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A Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Tool for Real Fire Accident Prevention

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A Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Tool for Real Fire Accident Prevention Hindawi Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2018, Article ID 3058241, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3058241 Research Article A Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Tool for Real Fire Accident Prevention Jacek M. Czerniak ,1 Hubert Zarzycki,2 Aukasz Apiecionek,1 WiesBaw Palczewski,3 and Piotr Kardasz3,4,5 1 Artifcial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory (AIRlab), Casimir the Great University in Bydgoszcz, Ul.Chodkiewicza30,85-064Bydgoszcz,Poland 2University of Information Technology and Management Copernicus, Ul. Inowrocławska 56, 53-648 Wrocław, Poland 3College of Management Edukacja, Department of Computer Science and Quantitative Methods, Ul. Krakowska 56-62, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland 4Cluster of Research, Development and Innovation, Ul. Piłsudskiego 74, 50-020 Wrocław, Poland 5Foundation for Research, Development and Innovation, Ul. Legnicka 65, 54-206 Wrocław, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Jacek M. Czerniak; [email protected] Received 17 May 2017; Accepted 15 November 2017; Published 14 February 2018 Academic Editor: Andrzej Swierniak Copyright © 2018 Jacek M. Czerniak et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Many serious real-life problems could be simulated using cellular automata theory. Tere were a lot of fres in public places which kill many people. Proposed method, called Cellular Automata Evaluation (CAEva in short), is using cellular automata theory and could be used for checking buildings conditions for fre accident. Te tests performed on real accident showed that an appropriately confgured program allows obtaining a realistic simulation of human evacuation. Te authors analyze some real accidents and proved that CAEva method appears as a very promising solution, especially in the cases of building renovations or temporary unavailability of escape routes. 1. Introduction applied in many real-life felds, such as biology, physics, and mathematics and in various felds of IT, such as cryptography Cellular automata are used by some of the IT branches, or computer graphics [6, 7]. including the feld of artifcial intelligence. Tey consist of a network of cells, each of which is distinguished by some 1.1. Application of Cellular Automata. Cellular automata have specifcstateandasetofrules.Techangeofthecurrent been applied in practice, for example, in simulation of the stateofagivencellistheoutcomeoftheabove-mentioned street trafc, where specifcally defned cellular automaton properties and interrelations with the neighboring cells [1, controls the trafc [8–10]. Te vehicle fow is managed 2]. Te theory of cellular automata was frst introduced basically at the specifc segment of a given trafc inten- by an American scientist of Hungarian descent, John von sity [11]. Tis applies, for instance, to the trafc intensity Neumann. He demonstrated, among others, that even simple control on highways of the Ruhr in Germany. Te moni- machines show an ability to reproduce, which was until that toring centers designed exclusively for that purpose collect time regarded as a fundamental feature of living organisms [3, the data from selected sections of the highways [12–16]. 4]. For many years cellular automata had been subject to theo- Te information thus obtained is analyzed and used for retical studies only. With the development of computers and preparing short-time simulations of the trafc intensity by sofware, optimizing methods based on this approach have means of cellular automata. Te projects websites publish been more and more frequently studied and implemented the statistical information about the studies performed on in practice [5]. Due to their versatility, cellular automata are the behavior of drivers who were prewarned about possible 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering Figure 1: Types of grids: 1D, 2D, and 3D [source: [14]]. trafcproblems[17]thatmightoccuroverseveralfollowing (i) the size of the space which depends on the magnitude hours [6]. Another example of cellular automata application of the studied problem, the examples of which are is demographic simulations for a given region. Te aim of showninFigure1(grids1D,2D,and3D); such simulations is to generate a model showing the size (ii) the provision of regularity, which requires the grid to of the population at a given area in a form of a map of beflledentirelywithidenticalcells; the forecasted population density. Such simulations can be basedonthewell-known“GameofLife”[18].Byintroducing (iii) the number of neighbors (dependent on both above- some modifcation to the algorithm, it is possible to monitor mentioned factors). the behavior of the surrounding cells [7]. Other examples In this article, the authors present the possibility of simulating of cellular automata implementations include image process- real fre accident to prevent huge fre accidents. For this ing, generation of textures, simulation of