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Analysis of Ontario Fires and Reliability of Active Fire Protection Systems
ANALYSIS OF ONTARIO FIRES AND RELIABILITY OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS by Chandra S. Juneja A thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Applied Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © Chandra S. Juneja, 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021 Copyright © 2021 National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®) Key Findings Smoke alarms were present in three-quarters (74 percent) of the injuries from fires in homes with smoke alarms occurred in properties reported homei fires in 2014–2018. Almost three out of five home with battery-powered alarms. When present, hardwired smoke alarms fire deathsii were caused by fires in properties with no smoke alarms operated in 94 percent of the fires considered large enough to trigger a (41 percent) or smoke alarms that failed to operate (16 percent). smoke alarm. Battery-powered alarms operated 82 percent of the time. Missing or non-functional power sources, including missing or The death rate per 1,000 home structure fires is 55 percent lower in disconnected batteries, dead batteries, and disconnected hardwired homes with working smoke alarms than in homes with no alarms or alarms or other AC power issues, were the most common factors alarms that fail to operate. when smoke alarms failed to operate. Of the fire fatalities that occurred in homes with working smoke Compared to reported home fires with no smoke alarms or automatic alarms, 22 percent of those killed were alerted by the device but extinguishing systems (AES) present, the death rate per 1,000 reported failed to respond, while 11 percent were not alerted by the operating fires was as follows: alarm. • 35 percent lower when battery-powered smoke alarms were People who were fatally injured in home fires with working smoke present, but AES was not, alarms were more likely to have been in the area of origin and • 51 percent lower when smoke alarms with any power source involved in the ignition, to have a disability, to be at least 65 years were present but AES was not, old, to have acted irrationally, or to have tried to fight the fire themselves. -
Decoded FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY CLASSIFICATIONS
Decoded FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY CLASSIFICATIONS By Lori Greene, DAHC/CDC, FDAI, FDHI, CCPR 62 OCTOBER 2017 DOORS + HARDWARE In fire walls between buildings or in walls which divide a building into different fire areas, opening protectives typically require a three-hour rating. Some codes may call for walls with a four-hour rating, although this is not very common in the U.S. NFPA 80 – Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening rating are also classified as B-label doors, and are used Protectives, classifies openings protected by fire door in some interior exit stairway and ramp enclosures. assemblies in one of five categories. The rating may For example, for most applications, the 2015 edition of be expressed in hours or minutes, as an alphabetical the International Building Code (IBC) requires a two- designation, or a combination of the two. While using hour wall (and 90-minute fire doors) when the stair is a letter designation is still fairly common, it’s best to connecting four stories or more, and a one-hour wall include the hourly rating, particularly when specify- (and 60-minute fire doors) when the stair is con- ing or supplying a B-label door which may have either necting less than four stories. The number of stories a 60-minute or 90-minute rating. includes basement levels but not mezzanines. Information about NFPA 80’s classifications for fire door assemblies is found in Annex D of the standard. Class C — Walls or partitions between rooms As with the other annexes, Annex D is included for and corridors having a fire resistance rating of informational purposes and is not part of the NFPA one hour or less 80 requirements, but it’s helpful to understand the In a one-hour wall surrounding a hazardous area, purpose of each type of assembly when specifying ¾-hour fire door assemblies may be required. -
Fire Protection Application Guide Armacell's Products for Passive Fire Protection
FIRE PROTECTION APPLICATION GUIDE ARMACELL'S PRODUCTS FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Tel.: +49 25 17 60 30 [email protected] www.armacell.eu 02 | Fire protection application guide Foreword “Nine dead in house fire.” Fortunately we don’t read this or similar headlines every day. Nevertheless, around 4,000 people die in fires every year in the EU member countries. In many cases, deaths, injuries and major damage to buildings can be prevented if the fire protection requirements are implemented correctly. Therefore, passive fire protec- tion in buildings aims to design, construct, modify and maintain build- ings in such a way that the outbreak of a fire and the spread of flames and smoke (fire spread) are prevented. And, if a fire does occur, it must be possible to rescue people and animals and carry out fire-fighting operations effectively. In terms of fire protection, building service equipment, such as pipe- work and ventilation systems, represents a particular weak point. Pipe- and ductwork passes through separating building elements (walls and ceilings), stairwells and corridors, and thus forms a path along which flames and smoke can spread. In the event of a fire, pipe- and ductwork has a significant impact on safety in buildings and can soon pose a seri- ous threat. The risk potential rises with the number of pipes and their various tasks, thicknesses, materials and media. Therefore, in order to achieve the necessary fire protection targets, service penetrations in separating building elements must be sealed off. These fire protec- tion measures can be carried out in accordance with the less strin- gent requirements of the MLAR (state building regulations) or with an approval. -
