Present and future European satellite missions for atmospheric remote sensing

Yves-Louis DESNOS Head R&D section EO Science , Applications and New Technologies Department European Space Agency ESRIN Frascati - ITALY OUTLINE

• Introduction • ERS-2 mission • ENVISAT mission • Earth Explorers • Third Party Missions •METOP • GMES-1 services • Sentinels EO Missions handled by EOP

Since 1990 2000 2004 2010 1977

Earthnet: European access to non-ESA missions: European Landsat, SeaWifs, NOAA, JERS, MODIS, ALOS, Proba, Bird, Scisat... users Meteo METEOSAT METEOSAT Second Generation M-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 MSG-1, -2, -3 in cooperation with EUMETSAT METOP-1, -2, -3 SMOS Science (Gravity and Ocean GOCE Circulation Explorer) to better understand the Earth Earth ADM/Aeolus CryoSat 2 (Polar Ice Explorers Monitoring) Earthcare SWARM ERS-1, -2 ENVISAT Applications Sentinel 1 Sentinel 2/3 Services Sentinel 4/5 to initiate long term Earth monitoring systems Watch GMES in cooperation with EC and services scientific ENVISAT mission: publications 4 years of activity

First images Hurricane Katrina Global air pollution

Tectonic uplift First image Bam earthquake via Artemis (Andaman)

Ozone hole 2003 Chlorophyll concentration

Prestige tanker

B-15A iceberg

FRINGE Envisat FRINGE SESAR workshop Symposium MERIS / Salzburg (A) (A)ATSR ALTIMETRYAtmospheric Calibration Validation MERIS Review Workshop Workshop Symposium Science

Launch Workshop Conference

ar 02 Sep 02 Dec 02 Nov 03 Dec 03 Sept 04 Sep 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Mar 06 May 06 Apr 07

ERS mission overview

• 15 years of ERS-1/2 data in the archive (suitable for applications requiring long term series products)

• ERS-2 achieved 11 years in orbit in April 2006 (was designed for 3 years nominal lifetime)

• Some problems with the platform (gyroscope in 2001, tape recorder in 2003) • but all instruments still functioning well Æ engineering solutions have been developed: - new 'gyro-less' working mode - set up of a station network for Low Bit Rate data recovery

• Operations funding expected until 2008 ERS-2 satellite and payload status

Expected Mission elements Comments evolution

Relaxed attitude control +- 2deg, all other sub- Service Module Good systems with full redundancy. SPOT-1 platform flown for 17 years before de-orbiting.

Propulsion and 1/3 of hydrazine has been consumed within 11 Excellent Hydrazine years

Tape Recorders Failed, Realtime mission only Payload Equipment Bay Fair with some 40% global coverage. Transmission Tube redundancy available.

SAR Image Mode Excellent SAR Wave Mode Excellent

Scatterometer Fair Sub System on redundant side

RA & MWR Excellent Scan Mirror problem has been overcome by ATSR Good patches on ground

Calibration lamp problem overcome by using sun GOME Good measurements

Reduced surface transponders covering North & PRARE Excellent South Poles and Europe only; no redundancy Launched on ERS-2 during April 1995 - operational since

GOME is a nadir viewing spectrometer which collects sunlight backscattered from the earth’s atmosphere

• Spectral coverage: 240 - 790 nm - 4 channels - 6 spectral bands • Spectral resolution: 0.2 - 0.4 nm Release of GOME Products to Users during July 1996 (about 1 year after launch) - GDP V2.2: Total Ozone differed by 5% below 60 deg. SZA and by about 10% below 90 deg. SZA as compared to reference measurements

1st Product Upgrade - mid 1998 - GDP V2.4: Total ozone accuracy within ±2%-5% at SZA lesser than 70 degrees, and 10% or better at larger SZA, except under special conditions, such as in wintertime polar regions where low ozone values could be overestimated by more than 15% 2nd Product Upgrade - mid 1999 – GDP V2.7: no significant improvement in total ozone (improvement of NO2 instead) 3rdThird Product Upgrade – mid 2002 – GDP V3: The average deviation of GOME from reference data does not exceed ±2-4% for SZA below 70°. At lower sun elevation, the average error ranges from -8% to +5% depending on the season.

