APPENDIX A: Overview of Fire Protection in Buildings
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Analysis of Ontario Fires and Reliability of Active Fire Protection Systems
ANALYSIS OF ONTARIO FIRES AND RELIABILITY OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS by Chandra S. Juneja A thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Applied Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © Chandra S. Juneja, 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 0-494-00745-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021 Copyright © 2021 National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®) Key Findings Smoke alarms were present in three-quarters (74 percent) of the injuries from fires in homes with smoke alarms occurred in properties reported homei fires in 2014–2018. Almost three out of five home with battery-powered alarms. When present, hardwired smoke alarms fire deathsii were caused by fires in properties with no smoke alarms operated in 94 percent of the fires considered large enough to trigger a (41 percent) or smoke alarms that failed to operate (16 percent). smoke alarm. Battery-powered alarms operated 82 percent of the time. Missing or non-functional power sources, including missing or The death rate per 1,000 home structure fires is 55 percent lower in disconnected batteries, dead batteries, and disconnected hardwired homes with working smoke alarms than in homes with no alarms or alarms or other AC power issues, were the most common factors alarms that fail to operate. when smoke alarms failed to operate. Of the fire fatalities that occurred in homes with working smoke Compared to reported home fires with no smoke alarms or automatic alarms, 22 percent of those killed were alerted by the device but extinguishing systems (AES) present, the death rate per 1,000 reported failed to respond, while 11 percent were not alerted by the operating fires was as follows: alarm. • 35 percent lower when battery-powered smoke alarms were People who were fatally injured in home fires with working smoke present, but AES was not, alarms were more likely to have been in the area of origin and • 51 percent lower when smoke alarms with any power source involved in the ignition, to have a disability, to be at least 65 years were present but AES was not, old, to have acted irrationally, or to have tried to fight the fire themselves. -
Equipment and Caulking Installation Instructions Using Caulking Applicator Guns Photo 1A
Equipment and Caulking Installation Instructions Using Caulking Applicator Guns Photo 1a There are different types of caulking applicator guns available. The recommended procedure when using the different styles will be described in Sections A, B and C. Section D will then describe the recommended procedures to follow to install the caulk and finish the job. Section A Applying Caulk in Plastic and Cardboard Fiber Foil Wrapped Cartridges Photo 2a There are a variety of applicator caulking guns available to do firestopping. We recommend using a smooth rod style rather than the less expensive ratchet rod type. When dispensing caulk from a 29 ounce-size cartridge, we recommend using the rod tape gun with at least a 12:1 thrust ratio. The higher thrust ratio means less hand fatigue since the firestopping caulks are usually high viscous materials. It will also help when the product becomes stiffer in the colder temperatures. (12:1 ratio generates approximately 300 pound thrust) Photo 3a For manual single component cartridge applicator guns. Select the correct size manual drive frame-style cartridge gun for either the 10-ounce (300ml) or the larger 29-ounce (850 ml) plastic or cardboard fiber foil wrapped tube type. (see photo #1a) Using a utility knife cut off the end of the plastic tip/nozzle of the sealant tube to the desired opening size. The cut can be straight across (90º) or angled Photo 4a (45º). Cutting too small of an opening will restrict the flow of material and a smaller bead size than needed may result. The smaller opening will also require more triggering action (pressure) to move the material out of the tube.(see photo #2a) Using a screwdriver or other pointed utensil insert it into the plastic nozzle to puncture the membrane and allow the caulk material to flow. -
Fireproofing the Lungs Parts of the World, I Think, Should Be Watch- Ing Very Closely,” Says Wark, Particularly the Wildfire-Prone US West Coast
COPD outlook DAVID GRAY/GETTY DAVID Firefighters battle the bush fires that devastated Australia in 2019 and 2020. leads to faster lung-function decline even in people with otherwise healthy lungs. “Other Fireproofing the lungs parts of the world, I think, should be watch- ing very closely,” says Wark, particularly the wildfire-prone US west coast. People with conditions such as COPD are vulnerable “I find it rather unsettling that there are all these unknown things,” says Guy Marks, to wildfire pollution, but there is little advice on how a respiratory and environmental epidemiol- to keep safe. By Anna Nowogrodzki ogist at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. “The scale of the fire that we’ve just had is unprecedented. It represents to me a few days into the new year, an older prednisone on hand to ease her symptoms. clear turning point in our experience of the person came into John Hunter But still, she found breathing more and more consequences of climate change.” Hospital in Newcastle, Australia, difficult. wheezing and short of breath. Res- COPD is a common condition — it is the third Vulnerable lungs piratory physician Peter Wark was leading global cause of death. And people with Wark’s patient improved just by being in the Aon call at the time. He wasn’t surprised to respiratory conditions such as COPD are some air-conditioned hospital. “We really didn’t do see someone with respiratory problems — of the most vulnerable to particulate matter anything else,” he says. She was one of three or Australia was enduring an unprecedented and from air pollution and wildfires. -
