Truman Fire Forum Report
    Photo Courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library The 17th Annual President Harry S. Truman Legacy Symposium and the President Truman Fire Forum Key West, Florida May 5-7, 2019 ii “The serious losses in life and property resulting annually from fires cause me deep concern. I am sure that such unnecessary waste can be reduced. The substantial progress made in the science of fire prevention and fire protection in this country during the past forty years convinces me that the means are available for limiting this unnecessary destruction.” iii Introduction It is my pleasure to present the report of the 17th Annual Harry S. Truman Legacy Symposium and President Truman Fire Forum held in Key West, Florida, on May 5-7, 2019. The symposium is an annual educational event hosted by the Harry S. Truman Little White House and the Key West Harry S. Truman Foundation. This year’s theme, “Truman’s Legacy Toward Fire Prevention, Fire Safety, and Historic Preservation”, centered on the achievements of the 1947 President’s Conference on Fire Prevention and its follow-up reports (Appendix A). On May 6, 1947 President Truman, in response to a series of deadly fires, gathered the country’s best and brightest to convene the 1947 President’s National Conference on Fire Prevention. During the three-day event, those in attendance dedicated themselves to finding solutions to America’s deadly fire problem, the antithesis of an industrialized nation. Thus, fire prevention became a critical part of building a safer nation. Seventy-two years later, the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation is taking a page from President Truman’s playbook.
    [Show full text]
  • COCOANUT GROVE FIRE November 28, 1942
    COCOANUT GROVE FIRE November 28, 1942 List of Injured The following is the list of causalities as a result of the Cocoanut Grove Fire that occurred on November 28, 1942. The list of casualties is drawn from the official report of the Committee On Public Safety of the City of Boston. Although the report lists 489 fatalities and 166 injured, the generally accepted total of fatalities is 492. The total of 166 injured includes only those persons who were admitted to hospitals. Last Name First Name/M.I. Address City/Town State Additional Info Facility # Alweis Paul Harvard University Cambridge MA . Fort Banks 1 Anastos Leonede --- Gay Head MA U.S. Coast Guard Chelsea Naval Hospital 2 Arrivelle Adelaide 52 Avon St. Lawrence MA . Boston City Hospital 3 Balkan Estelle 113 Pleasant St. Winthrop MA . Boston City Hospital 4 Bean Robert 415 Somerville Ave. Somerville MA . Boston City Hospital 5 Bellinger Albert --- Whitinsville MA . Mass. General Hospital 6 Bouvier Louise 377 South St. Southbridge MA . Boston City Hospital 7 Bowen Kathleen 26 Gates St. South Boston MA . Boston City Hospital 8 Bowen Margaret 26 Gates St. South Boston MA . Mass. General Hospital 9 Bruck Fred 72 Foster St. Cambridge MA . Boston City Hospital 10 Burns Robert E. Jr. 21 Mellon Hall Cambridge MA Harvard University Fort Banks 11 Burns William G. Harvard University Cambridge MA Naval Supply School Peter Bent Brigham/Chelsea Naval Hospital 12 Byrne James 14 Longfellow St. Dorchester MA . Boston City Hospital 13 Campos Melissa Broadway Hotel Boston MA . Boston City Hospital 14 Canning Mary 22 Abbott St.
    [Show full text]
  • Publication of ANA Massachusetts PO Box 285, Milton, MA 02186 617-990-2856 [email protected]
    Massachusetts Report on Nursing The Official Publication of ANA Massachusetts PO Box 285, Milton, MA 02186 617-990-2856 [email protected] Quarterly Circulation 130,000 Do you know this nurse? See page 5 Vol. 12 No. 2 March 2018 Receiving this newsletter does not mean that you are an ANA Massachusetts member. Please join ANA Massachusetts today and help to promote the Nursing Profession. Go to: www.ANAMass.org Join ANA Massachusetts today! 2018: Year of Advocacy Join Us at Lobby/Advocacy Day Christina Saraf and Myra Cacace know our personal Co-Chairs of ANA MA Health Policy Committee representatives and senators, and The American Nurses Association has offering to be a resource to them Clio’s Corner: designated 2018 as the Year of Advocacy. In gives us a greater voice in policy formation. 75th Anniversary Memorial of concert with this initiative, ANA Massachusetts Hillary Clinton stated “If you believe you invites you to participate in our own Lobby Day, can make a difference, not just in politics, in the Cocoanut Grove Fire also known as Advocacy Day, on Tuesday, March public service, in advocacy around all these 20th. Massachusetts nurses from all disciplines important issues, then you have to be prepared Pages 4-5 will meet at the Massachusetts State House, in to accept that you are not going to get 100 percent the Great Hall of Flags, to learn about important approval.” These words teach us that we must issues for nurses and the patients and families be nurse advocates in order to gain support for we serve.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporaneous Structural Steel Specifications (Draft)
    NIST NCSTAR 1-3A (Draft) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Contemporaneous Structural Steel Specifications (Draft) William E. Luecke Thomas A. Siewert Frank W. Gayle For Public Comment NIST NCSTAR 1-3A (Draft) Draft for Public Comment Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Contemporaneous Structural Steel Specifications (Draft) William E. Luecke Thomas A. Siewert Frank W. Gayle Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology September 2005 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Michelle O’Neill, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Hratch G. Semerjian, Acting Director Disclaimer No. 1 Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Disclaimer No. 3 Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is “voluntarily provided safety-related information” that is “not directly related to the building failure being investigated” and that “disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information” (15 USC 7306c).
