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English Foreign Policy and the Parliamentary Opposition, 1674-1678

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English Foreign Policy and the Parliamentary Opposition, 1674-1678 71 - 27,535 PARTIN, Jr., William Thurman, 1945- ENGLISH FOREIGN POLICY AND THE PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION, 1674-1678. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 History, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan ' Copyright 1971 by William Thurman Partin, Jr. THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED ENGLISH FOREIGN POLICY AND THE PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION, 167^-1678 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements far the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University *y Wi Hi am T. Partin, Jr., B.A., M.A. # * * * * The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all those who were so helpful In making the completion of this dissertation possible. First, the Department of History at Ohio State University and my father provided financial assistance which enabled me to research the vast euncunt of primary sources in England. For this I am very grateful. I would also like to thank the staffs of The Ohio State University Library, the British Museum, the Public Record Office, and the Institute of Historical Research in London for their assistance in obtaining re­ search materials. To my wife Judy, whose skill with the typewriter and encouragement were so valuable to me, I can only say that this dissertation would have been an impossible task without her. I know that my graduation will provide ample thanks for her help. Finally, I wish to express my sincere thanks and heart-felt grati­ tude to Dr. Clayton Roberts, whose guidance and suggestions gave me a deeper understanding of history as I pursued my studies of the Merry Monarch of England. W.T.F. Columbus, Ohio June 1, 1971 ii VITA June 5 * 19^-5............ Born - Williamston, North Carolina 1967.................... B.A., Guilford College, Greensboro, North Carolina 1967-70 ................ National Defense Fellowship, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1 9 6 9.................... M.A., The Ohio State University, C olumbu s, Ohio 1970-71 ......... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Studies in Tudor and Stuart England, Professor Clayton Roberts Studies in Early Modern European History, Professor John C. Rule Studies in Renaissance and Reformation History, Professor Harold J. Grimm Studies in Medieval History, Professor Franklin J. Pegues ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ..................... ii VITA ................................................... ill ABBREVIATIONS. ........................... v NOTE ON DATES........................................... vli PREFACE............................ 1 INTRODUCTION........................... 1+ CHAPTER I. THE ATTACK BEGINS, OCTOBER 1673........ 11 II. THE FIRST VICTORY, JANUARY TO FEBRUARY 167^. 30 III. PARLIAMENT AND OTHER CONCERNS, MARCH I6 7 U- NOVEMBER 1675................................... 51* IV. THE FIFTEEN MONTHS PROROGATION, NOVEMBER 1675- FEBHUAKY 1677................................... 8 l V. RENEWED ATTACKS ON CROWN FOREIGN POLICY: 1677 . 97 VI. INTERLUDE: SUFWER AND AUTUMN, 1677.... 123 VII. THE GREAT REVERSAL, JANUARY-AUGUST, 1 6 7 8 ........ 13^ v m . conclusions ................... 172 APPENDIX............................................... 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................... 107 lv ABBREVIATIONS Manuscript B.M. Add. MSS. British Museum, Additional Manuscripts. B.M. Stowe MSS. British Museum, Stowe Manuscripts. B.M. Egerton MSS. British Museum, Egerton Manuscripts. P.R.O. Public Record Office, Baschet Transcripts. S.P. State Papers, Foreign, Public Record Office. S.P. Dam. State Papers, Domestic, Public Record Office. Ven. Trans. (Unc.), 1 6 7 6 -1 6 7 8 . Venetian Transcripts, Uncalendared, 1 6 7 6 -1 6 7 8 , Public Record Office. Printed Barbour, Arlington. Violet Barbour, Henry Bennett, Earl Of Arlington: Secretary of State to Charles II. Browning, Danby. Andrew Browning, Thcmas Osborne, Earl of Danby. Three Volumes. Bryant, King Charles II. Sir Arthur Bryant, King Charles II. Revised Edition. Burnet, My Own Time. 0. Airy, ed., Burnet's History Of My Own Time. Volume II: 1 6 7 3-1 6 8 5 . C .J. Journals of the House of Ccmmons. Campana de Cavelli. Marquise Campana de Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts a Saint-Germain en Laye. C.S.P. Dom. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic. C.S.P. Ven. Calendar of State Papers, Venetian. Dumont. J. Dumont, ed., Corps Universel Diplomatique du Droit Des Gens; . Essex Papers. 