Laser Technology Smoke Detector
APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector Contents Section 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 2 Benefits ............................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 3 Applications ....................................................................................................................................................................2 Ideal Applications ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Applications to Avoid ....................................................................................................................................................2 Section 4 How it Works ..................................................................................................................................................................3 The Principles of Laser Detection...............................................................................................................................3 Section 5 Performance ...................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection
A Research Paper by The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection Ross Gorte, Ph.D. Retired Senior Policy Analyst, Congressional Research Service Affiliate Research Professor, Earth Systems Research Center of the Earth, Oceans, and Space Institute, University of New Hampshire June 2013 The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection June 2013 PUBLISHED ONLINE: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire/fire-costs-background/ ABOUT THIS REPORT Headwaters Economics produced this report to better understand and address why wildfires are becoming more severe and expensive. The report also describes how the protection of homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface has added to these costs and concludes with a brief discussion of solutions that may help control escalating costs. Headwaters Economics is making a long-term commitment to better understanding these issues. For additional resources, see: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire. ABOUT HEADWATERS ECONOMICS Headwaters Economics is an independent, nonprofit research group whose mission is to improve community development and land management decisions in the West. CONTACT INFORMATION Ray Rasker, Ph.D. Executive Director, Headwaters Economics [email protected] 406 570-7044 Ross Gorte, Ph.D.: http://www.eos.unh.edu/Faculty/rosswgorte P.O. Box 7059 Bozeman, MT 59771 http://headwaterseconomics.org Cover image “Firewise” by Monte Dolack used by permission, Monty Dolack Gallery, Missoula Montana. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. -
Insight Gaseous Fire Suppression System
Insight Balanced Risk Engineering Solutions Gaseous Fire Suppression System All businesses are reliant on computer technology in order to survive today. What if there was a fire in the main computer room. Would it put you out of business? Would it impact on sales & profits? If the answer is yes then you need to evaluate computer room and other critical area fire protection measures in order to ensure that they are adequate. What are the consequences to business survival and employee security? We are all too aware of businesses which have had fires and have failed to restart. All commercial premises now use computers and other high tech electronic systems in order to record sales, purchases, financial information, control production, allow communication and facilitate email correspondence - the modern way of conducting business. Gaseous fire suppression systems are particularly applicable for high value risks where a minor fire within a critical area could have serious financial repercussions for the business far beyond the cost of physical damage and lost production. System Operation Types of Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems Gaseous fire suppression system activation can be There are two main types of gaseous fire suppression manual, automatic or auto/manual. Gas is discharged systems comprising inert gas and chemical agents. The through a pipe network system and enters the protected main agents that are encountered today include: environment through appropriately designed spray nozzles. • Inergen • Argonite Gaseous fire suppression systems when designed and • FM 200 installed correctly should ensure that high value assets are protected from fire and the effects of fire fighting. -
Active Fire Protection Systems
NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler NIST NCSTAR 1-4 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Active Fire Protection Systems David D. Evans Society of Fire Protection Engineers Richard D. Peacock Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology September 2005 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Michelle O’Neill, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Disclaimer No. 1 Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Disclaimer No. 3 Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is “voluntarily provided safety-related information” that is “not directly related to the building failure being investigated” and that “disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information” (15 USC 7306c). -
