WELCOME

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) - Protection 1 Name That Movie?

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) - 2 Towering Inferno (1974)

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 3 MYTHS & OUR UNDERSTANDING OF FIRE • Most peoples understanding of fire from Hollywood – Towering Inferno (1974); Fire start and spread – Die Hard (1988); Sprinklers – Backdraft (1991); Flashover conditions – Sponge Bob the Movie & The Incredibles (2004); Sprinklers • Fire prevention measures are built in ALL around us • Real fire protection not as “cool” as Hollywood

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 4 Michael Stewart PE,PRA Fire Protection Engineer / Professional Reserve Analyst Design fire suppression systems, fire protection code consulting, assessing hazards, reviewing construction documents for clients and a broad knowledge of building components and mechanical principles.

• M.S. Fire Protection Engineering • B.S., Mechanical Engineering Fire Protection 2001- Present (15 years) Licensed Fire Protection Engineer (Oregon) Reserve Studies 2010-Present (6 years) • Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS) • NICET Level III Certified, Automatic Sprinkler System

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES/GOALS

• What is fire protection? • Major components of fire protection & Life Safety • Identification of components • Resources • Identification of system types • What to look for on site • Cost and useful life of components THE GOOD STUFF!

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 6 WHAT IS FIRE PROTECTION?

The protection of people/property from fire and smoke by Identifying potential risk and designing SAFEGUARDS to prevent, control, and mitigate the effects of fire and smoke.

• Assessing the Risk • • • Institutional Controls ASSESSING THE RISK

• People or Property • Building type – Construction type (Wood, Concrete, Steel) • Use of building – Processes, Manufacturing, Storage – Healthcare, institutional – Residential • Occupants and Occupant Load – How many people – Human behavior • Familiar with surrounding, intoxication, sleeping

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Inherently built into the Driven • Construction, location and materials • Fire walls, smoke barriers • Construction type. Materials used in finish • Proximity to adjacent buildings • Egress • Quantity and location of exits • Dead-ends • Confusing paths (Casinos) • Hallway & door width, stair treads height and width • Door swing direction

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 9 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- ALARM DETECTION • Detection • Requirement by codes Application reference standards • Smoke Detectors – Ionized (Flaming ) – Photoelectric (Smoldering Fires) • Beam Detectors – Tall Ceiling – Stratification • Flame Detection – Bullet manufacturer/Explosion • Aspirating Type Smoke Detection

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 10 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- ALARM NOTIFICATION • Notification • Visual – Strobes • Audible – Horns • Public Address System • Mass Notification System

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 11 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION

Wet System Dry System Water mist Foam System Special Chemical Halon-Stops Chemical reaction Hybrid

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 12 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION-HEAD/NOZZLE Types: • Bulb vs Link • Pendant • Upright • Sidewall • Nozzles Components • Defector • Bulb • Orifice • Thread

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 13 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION Most Common Wet system • Pipes continuously filled with pressurized water. • Upon activation (thermal bulb break) at a sprinkler head, water is delivered immediately out of the sprinkler head/orifice.

Dry System • Pipes continuously filled with pressurized air • Upon activation (thermal bulb break) at a sprinkler head, air is purged from the pipe through the orifice. • Once the air pressure in the pipe is purged, valve at start of system releases and allow water to fill pipes which then flows out of the open sprinkler head.

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 14 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION-WET

• Supply • Valve OS&Y • Check Valve • Drain • FDC • Bell • Flow switch • Main • Line • Heads • Insp./ Test

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 15 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION-DRY

• Supply • Valve • Drain • FDC • Bell • Pressure Switch • Main • Line • Heads • Insp./ Test

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 16 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- SUPPRESSION-DRY VS WET

Flow Switch

Dry Pipe Valve

Pressure Switch

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 17 INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL

• Housekeeping • Storage and processes • • Testing, Inspection & Maintenance • Replacement

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 18 FIRE PROTECTION AS A WHOLE

• Assessing the Risk • Passive Fire Protection • Active Fire Protection • Institutional Controls

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 19 WHAT TO LOOK FOR & HOW TO REPORT

If it doesn’t look right it probably isn't!