4th Product Upgrade – 2004 – GDP V4: During 2003 3 ESA studies were running in parallel on the development of a GOME total ozone algorithm to be suitable for trend monitoring – 1% relative accuracy over 10 years; One algorithm (GDOAS) has been selected and was implemented into the ESA operational processor during 2004 (including the reprocessing of all historic data by the end of 2004) – GOME total ozone accuracy comparable to ground-based measurements. Ozone Trend Monitoring (Relative Accuracy of 1% per Decade) GOME Sulphur Dioxide Measurements:

University Bremen Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Instrument Stability/Sensitivity to measure minor Trace Gases responsible for Ozone Depletion GOME Bromine Monoxide Measurements:

Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy

ENVISAT:ENVISAT: 1010 instrumentsinstruments toto monitormonitor thethe EarthEarth

Michelson Interferometric Passive Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer Atmospheric Sounder

Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography Medium Resolution Microwave Radiometer Imaging Spectrometer to Data Relay Satellite Artemis

Global Ozone Monitoring Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning by Occultation of Stars Integrated by Satellite

to Ground Stations Radar Altimeter 2

Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar

• Launch 1st March 2002 • Orbit 800 km, sun synchronous 10:00 am, i.e. 30 minutes before ERS-2 ENVISAT mission

‰ Largest European satellite & largest worldwide EO satellite: - unique combination of 10 instruments addressing land, ocean, ice and atmosphere studies, - instruments working nominally, in particular ASAR - some concern with altimeter instrument

‰ Satellite OK with long-term operations capabilities: - 57 % of fuel available (i.e. about 4 years assuming same orbit control strategy: +/- 1 km)

‰ Operations funding until 2010

‰ 78 different types of ESA data products (27 types of ASAR products)

‰ 250 Gigabytes of data products generated per day at ESA (+ telemetry) ExpectedExpected EnvisatEnvisat evolutionevolution

Expected Mission elements Comments evolution Service Module Excellent

Propulsion and Hydrazine Fair Main limiting factor of the mission

Payload Equipment Bay Excellent

ASAR Fair Sub-system on redundant side

MERIS Excellent

AATSR Excellent Recent anomaly with altimetric range measurement RA-2 Fair On ground correction tables MWR Good DORIS Fair Instrument on redundant side SCIAMACHY Excellent Progressive mechanical degradation in MIPAS Fair non redundant part. Used on campaign basis. Instrument on redundant side. GOMOS Fair New operations scenario is satisfactory. Altitude (Km) 100 Operational routine products from GOMOS, MIPAS and SCIAMACHY MIPAS fromGOMOS, Operational routineproducts 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 0 3 GOMOS H 2 0NO 2 NO 3 MIPAS N 2 OCH 4 HNO 3 SCIAMACHY OCO CO 2 BrO p,T Aerosol BrO p,T Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Thermosphere O 3 layer The instrument GOMOS

GOMOS: Global Ozone Monitoring by Observation of Stars

•Limb measurements •Self calibrating •High accuracy of Ozone •UVIS spectrometer (250-675 nm), IR spectrometer (756-773, 926-952 nm), star tracker, 2 fast photometers (470-520 nm and 650-700 nm) •Integration time 0.5 sec. Vertical resolution better than 1.7 km •About 40 occultations per orbit, day and night, 400-600 in 24 hours

Measurements in the Mesosphere as provided by GOMOS Measurements of High vertical Resolution Temperature Profiles

as provided by GOMOS Sequence of Ozone Fields as measured by GOMOS during Sept. 2002 MIPAS: Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding

• Limb measurement • measuring emission in the IR (greenhouce gases CFCs) •Capability to measure 30 trace gases 0

MIPAS measurement scenario (nominal mode) sweep duration: sweeps per limb seq.: (68km, 60km, 52km, 47km, (42 – 17 6) km in 3 4.45 s (full resolution) # limb seq. per orbit: ~ 75 (deep space cal. every 5 sequences) azimuth scan range: rearward geometries: ~ +/-15 global coverage, poles visible Characteristics: ƒ ƒ ƒ steps ƒ ƒ MIPAS Functional Description