waves, wind, and purpose authors used Cellular Automata Evaluation method, people evacuation process as well as a simulation program, CAEva in short. Tis paper has following organization. Sec- developed for the purpose of this study [19–23]. Te aim tion 2 presents the idea of forecasting the fre hazard, two real of the proposed algorithm is to generate the simulations of accidents’ description, and CAEva simulation method with patterns of human escape from the building on fre with a their boundary conditions and transfer function. Section 3 given number of exits and fre sources [24–27]. presents the experiment results when the mentioned two real fre accidents were simulated. Finally Section 4 consists of 1.2. Te Grid of Cellular Automata. Agridoradiscrete fnal conclusions. space, where cellular automata evolution takes place, consists of a set of identical cells [26, 30, 31]. Each of the cells 2. Forecasting the Fire Hazard is surrounded by the same number of neighbors and can assume the same number of states [32–35]. Tere are three 2.1. Fire Accidents in Public Places. Fires are one of the structural factors which signifcantly infuence the grid form most uncontrollable calamities, especially when they happen and, as a consequence, the behavior of the entire cellular indoors. Tus, regardless of the edifces function whether automaton [8, 17, 23, 32–35]: it is a residential, business, or any other kind of building, Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3 Table 1: Fire accidents in public places. Name Year Fatalities Injuries Stage Stage Study Club fre 1929 22 50 Cocoanut Grove fre 1942 492 166 Karlslust dance hall fre 1947 80–88 150 Stardust fre 1981 48 214 Alcal 20 nightclub fre 1983 82 27 Ozone Disco Club fre 1996 162 95 Bar Gothenburg discothque fre 1998 63 213 Volendam New Years fre 2001 14 241 Canecmo Mineiro nightclub fre 2001 7 197 WC Utopa nightclub fre 2002 25 100 Te Station nightclub fre 2003 100 230 Wuwang Club fre 2008 43 88 Santika Club fre 2009 66 222 Lame Horse fre 2009 156 ≤160 Figure 2: Kiss nightclub scheme [28]. Kiss nightclub fre 2013 231 168 Street, near Park Square, in downtown Boston, Massachusetts its design must comply with fre regulations. Te width of [29, 37]. According to Prohibition, it was very popular in corridors, number of emergency exits, and the permissible the 1920s. Te building structure was single-storey, with a number of people staying inside at the same time have a basement beneath. Te basement consists of a bar, kitchen, grave impact on the safety of its users. Simple presence of the freezers, and storage areas. Te frst foor contained a large doorsonfoorplanisnotsufcient;theyhavetobeopen.In dining room area and ballroom with a bandstand, along with many cases the high number of casualties stemmed from the several bar areas separate from the ballroom. Te dining emergency exit doors being locked. In the past decades there room also had a retractable roof for use during warm weather have been a number of disastrous fres in public places like to allow a view of the moon and stars. Te main entrance restaurants and nightclubs. Table 1 presents some examples to the Cocoanut Grove was via a revolving door on the of such accidents and lists the numbers of victims. As you Piedmont Street side of the building. On Saturday, November can see from the data provided, there have been many fres 28, 1942, there was a very large fre accident. During that in entertainment clubs over the years, causing many injuries, evening, a busboy had been ordered to fx a light bulb located irrespective of whether they occurred decades ago (1942) or at the top of an artifcial palm tree in the corner of the in recent times (2013). basement bar. A moment later decorations started burning. As other furnishings ignited, a freball of fame and toxic 2.2. Te Case of Kiss Nightclub Fire Accident. Te event called gas raced across the room towards the stairs. Te revolving “Aglomerados” began on Saturday, 26 January 2013, at 23:00 doorbecamejammedduetothecrushofpanickedpatrons. UTC at the Kiss nightclub. In the club there were students Lots of people stuck in fre. It was later estimated that more of six universities and people from technical courses at the than1000personswereinsidetheGroveatthetimeof Federal University of Santa Maria [36]. In the early morning the fre. Te fnal death count established by Commissioner hours of the following day, confagration took place while Reilly was 490 dead and 166 injured, but the number of the students were holding a freshers’ ball and a panic broke injured people was a count of those treated at a hospital and out. Witnesses testifed that the cause of the fre was either later released while many people were injured but did not afareoffreworkslitbythemembersofamusicband seek hospitalization. Figure 3 presented the scheme of the playing during the party. Te fre caused the roof to collapse Cocoanut Grove. in several parts of the building, trapping many people inside. Firefghters found numbers of bodies in the club’s bathroom. 2.4. CAEva Simulation Method. CAEva simulation method At the moment of confagration there were about 2,000 is a program prepared for the purpose of rehearsing the people inside the club.
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