0. Airy, ed., Essex Papers. Volume I: 1672-1679* Essex Papers (1675-1677). C.E. Pike, ed,, Selections From The Corre­ spondence Of Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, 1675-1677- Grey, Debates. Anchitell Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, 1667- 169^. Haley, Shaftesbury. K.H.D. Haley, The First Earl Of Shaftesbury. H.M.C. Historical Manuscripts Commission Reports. Jusserand, Recueil, Angleterre■ J.J. Jusserand, ed., Recueil Des Instructions Donnies Aux Ambassadeurs Et Ministres De France. Volume XXV, Part I: Angleterre, 1 6 6 6 -1 6 9 0. L.J. Journals of the House of Lords, Letters To Williamson. W.D. Christie, ed., Letters Addressed From London to Sir Joseph Williamson, 1673-167^. Two Volumes. Margoliouth, Poems And Letters Of Marvell. H.M. Margoliouth, ed., The Poems And Letters Of Andrew Marvell. Volume 2: Letters. Mignet, Succession D'Espagne. M. Mignet, N^gociations Relatives A La Succession D ’Espagne Sous Louis XIV. Tame IV. Ogg, Charles II. David Ogg, England In The Reign Of Charles II. Second Edition. Parliamentary History. Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England. Volume IV: 1660-1688, Temple, Works. The Works Of Sir William Temple. Volumes I and IV. 175^ Edition. Thompson, Hatton Correspondence. E.M. Thompson, ed., Correspondence Of The Family Of Hatton. Volume I. vi NOTE ON DATES The dates of all letters written by the Venetian, French, and Dutch ambassadors in England, as well as those written by English residents in foreign countries, are given in both Old and New Style. All dates for events occurring in England, such as the meeting of Parliament, or letters in England by Englishmen, are given in Old Style. The correct New Style date in these cases can be obtained by adding ten days to the given date. vii PREFACE The England of Charles II (1 6 6 0 -1 6 8 5 ) was a land blessed for the most part with economic prosperity and popular contentment. The mon­ arch was a plea sure-loving man who pursued pleasure, yet showed a real concern for the welfare of his subjects. Most Englishmen after the Restoration were content to live quietly under the "Merry Mon­ arch," free from the hardships and restrictions imposed by the Puritan Commonwealth. Their descendants in the early nineteenth century often looked back romatically to the happy years when England attempted to heal the wounds of civil war under a king whose greatest desire was to enjoy himself and thereby make up for years of misery spent In exile from his kingdom. However, despite economic prosperity, great popularity, and a lively Court, Charles II came into direct conflict with Parliament over many constitutional issues: the maintenance of religious ortho­ doxy, the responsibility of the royal ministers for their actions, the king's finances, the regulation of the succession, and the conduct of foreign policy. These conflicts gave him no end of trouble. As his reign progressed, Parliament sought to increase its powers at the ex­ pense of the monarchy which it had once dethroned and had then restored. As the son of a king who had died in defense of divine right monarchy and the royal prerogative, Charles resisted the claims of Parliament 1 stubbornly and made only slight concessions when forced to. Yet in one matter of the royal prerogative, Parliament's demand for a role in the conduct of foreign affairs, the English king was forced in the 1 6 7 0’s to capitulate. In the 1660's and 1670*s Charles engaged in two wars with Holland, wars that gained nothing for England. He also maintained close ties with France, a nation regarded by many Englishmen as a natural enemy. As a result, Parliament often criticized his foreign policy. However, it was not until 1673, after the Third Dutch War had begun, that Par­ liament moved frcm criticism of the king's foreign policy to tactics of opposition and obstruction, thereby hoping to exert influence upon the shaping of foreign policy. Before 1673» and even before the reign of Charles II, the influence of Parliament in questions of foreign af­ fairs was negligible. The making of war and peace and the conduct of foreign relations was largely accepted by Parliament and the people as being an indisputable part of the royal prerogative. These powers were Jealously and successfully guarded by the monarchs against all attacks. Yet from 1673 to 1 676 Parliament, throwing off the shackles of precedent and custom, successfully demanded and asserted an ever­ growing role in the shaping of foriegn policy. There was a basic change of attitudes and policies in these five years in relation to the monarch's control of foreign affairs and the claims of Parliament for a share of that control. It is the purpose of this dissertation to ascertain the extent to which Parliament's role in the making of foreign policy changed between 1673 and 1678 and to examine the reasons why such a change occurred. 3 The basic questions to be answered are: How did Parliament assert a greater role in the conduct of foreign policy after l673» and why did it seek such a role in defiance of precedent and the supposedly sanc­ tified royal prerogative? INTRODUCTION When Parliament hegan its attacks on Charles II's foreign policy in October of 1673, few Englishmen would have questioned the fact that the conduct of foreign relations was a part of the royal pre­ rogative. For over four hundred years the primary functions of Parliament had been to appropriate money and make laws for the kingdom. Foreign policy was made by the monarchs.
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