• Housekeeping • Signs of failure • Inspection reports • General safety • Reporting HOUSE KEEPING

• Housekeeping and good record keeping • Indicative of the functionality of the system • Reduce useful life, increase cost, make recommendation. • “Assumes regular and adequate maintenance is being performed”

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 21 SIGNS OF FAILURE

• Rusting or oxidizing sprinkler heads • Paint on sprinkler bulbs or link • Damaged pipe or sprinkler head • Plastic Pipe (CPVC) typically not exposed • Nothing on plastic – No wires (softener) – No sharpies – No Paint

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 22 INSPECTION/SERVICE REPORTS

• Look in riser room • Ask manager or board for records • Usually separate companies conduct sprinkler & alarm • Fire alarm company different than the monitoring company • What to look for in report – Date, proof testing and inspection completed – Any impairments reported. If so, disclose and inquire Example: “Replaced 3 leaking heads…”

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 23 GENERAL

• Chained Doors • Chained Valves – Can be normal • Blocked FDC • Interference • Signs of leaks

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 24 REPORTING

• Note ”LIFE SAFETY”

• Disclose, disclose, disclose – Say something on site – Document observation(s) in report – Separate email or letter if warranted/severe

• Stress maintenance, deferred maintenance not an option – Unlike HVAC and Plumbing-Immediate impact – Life safety systems are dormant for long periods then called into action

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 25 WHAT IS COVERED IN INSPECTION AND TESTING OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS? • Water flows • Gages, pipe and heads inspected • Valves checked FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION-5 YEAR • National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) Standard 25-Inspection Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems • Annual inspections are required (Operating Budget) • Reserve addresses inspections and testing that occurs every 5 years. • Inspections at 5 year more comprehensive

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 27 FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION- 5 YEAR NFPA 25 (2013) Table 5.1.1.2

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 28 FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION- PIPE OBSTRUCTION

NFPA “white paper” NFPA 25

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 29 FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION- GAUGES

NFPA 25 (2013)

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 30 FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION- SPRINKLER HEADS NFPA 25 (2013)

• How to know if it is quick response or standard response? QR or SR

• What is a “representative sample?

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 31 FIRE SPRINKLER INSPECTION- DRY HEADS NFPA 25

• Dry Head vs Dry System • Coastal properties • Corrosive resistant heads or wax cover • Heads replaced regardless; Area can’t be left unprotected.

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 32 WHAT IS COVERED IN INSPECTION AND TESTING OF ? • Panels • Devices • Communication INSPECTION & TESTING-FIRE ALARM SYSTEM • Required yearly in accordance with NFPA 72 • What do they do? – Test lights on panel – Visual inspection of devices – Test smoke detectors & verify on panel – Test tampers and flow switches – Confirm signal with central monitoring station – Load test batteries

• Replace failed devices as needed • Unlike NFPA 25 specific 5 year or 10 year requirements

Useful Life: 0 years Cost: Operating Budget

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 34 USEFUL LIFE & COST

The “Good Stuff”!

• Individual components -5 YEAR INSPECTION • Global replacement of a whole fire sprinkler system is RARE. • Budget for 5 year inspection • What do they do at 5 year inspection? – See NFPA 25 Table 5.1.1.2 • Flow water • Test gauges • Open and close valves

Useful Life: 5 years Cost: 2x or 3x Annual Inspection Cost 3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 36 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM- SPRINKLER HEADS • Global replacement of all heads is RARE. • Continue “inspection & testing” every 5 years • No mandate to replace.

• Global replacement hard to predict – Replacement of all heads would occur if: • Heads fail at 5 year test • Remodel may force code upgrade • incentive • Faulty heads

Useful Life: 50 -75 years Cost: $150 to $500/head

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 37 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM-PIPE

• Global replacement of all pipe is RARE.