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Firestop Systems Critical for Building Occupants
    10/23/13 4:29 PM Passive firestop systems critical for building occupants By Gregg Stahl Instruments of active fire protection, such as sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers, are a common sight in most buildings – they are always located where building occupants can easily see and access them, if needed. Not as much attention is given to passive fire protection systems, embedded into interior building assemblies, away from public view. However, they are just as integral to the protection of the structure and its occupants in the event of a fire. A key component of commercial building design, passive fire protection's aim is to contain a fire at its source and prevent the spread of flames and smoke throughout a building to allow occupants more time to safely evacuate the structure. The most important area of concentration for these passive fire protection design strategies is the wall assembly, and the most effective mode of passive fire protection is the passive firestop system. Passive firestop systems Fire and smoke can travel through gaps in wall assemblies. Therefore, it is necessary to seal off any wall perimeter joints or penetrations for switches, electrical boxes, power outlets or the passage of pipes, cables or HVAC ductwork with firestop materials. Typically, these materials include: sealants, intumescent materials, sprays, mechanical devices and foam blocks or pillows. It is important to remember that there isn't one universal product that will work for every firestop application. It is also important to select products that have been tested appropriately to meet applicable fire safety standards. The two materials most commonly used in passive firestop systems for today's commercial building projects are sealants and intumescent materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Protection & Life Safety Design Manual
    FIRE PROTECTION & LIFE SAFETY DESIGN MANUAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION – OFFICE OF SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN OVERVIEW ........................................................... 3 1.1 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 CODES & STANDARDS ................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.7 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 5 1.8 PLAN REVIEW REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................... 6 1.9 SEISMIC CRITERIA .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 84-92Nfpa500coco Grove
    All Photos: Associate Press, except as noted Doug Beller and he night of November 28, 1942 was chilly in Boston, but that Jennifer Sapochetti didn’t stop about 1,000 partygoers from jamming into the Cocoanut Grove nightclub on Shawmut Street, many of them Tcelebrating the Holy Cross College football team’s victory. By 10 p.m., there were more than 1,000 people in the first-floor Broadway Lounge and basement-level Melody Lounge—about 400 more than the building could legally hold. Less than an hour later, 492 of them would be dead and 166 injured in a fire that started in the Melody Lounge, ostensibly after a busboy lit a match as he tried to replace a light bulb in an artificial palm tree.1,2 Photo above: Corbis Fifty-seven years later this fire still elicits pas- sionate discussions about its cause and the speed at which it spread. The official cause of the fire is still listed as “undetermined,” although many theories, from alcohol-laden air to residual insecticide vapor, have been proposed to explain both its ignition sce- nario and the devastation it caused. However, none of these hypotheses have the evidence to support them. So what did start the notorious Cocoanut Grove fire? And how can any hypothesis be proven? The search begins The investigation into the cause and origin of the Cocoanut Grove fire began in 1996, when NFPA Fire Modeling Specialist Doug Beller began look- ing for a case study to demonstrate how fire models can be used to develop and verify performance- based fire protection designs.