Interferometer

Front End Optics Front End Optics (FEO)

Telescope

Elevation Scan Unit Azimuth Scan Unit

Baseplate Interferometer (INT) Beamsplitter

Corner Cube

CFC (ozone depletion species) Time-series

provided by MIPAS SCIAMACHY: SCanning Image Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY

•Nadir and limb mode • combination of both measurements provide info on the troposphere Viewing Geometry Nadir Limb Occultation

Imaging Spectrometer Combination of Prism and 8 high resolution WLS SLS Science channels channels (each having its own grating) Channel 1 Channel 2 Spectral range from 214 to 2380 nm Channel 3 Channel 4 Sun Scanners Prism Spectral resolution from 0.2 to 1.5 nm Channel 5 Channel 6 7 broadband polarization measurement Channel 7 Devices PMDs Channel 8 On-board calibration H/W

Atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 45

Polarization Measurement Devices (PMD) Retrieval of Greenhouse Gases from Space

SCIAMACHY Channel 6 CO2 retrieval NO2 CONCENTRATION

Courtesy of Steffen Beirle, Univ. Heidelberg, D

1e15 molec/cm2 Ship tracks

18 months: January 2003 - June 2004 NO2 CONCENTRATION

NO2 concentration Sunday and Wednesday – Year 2004

Sunday Wednesday • regional Tropospheric NO2 columns based on SCIAMACHY measurements

ESA selected Third Party Missions

Research and Applications Opportunities 2004 2005 2006 2007 OMI Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, OMI ALOS AO ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Proba Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Landsat Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Kompsat Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Scisat Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Orbview-2 Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM

Spot-4 Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM IRS-P6 Cat-1 ERS, ENVISAT, All TPM + Kompsat-2, Bird, CBERS, DMC…. ESA Support to OMI Calibration/Validation via a dedicated AO – 22 Projects Advantage of OMI: Daily Global Coverage and good Spatial Resolution

More Details on OMI: see presentation of H. Kelder ESA Open Category I Call on the SciSat Mission

Solar Occultation ESA Open Category I Call on the SciSat Mission

6.52 m height 4082 kg at launch AOCS: 3-ais, ES/SS, RW, MT, N H RCS Mission lifetime: 5 2 4 years 13 instruments 316 kg Hydrazine at launch

1813 W (Avg SL consumption)

Sun Synchronous orbit: 817 km, 9h30 MLST DN, 29 days cycle (412 orbits) Global Temp/Humidit Imagery: AVHRR/3 y sounding: Space Environment IASI, HIRS/4, Monitoring: SEM-2 MHS, AMSU- A1/A2, GRAS

Ozone/Gases monitoring: GOME-2

Data collection: A-DCS

Sea surface winds: Humanitarian services: ASCAT SARP-3, SARR MetOp PFM in the EMC Chamber at ITS

MetOp PFM in the Acoustic Chamber at ITS • The GOME-2 instrument consists of an improved instrument • GOME-2 will be providing measurement of the: – backscattered Earth radiance and Sun irradiance using its Ultra- violet, visible and near infrared double spectrometer • Changes to provide enhanced performance of GOME-2 include the following: – Improved polarisation measuring capability – Inclusion of a new on-board white light source for calibration – Increased maximum swath width (1920Km) & artefacts in irradiance calibration/measurements. – IASI is an IR instrument, based on a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (3.7 to 15.5 µm) with an co- mounted IR imager (10.3 to 12.5 µm). – The spectrometer is a Michelson interferometer – IASI provides atmospheric sounding for NWP and Climate monitoring models. IASI will measure O , CH , CO and N O trace gas columns.3 4 2 – IASI will also contribute in the study of cloud to atmosphere radiation exchange by characterizing cloud coverage, cloud top temperature, type and transparency.