Firestopping & Smoke Seals 1 General
SPECIFICATION SECTION 07 84 00 FIRESTOPPING & SMOKE SEALS 1 GENERAL 1.1 SECTION INCLUDES 1.1.1 Comply with Division 1, General Requirements and Documents referred to therein. 1.1.2 It is the intent of this section of the specifications to establish a single, competent source to be responsible for providing all labour, materials, products, equipment and services, to supply and install the firestopping and smoke seal work for the entire project. 1.1.3 SUMMARY A. Provide firestop systems consisting of a material, or combination of materials installed to retain the integrity of fire-rated construction by maintaining an effective barrier against the spread of flame, smoke, and/or hot gases through penetrations, blank openings, construction joints, or at perimeter fire containment in or adjacent to fire-rated barriers in accordance with the requirements of the Building Code for this project. B. Firestop systems shall be used in locations including, but not limited to, the following: 1. Penetrations through fire-resistance-rated floor and roof assemblies requiring protected openings including both empty openings and openings that contain penetrations. 2. Penetrations through fire-resistance-rated wall assemblies including both empty openings and openings that contain penetrations. 3. Membrane penetrations in fire-resistance-rated wall assemblies where items penetrate one side of the barrier. 4. Joints in fire-resistance-rated assemblies to allow independent movement. 5. Perimeter Fire Barrier System between a rated floor/roof and an exterior wall assembly. 6. Joints, through penetrations and membrane penetrations in Smoke Barriers and Smoke Partitions. 1.2 RELATED SECTIONS 1.2.1 Related Sections to this Section include: 1. -
TSB-A-07(1)S:2/07:Countryside Stove & Chimney of Burnt Hills,Petition No
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance Office of Tax Policy Analysis TSB-A-07(1)S Sales Tax Technical Services Division February 8, 2007 STATE OF NEW YORK COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE ADVISORY OPINION PETITION NO. S040628D On June 28, 2004, the Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for Advisory Opinion from Countryside Stove and Chimney of Burnt Hills, 839 Saratoga Road, Burnt Hills, New York 12027. The issues raised by Petitioner, Countryside Stove and Chimney of Burnt Hills, are: 1. Whether installations of various wood, pellet, and gas burning heating appliances qualify as capital improvements to real property for New York State and local sales and use tax purposes. 2. Whether the installation of manufactured stone veneers on an interior or exterior wall qualifies as a capital improvement to real property for New York State and local sales and use tax purposes. Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion. Petitioner is a retail store selling and installing gas, wood, and pellet burning stoves that are placed on the floor on noncombustible material either purchased or provided by the customer. The gas stoves can be either directly vented from the stove out the side of the building using a wall thimble and a cap on the outside of the building or vented into the customer’s existing chimney by installing a stainless steel flexible liner in the chimney with its own rain cap. The wood and pellet burning stoves are also vented straight out the back of the stove and through a wall or chimney. -
Outlet Putty Pads Specifications Section 07840 - Firestopping Part 1 - General
OUTLET PUTTY PADS SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 07840 - FIRESTOPPING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 1 Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 1.2 SUMMARY A. This Section includes: Through penetration firestops and smoke-stops for all fire-rated bearing and non- bearing wall and floor assemblies, both blank (empty) and those accommodating penetrating items such as cables, conduits, pipes, ducts, etc. not covered in Division 15 and 16 Sections. Membrane penetration protection for fire-rated walls. Architectural/Construction joint firestops within walls, floors, or the intersection of floors to exterior walls, or the intersection of top of walls to ceilings. Top of wall firestopping in all fire-rated partitions. Top of wall and construction joint smoke-stopping in all smoke partitions. B. Related Sections include the following: Division 15 Sections specifying duct and pipe penetrations and firestopping for those penetrations. Division 16 Sections specifying cable and conduit penetrations and firestopping for those penetrations. 1.3 REFERENCES: A. American Society For Testing and Materials Standards (ASTM): ASTM E84: Standard Test Method For Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. ASTM E814: Standard Test Method For Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Sales and support: (800) 397-8791 | www.soundproofingcompany.com | [email protected] Firestops. ASTM E1966: Test Method For Resistance of Building Joint Systems. ASTM E1399: Test Method for Cyclic Movement and Measuring Minimum and Maximum Joint Width. ASTM E119: Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. B. Underwriters Laboratories Inc.: UL 263: Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.