Laser Technology Smoke Detector
APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector Contents Section 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 2 Benefits ............................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 3 Applications ....................................................................................................................................................................2 Ideal Applications ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Applications to Avoid ....................................................................................................................................................2 Section 4 How it Works ..................................................................................................................................................................3 The Principles of Laser Detection...............................................................................................................................3 Section 5 Performance ...................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection
A Research Paper by The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection Ross Gorte, Ph.D. Retired Senior Policy Analyst, Congressional Research Service Affiliate Research Professor, Earth Systems Research Center of the Earth, Oceans, and Space Institute, University of New Hampshire June 2013 The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection June 2013 PUBLISHED ONLINE: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire/fire-costs-background/ ABOUT THIS REPORT Headwaters Economics produced this report to better understand and address why wildfires are becoming more severe and expensive. The report also describes how the protection of homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface has added to these costs and concludes with a brief discussion of solutions that may help control escalating costs. Headwaters Economics is making a long-term commitment to better understanding these issues. For additional resources, see: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire. ABOUT HEADWATERS ECONOMICS Headwaters Economics is an independent, nonprofit research group whose mission is to improve community development and land management decisions in the West. CONTACT INFORMATION Ray Rasker, Ph.D. Executive Director, Headwaters Economics [email protected] 406 570-7044 Ross Gorte, Ph.D.: http://www.eos.unh.edu/Faculty/rosswgorte P.O. Box 7059 Bozeman, MT 59771 http://headwaterseconomics.org Cover image “Firewise” by Monte Dolack used by permission, Monty Dolack Gallery, Missoula Montana. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. -
Fire Prevention and Control in Compressor Buildings
THE INGAA FOUNDATION, INC. 10 G Street, NE, Suite 700 • Washington, DC 20002 (202) 216-5900 • FAX (202) 216-0870 • www.ingaa.org Fire Prevention and Control in Compressor Buildings Prepared for The INGAA Foundation, Inc. by: Solomon Associates 13455 Noel Road Suite 1500 Dallas, TX 75240-6634 F-2004-50625 Copyright © 2004 by The INGAA Foundation, Inc. Table of Contents Executive Summary ii Introduction 1 Project Scope and Approach 2 Assumptions and Limitations 3 Project Results 4 Summary 6 Attachment A Master Summary Document A-1 Fire Prevention and Control Survey forDallas Compressor StationsLondon Beijing Shanghai Mexico City i Chennai Solomon Associates #4RL118C Dallas London Beijing Shanghai Mexico City Chennai Executive Summary Solomon Associates (Solomon) is pleased to submit the Fire Prevention and Control Survey for the results obtained from a survey designed to gather information on the fire prevention and control practices of Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) membership. Some insurance industry loss control inspectors are recommending or requiring installation of active fire suppression systems in natural gas compressor buildings without due consideration of fire prevention efforts or costs versus benefits. The objective of this INGAA membership survey was to determine the extent to which insurance and risk management companies are requesting natural gas transmission companies to install active fire prevention controls, what types of active and passive controls are being used, and the incidence of fires. Active fire controls include a method of distinguishing the fire after ignition, whereas passive controls are methods to minimize fire risk or alert operators of a fire or fire condition. -
Rules and Regulations for Fire Alarm and Fire Sprinkler Systems
NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH FIRE DEPARTMENT 50 Elm Street, North Attleborough, Massachusetts 02760 Tel (508) 699-0140 • Fax (508) 643-0296 Issued: January 2020 Revised 02/10/2020 Rules and Regulations for Fire Alarm and Fire Sprinkler Systems The following rules and regulations shall govern the installation, use, and maintenance of all required fire alarm and fire sprinkler systems in the Town of North Attleborough. The rules and regulations are effective January 1, 2020 until otherwise revised or amended. They are intended to cover the most common variables encountered by architects, engineers, fire alarm and fire suppression professionals. These rules and regulations are subject to change and at no time should be considered complete towards all projects and scopes of work. Consult the fire prevention office after reading this document where additional clarification is required. Contents Section 1: General Requirements: ................................................................................................................... 2 Section 2: Engineer/Contractor Submittal and Plan Review ......................................................................... 3 Section 3: Interior System Design and Layout ............................................................................................... 6 Section 4: Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems ................................................................................................ 11 Section 5: Direct Connections to the North Attleborough Fire Department .............................................. -
Active Fire Protection Systems
NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Society of Fire Protection Engineers Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology September 2005 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Michelle O’Neill, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Disclaimer No. 1 Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Disclaimer No. 3 Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is “voluntarily provided safety-related information” that is “not directly related to the building failure being investigated” and that “disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information” (15 USC 7306c). -
Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards
Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards Final Report Prepared by: Dr. Ted Argo and Mr. Evan Sandstrom Applied Research Associates, Inc. Rocky Mountain Division 7921 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127 © 2014 Fire Protection Research Foundation THE FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ONE BATTERYMARCH PARK QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. 02169-7471 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.nfpa.org/Foundation —— Page c —— —— Page ii —— FOREWORD Many NFPA codes and standards, in particular NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code, specify separation/clearance distances for hazardous chemical storage and processes from other equipment and occupied buildings. Many of these requirements have historical undocumented origins. Guidance, which may inform a sound technical basis for adjusting these distances, has been requested by NFPA Technical Committees. There are a number of methodologies in the literature, both risk and hazard based, which are used in the chemical safety process safety field that may be relevant to the calculation of these distances. The purpose of this project is to provide guidance to NFPA technical committees on methodologies to develop technically based separation/clearance distances for hazardous chemical storage/processes and their application to the chemical storage and processes. The specific focus of the project is those hazards within the scope of NFPA 400. The Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the report author Dr. Ted Argo and Mr. Evan Sandstrom, who is with Applied Research Associates, Inc located in Littleton, CO. The Research Foundation appreciates the guidance provided by the Project Technical Panelists and all others that contributed to this research effort. Thanks are also expressed to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) for providing the project funding through the NFPA Annual Code Fund. -
Dallas Fire Code,” of the Dallas City Code, As Amended; Adopting with Certain Changes the 2015 Edition of the International Fire Code of the International
161124 6-22- 16 ORDNANCE NO. 301 3 5 An ordinance amending Chapter 16, “Dallas Fire Code,” of the Dallas City Code, as amended; adopting with certain changes the 2015 Edition of the International Fire Code of the International Code Council, Inc.; regulating and governing the safeguarding of life and property from fire and explosion hazards arising from the storage, handling, and use of hazardous substances, materials, and devices, and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the occupancy of buildings and premises, and providing for the issuance of permits for hazardous uses or operations; providing a penalty not to exceed $2,000; providing a saving clause; providing a severability clause; and providing an effective date. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CiTY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF DALLAS: SECTION 1. That Chapter 16, “Dallas Fire Code,” of the Dallas City Code, as amended, is amended by adopting the 2015 Edition of the International Fire Code of the International Code Council, Inc. (which is attached as Exhibit A and made a part of this ordinance), with the following amendments: 1. Pages xxi-xxii, “Legislation,” are deleted. 2. Subsection 101.1, “Title,” of Section 101, “Scope and General Requirements,” of Part 1, “General Provisions,” of Chapter 1, “Scope and Administration,” of the 2015 International Fire Code is amended to read as follows: “101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the Dallas Fire Code [of [NAME OF JURISDICTION]], hereinafter referred to as ‘this code.” Amend Chapter 16 (adopt 2015 International Fire Code) — Page 1 30135 161124 3. Section 101, “Scope and General Requirements,” of Part 1, “General Provisions,” of Chapter 1, “Scope and Administration,” of the 2015 International Fire Code is amended by adding a new Subsection 101.6, “Exceptions,” to read as follows: “101.6 Exceptions.