Living Planet Programme

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CryoSat EXPLORER 1

GOCE EXPLORER 2

SMOS EXPLORER 3

ADM - Aeolus EXPLORER 4

Swarm EXPLORER 5 Selection EarthCARE EXPLORER 6

EXPLORERS > 6 Next Call ESA’s Wind Mission ESA’s Wind Mission

The Earth Explorer Atmospheric Dynamics Mission

Objectives of the ADM-Aeolus mission: ƒ to provide global observations of wind profiles from space ƒ to improve the quality of weather forecasting ƒ to enhance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate processes

Wind profile chart Measurement Concept

• Backscatter signal

• Winds are derived from Doppler shift of aerosols and molecules along lidar line-of-sight ESA’s Wind Mission

Expected Scientific Output

ƒ measurements of global three-dimensional wind fields, giving a more accurate picture of the Earth's global energy budget ƒ data of global atmospheric circulation and related features (precipitation systems, El Niño, Southern Oscillation phenomena), distribution of atmospheric constituents like ozone or aerosol, and stratosphere/troposphere exchange ƒ Better modelling, and a greater understanding, of tropical dynamics; better estimates of the position and intensity of tropical cyclones ƒ Significant improvement of short range forecast of synoptic events; small-scale details of intense wind events will improve for short-range forecasts because of the earlier detection of their development. ESA’s Wind Mission

Examples of Scientific Applications

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Improved Earth Progress in numerical weather climate models prediction and better operational forecasting ESA’s Cloud & Aerosol Mission ESA’s Cloud & Aerosol Mission

The Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer

EarthCARE is a joint European (ESA) – Japanese (JAXA) mission with the objective: ƒ to quantify and thus improve understanding of cloud- aerosol-radiation interactions ƒ to include such parameters correctly and reliably in climate and weather prediction models Atmospheric data Techniques EarthCARE instruments

VerticalVertical profilesprofiles ofof HighHigh spectralspectral extinction and ATLID extinction and resolution Lidar ATLID characteristicscharacteristics ofof aerosolsaerosols resolution Lidar

VerticalVertical profilesprofiles ofof liquid,liquid, supercooledsupercooled and and iceice water,water, RadarRadar cloudcloud overlap,overlap, particleparticle sizesize andand extinctionextinction CPRCPR

ConvectiveConvective updraftupdraft andand iceice fallfall speedspeed DopplerDoppler RadarRadar

HorizontalHorizontal structurestructure ofof MultispectralMultispectral MSIMSI cloudsclouds andand aerosolsaerosols ImagerImager

ShortwaveShortwave andand LongwaveLongwave BroadbandBroadband BBRBBR fluxesfluxes atat TopTop ofof AtmosphereAtmosphere RadiometerRadiometer Temperature and humidity from operational analysis ESA’s Cloud & Aerosol Mission

Expected Scientific Output

ƒ Vertical profiles of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on a global scale, their radiative properties and interaction with clouds ƒ Vertical distribution of atmospheric liquid water and ice on a global scale, their transport by clouds and radiative impact ƒ Cloud overlap in the vertical, cloud-precipitation interactions and the characteristics of vertical motion within clouds ƒ The profiles of atmospheric radiative heating and cooling through a combination of retrieved aerosol and cloud properties ESA’s Cloud & Aerosol Mission

Example of Scientific Applications

More reliable climate predictions and better weather forecasts through the improved representation of processes involving clouds, aerosol and radiation Call for New Earth Explorer Missions

Selected atmospheric Missions for pre-Phase A studies

¾TRAQ (TRopospheric composition and Air Quality) - to monitor air quality and long-range transport of air pollutants.

TRAQ – the mission focuses on monitoring air quality and long- range transport of air pollutants.

A new synergistic sensor concept allows for process studies, particularly with respect to aerosol-cloud interactions.

The main issues are the rate of air quality change on regional and global scales, the strength and distribution of sources and sinks of tropospheric trace gases and aerosols influencing air quality, and the role of tropospheric composition in global change.

The instrumentation consists of imaging spectrometers in the range from ultraviolet to short-wave infrared. Call for New Earth Explorer Missions

Selected atmospheric Missions for pre-Phase A studies

¾PREMIER (PRocess Exploration through Measurements of Infrared and millimetre-wave Emitted Radiation) to understand processes that link trace gases, radiation, chemistry and climate in the atmosphere.

PREMIER – Many of the most important processes for prediction of climate change occur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS).