• Continue “obstruction inspection” every 5 years. • No mandate to replace. • Global replacement hard to predict – Replacement of all Pipe would occur if • Corroded • MIC

Useful Life: 50 -75 years Cost: Unknown

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 38 AIR COMPRESSOR-TANK MOUNTED & TANKLESS • Typically located in the “Fire Sprinkler Riser Room” • Services dry systems • Tank mounted vs no tank – Run more often – Shorter life – Nuisance

Useful Life: 10 to 15 years Cost: $1,500-$3,500

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 39 CHECK VALVE, SOLENOID VALVE, GATE VALVE • Parts can be rebuilt • Seats fail • Check maintenance records – History of failure? – Type of water will influence • Accessibility • Size

Useful Life: 30 year Cost: $1,500 to $3,000

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 40 BACKFLOW DEVICE

• Parts can be rebuilt • Seats fail • Check maintenance records – History of failure? – Type of water influence • Accessibility • Size

Useful Life: 30 Cost: $1,500 to $3,500

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 41 FIRE ESCAPE-CERTIFICATION & TESTING Example-City of Portland (check your local municipality) • Fire escape load testing can be implemented at any time if during routine inspection the fire escape shows signs of disrepair. • If serious hazard, corrective action will require immediate action. • If not deemed an imminent hazard, the inspector can give a 5 year notice to have the fire escape certified.

Certification 1. Engineering analysis completed that includes a test plan for load testing. 2. Repairs and painting to be completed as needed prior to load test. 3. Certified Load Test conducted on site.

Recertification • Required every 5 years thereafter with load testing every 10 years.

Costs (4-5 story building with fire escapes on 2-4 sides) • Initial engineering analysis and load test plan: $2,500. • Recertification, analysis: $1,000 • Repairs and painting: $1,000 per platform (upper end) • Certified Load test $10,000

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 42 FIRE PUMPS

Ask a contractor!!

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 43 FIRE WATER TANKS

Ask a contractor!! • Inspection & testing Per NFPA 25 Table 9.1.1.2 • Interior inspection • 3 year without corrosion Protection • 5 year all other tanks

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 44 HEAT TRACE

Ask a contractor!!

• Be aware of it • Different for plumbing & fire supplies • Fire line requires monitoring ($$$) • Does cost estimate include re-using insulation?

Useful Life: 15 years Cost: Varies

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 45 FIRE ALARM PANEL

• Replacement due to failure, technology upgrade or code change • Compatibility may warrant replacement of both panel and devices • Proprietary (Simplex & Notifier) panels and Larger buildings cost more.

Useful Life: 20 years Cost: $3,000 to $8,000 Cost: $10,000 to $15,000

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 46 FIRE ALARM PANEL BATTERIES

• Inspected/tested annually. • Required to be replaced every 3 years • Paid for out of Operating Budget

Useful Life: 3 years Cost: $150 to $350

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 47 SMOKE DETECTORS, PULL STATIONS & EXIT SIGNS • Includes parts, labor and programming • Likely coincide with panel replacement

Useful Life: 20 years Cost: $150 to $250 Each

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 48 HORNS & STROBES

• Includes parts, labor and programming • Likely coincide with panel replacement • 1996 Code changes require synchronization. • Current codes require closer spacing of strobes • Result= Add more strobes – Add 15% • Historically emphasis on detection • Now emphasis on notification

Useful Life: 20 years Cost: $150 to $250 Each

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 49 FIRE BELL, FLOW SWITCH, TAMPER SWITCH Includes parts, labor and programming

Useful Life: 10 to 15 Years Cost: $150 to $250 Each

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 50 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• NFPA 10 • Yearly inspections covered under Operating Budget • Internal examination at 6-year interval – Typically more cost effective to replace • Hydrostatic test at 12-years – If replaced at 6 years not required

Useful Life: 6 years Cost: $40/fixture • * Add $200 for service call if minimal amount of fixtures

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 51 RESOURCES

Call your local contractor they are the BEST resource.

• NFPA 25-Inspection Testing & Maintenance • NFPA 13-Fire Sprinkler Systems • NFPA 72- Fire Alarm Systems • NFPA 10-Fire Extinguishers FINAL COMMENTS

• Better understanding of the components • Validate costs and useful life with local contractors • Inspection testing and maintenance is imperative. • Greater uncertainty the older the building – Costs – Components starting to reach end of life • Passive components imperative • Active systems sit dormant called to act. – Inspection testing and maintenance important

• Towering Inferno, is a must!

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 53 QUESTIONS?

3/1/2017 APRA Symposium (2016) -Fire Protection 54