    [Show full text]
  • Repercussions Still Smoldering After Brazil Fire: How Not to Get Burned
    REPERCUSSIONS STILL SMOLDERING AFTER BRAZIL FIRE: HOW NOT TO GET BURNED The evening of January 27, 2013, started out like any other for 242 people in Santa Maria, Brazil. They went to the Kiss Nightclub to see and hear a popular musical group. Unfortunately, those same 241 people lost their lives in one of the deadliest fires of its kind in more than a decade. For many in the U.S., this fire was all too similar to one that occurred on February 20, 2003, nearly 10 years earlier, at the Station Nightclub in West Warwick, RI in which 100 people lost their lives. In both instances, fire spread rapidly throughout the facility due to the flammable soundproofing foam installed on the ceiling. This foam not only propagated the fire spread, but contributed to the production of toxic black smoke, which not only impaired vision, but contributed to the death toll due to the presence of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, cyanide, and other products of combustion making breathing difficult, if not impossible. In both cases, the club was filled beyond capacity, and the fire was started by pyrotechnics, and exits were either not available, inoperable, or just not present, resulting in the crowds attempting to evacuate the building from only the main exit. Both clubs were not equipped with automatic sprinklers or a fire alarm system. In the instance of the Station Nightclub fire, the building was believed to be exempt from sprinkler system requirements. However, an occupancy change occurred when the building was converted to a nightclub, thereby requiring the installation of a sprinkler system.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Tool for Real Fire Accident Prevention
    Hindawi Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2018, Article ID 3058241, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3058241 Research Article A Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Tool for Real Fire Accident Prevention Jacek M. Czerniak ,1 Hubert Zarzycki,2 Aukasz Apiecionek,1 WiesBaw Palczewski,3 and Piotr Kardasz3,4,5 1 Artifcial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory (AIRlab), Casimir the Great University in Bydgoszcz, Ul.Chodkiewicza30,85-064Bydgoszcz,Poland 2University of Information Technology and Management Copernicus, Ul. Inowrocławska 56, 53-648 Wrocław, Poland 3College of Management Edukacja, Department of Computer Science and Quantitative Methods, Ul. Krakowska 56-62, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland 4Cluster of Research, Development and Innovation, Ul. Piłsudskiego 74, 50-020 Wrocław, Poland 5Foundation for Research, Development and Innovation, Ul. Legnicka 65, 54-206 Wrocław, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Jacek M. Czerniak; [email protected] Received 17 May 2017; Accepted 15 November 2017; Published 14 February 2018 Academic Editor: Andrzej Swierniak Copyright © 2018 Jacek M. Czerniak et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Many serious real-life problems could be simulated using cellular automata theory. Tere were a lot of fres in public places which kill many people. Proposed method, called Cellular Automata Evaluation (CAEva in short), is using cellular automata theory and could be used for checking buildings conditions for fre accident. Te tests performed on real accident showed that an appropriately confgured program allows obtaining a realistic simulation of human evacuation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Protection Equipment Requirements
    ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY & HEALTH DIVISION Chapter 12: Fire and Life Safety Fire Protection Equipment Requirements Product ID: 503 | Revision ID: 2151 | Date published: 30 September 2019 | Date effective: 30 September 2019 URL: https://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/eshmanual/references/fireReqEquip.pdf 1 Purpose The purpose of these requirements is to ensure the adequate provision and operability of fire protection systems. They cover design and construction review, maintenance, and inspection. They apply to workers and supervisors, building and area managers, the SLAC fire marshal, Facilities and Operations, and the local fire department. 2 Requirements Active fire protection systems include . Automatic fire suppression systems (such as sprinkler, clean agent, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical systems) . Fire hydrants and standpipe outlets Fire alarm systems, including smoke and heat detectors and evacuation alarms Passive fire protection systems include . Fire and smoke barrier walls and penetrations . Fire and smoke doors and dampers 2.1 Design and Construction Review Plans for construction and building modification and experiments will be reviewed for fire safety following the General Policy and Responsibilities: ESH Project Review Procedure. The SLAC fire marshal, under delegated authority of DOE Bay Area Site Office manager, will review the plans, specifications, procedures and acceptance tests. 2.2 Removing from Service To have fire protection equipment taken out of service temporarily, contact Facilities through the Facilities Service Request System. Only Facilities may take fire protection equipment out of service. Active fire protection systems may only be taken out of service following Fire and Life Safety: Fire Protection System Impairment Procedures. 30 September 2019 SLAC-I-730-0A12S-004-R002 1 of 4 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Environment, Safety & Health Division Chapter 12 | Fire Protection Equipment Requirements 2.3 Sprinkler Systems The Department of Energy (DOE) requires sprinklers in most SLAC buildings (DOE O 420.1C).
    [Show full text]