The objective is to understand the many processes that link trace gases, radiation, chemistry and climate in the atmosphere – concentrating on the processes in the UTLS region.

By linking with MetOp/ National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) data, the mission also aims to provide useful insights into processes occurring in the lower troposphere.

The instrumentation consists of an infrared and a microwave radiometer. Call for New Earth Explorer Missions

Selected atmospheric Missions for pre-Phase A studies ¾ A-SCOPE (Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth) – to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle and regional carbon dioxide fluxes.

A-SCOPE – The mission aims to observe total column carbon dioxide with a nadir-looking pulsed carbon dioxide DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for a better understanding of the global carbon cycle and regional carbon dioxide fluxes, as well as for the validation of greenhouse gas emission inventories. It will provide a spatially resolved global carbon budget combined with diagnostic model analysis through global and frequent observation of carbon dioxide.

Spin-off products like aerosols, clouds and surface reflectivity are important parameters of the radiation balance of the Earth.

A contribution to Numerical Weather Prediction is foreseen in connection with accurate temperature profiles.

Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES)

“GMES is a joint initiative of ESA and the EC to respond to the need to establish, by 2008, a European Capacity for Global Monitoring of Environment and Security to support the public policy maker’s need for global access to reliable, accurate and up-to-date information on issues of environment and security” EC Communication COM(2001)264, 15 April 2001

Needs Public EO Policy Solutions

PROMOTE Services on Stratospheric Ozone Service Example/Success Story on Ozone

NRT Delivery of SCIAMACHY Total Ozone to ECMWF to improve operational Weather Forecasting (KNMI) PROMOTE Services on UV Radiation Service Example/Success Story on UV 20 000 people in Germany using the UV-check Service in 2004 (DLR)

Derivation and traceability of requirements Sentinels 4 & 5 (in GEO and LEO, respectively) answer operational needs in the areas of atmospheric chemistry, air quality and climate applications.

Sources of user and observation requirements:

PROtocol MOniToring for The GMES service Element: Atmosphere GSE (PROMOTE)

Environment and climate protection protocols, directives etc. EC EU FP projects, e.g. Create-Daedalus, Evergreen EU GMES-GATO report

User IGOS-IGACO Theme report groups/ GCOS implementation plan, WCRP-SPARC long-term observation reqs. consult. Eumetsat user consultations in the frame of MTG and postEPS

ENVISAT MetOp Missions ESA studies on CO2 and on atmospheric chemistry observation requirements Environmental themes, data usage,applications Environmental Theme Ozone Layer & Air Quality Climate Data usage Surface UV radiation

Protocols UNEP Vienna Convention; UN/ECE CLRTAP; EMEP / UNFCCC Rio Convention; Montreal and subsequent Göteborg Protocol; EC Kyoto Protocol; Climate protocols; directives EAP / CAFÉ; policy EU; CFC emission verification; AQ emission verification; GHG and aerosol emission Stratospheric ozone, AQ distribution and trend verification; halogen and surface UV monitoring GHG/aerosol distribution distribution and trend and trend monitoring monitoring Services Stratospheric composition Local Air Quality (BL); Health NWP assimilation and (re) and surface UV forecast; warnings (BL); analysis; NWP assimilation and (re-) Chemical Weather (BL/FT); Climate monitoring; analysis Aviation routing (UT) Climate model validation

Assessment Long-term global data Long-term global, regional, and Long-term global data records; local data records; records; (lower priority WMO Ozone assessment; UNEP, EEA assessments; IPCC assessments; Stratospheric chemistry and Regional & local boundary Earth System, climate, rad. for operational transport processes; layer AQ processes; forcing processes; UTLS mission) UV radiative transport Tropospheric chemistry and transport-chemistry processes; long-range transport processes; Halogen source attribution; processes; Forcing agents source UV health & biological AQ source attribution; attribution; effects AQ Health and safety effects Socio-economic climate effects Sentinels The GMES Sentinels

Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry

Sentinel 2 – Superspectral imaging Continuity of Landsat, SPOT & Vegetation-type data

Sentinel 3 – Ocean monitoring Wide-swath ocean color and surface temperature sensors, altimeter

Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, trans-boundary pollution

Sentinel 5 – Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring