.. ts"'~lh[. " ES!""CH 1I0.lItO or c..r..M4OA .IOL.OGI::AL. "T""t.;; ... • T. JOH""· •. "'i. WFOUNOL.ANO

FISHERIES RESEAR£:H BOARD OF £:ANADA

MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES -l

(BIO LOGICAL)

No . 755

TiTlE

Review of Literature on Herring in the Canadian Atlantic

AUTHORSHIP S. N. Tibbo and R. A. McKenzie

Establishment Biological Station , St. Andrews , N. B.

Doted September 1963

FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA

MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES (BIOLOGICAL)

No . 755

TITLE Re view of Literature on Herring in t he Canadian At lant i c

AUTHORSHIP S . N. Tibbo and R. A. HcKen z ie

Establishme nt

Biologic a l Stat ion , St . Andrew s , U. B.

Dote d September 196) REVIni OF LI TERATURE ON HE;!!1ING I N . THE CANADIAN ATLANT IC I by S. N. Tibbo and R. A. McKenzie

In planning f or future i nvesti ga t i ons of he r r i ng and he r r i ng fisheries in the Northwe st Atlan t i c it seem s desirabl e to t a ke s tock of exis t i ng knowledge. The f ollowin g r eview ha s been pr epared with this in mind and 1s believed t o con t ain r eference s t o all of the research work on herr ing that has been done either by Cana dian Nat lonal s or unde r t he auspices of Canadi an res earch organiza t i ons . All of t he r eport s listed i n the bi blio­ graph y have been reviewed and the r esults summa rized. Some of them, however , are not avai l abl e for dist ri but i on and can be r eferred to only in t he libraries of the Fisheries Res ea r ch Board of Cana da. Leim (1 956b) prepared a r evi ew of liter ature on Bay of Fun dy he r r i ng whi ch we used exten sively in t he preparat i on of th e pre s ent review. Wherever it seeme d . ap pr opr iate we hav e quoted directly f rom Lei m' s (op, cit.) manusc ript but to avo i d excessive repetltion have not so indicated in the t ext. The use of this manusc r i pt ha s, however , made th e pre s ent tas k fa r l es s arduous th an I t would otherwi s e have been. This revi ew has been organized under appropriat e hea di ng s as f ar a s possible although we have t ried to kee p i ndividual au thor 's cont ributions i n t a c t . This ha s r e­ sulted in some repetition and some mi splacement of subjec t ma t t er . For th e mos t par t contribu tions t o the various aspec t s of her ring res earch have been ar ran ged i n chr onologi cal orde r rat her t han on a geo graphic basis.

Hi stor y of t he fi shery

Fishi ng for he r r ing i n t he Bay of Fundy goes back to the ea r lies t se t tlement by I ndi ans who caught herring by "t orching". Wei rs app ear t o have been i ntro­ duced on t he New Brunswick s ide of t he Bay abo u t 1820. Fish were taken by gi l l -ne ts and by "t orchi nglt as wel l . The fish ery was for l ar ger herri ng tha n are common now. Spawning gro unds at t he southern end of Gran d ~la na n wer e well known and wer e fished heavily. Perley (1852) r efers t o 120 vessel s be i ng cong r ega t ed a t Southern Head , Grand Manan , and e ngag ed in gi ll- net t ing of spawning he rring. The s e he r ri ng were e1ther sa l ted or smoked.

:!:/ Ori ginally submitted to the I nter na t i ona l Commis s1 0n for t he Nor t hwes t Atlantic Fis herie s and a ppea r s a s Document No. 45 i n t he 19 63 Proceeding s . - 2- After thei r introduc t i on about 1820, the number of herr ing wei rs Lncr ea sed steadily. I n 181+9 there were 55 weirs at Grand Manan , Campobello and Deer I sland. By 1880 t here wer e 142 Can adia n weirs i n t he Bay of Fundy and t he increa se continued until i n 1933 there were 293 wei rs.I n recent yea rs (1 947-58) from 300 to 400 wei rs (o ccas i onally more) have bee n licensed annual ly. Recor ds of wei r s built and operated a re incomplet e but show an av erage number of abo u t 350 eac h year. The ea r l y history of herring fisheries i n other pa r ts of t he Cana di an a r ea is not well documented but some of it ca n be i nferred froC! the history of other fisheries t hat used her r ing f or bait. The ear ly col onis t s undoubtedl y us ed some her r ing fo r food but pr obab l y used far greater quant ities in the ca t ching of cod fo r the salt cod exp or t trade. Unit ed States ves sel s fished for he rring in Canad i an water s t owards t he end of t he eighteenth ce ntur y , using t hem as bait f or cod , on t he Grand Banksl in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and along t he Labrador coa st. During t he ea r ly par t of the nineteenth ce ntu ry. United States vessels bega n buying herring in t he Gul f of St . Lawrenc e, transporting them to Maine and Mas sachus etts f or bait and food. Late i n t he century, however , bot h the f ood and bait markets in the United States declined dras t i ca lly. By t he beg inning of the t wentiet h century, few Uni t ed States vessels were engaged i n the salted, pi ckled, or f rozen herring t rade with Canada. Canadians , howeve r , still c au ght, preser ved and exported these fish but to a declining market. Two important de ve lopments i n fisher i es t hat l ed to an i nc r eased use of he r r ing were t he canning of young herring a s sardines s tarting about 1870 and t he expansion of lobster fishery beg i nning about 1860 which used gr ea t quantities of he r r ing as bait. Variou s au thors LncLudl.ng Perl ey (1 852 ) , Bensl ey (1901) I Leim (1 919 ) , Bat tle (1 931 ), McKenzie (1 932 ») Ti bbo l195l b ) , Hun tsman (1 953) Leim and Tibbo (1 95,» Lei m (1 956c )1 Scattergood and ttbbo (1 959) and McKenz Ie and Tibbo (1 ~ 60), have given histor ical accounts of herring fisheries in Canada . Perl ey (1 852 ) in a r e por t on the sea and r i ver f i she r ies of New Brunswick gave an historical account of herring fisheries i n the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the Bay of Fundy. He de scr i bed t he charac t er i s tics of t he Bay of Fundy and its tides, the wei rs and his opi nions r esp ecting t hem making spe cial r eferenc e to the Deer Island and Campobello herring fis heries , methods of fishing , ves s els , va l ue of catch, etc. He discussed t he spawning groun ds a t Grand Manan an d the de s t ruct ion of herring on spa wning be ds . -3- For t he Gulf of St . Lawrence his concern was chiefly wi th methods of fishing , curi ng and exp ort statistics. Bens ley (1901 ) i nves t i ga t ed the sardine i ndu stry in the Bay of Fundy in r elati on t o Canadian herring fisher i e s. The investigation was undertaken t o determine whether t he decline of the f i s her y f or l a r ge herring i n t he Bay of Fundy whi ch had been noted wi th alarm wa s due to wei rs. Pro- fes s or Prince , in 1895 , ha s written "It is doubt ful whether any fi shery can Wit hs ta nd fo r l ong s o se r i ous a drai n on i mma ture individual s. " He questioned whether other cl upeolds beside s herri ng were included in "sardines". While t he pr obl em s eems to have been appreciated , not much was added by t his investi gation, which records the examina t i on of f ive or s ix. ve ry small samples from we ir ca t ches i n August (1900 ?) . Quin 's weir (back of Navy I s l and and s till so na med) caught a f ew l a r ge herr ing (11 to l it l nches ) . Ova in t he f emal es were almos t mature. Other f i sh caugh t wer e from 4i i nches up . An occasional alewife was caught as well a s macke rel of lit inches. Undou btedly t he bul k of t he catch was ~~ . Lei m (1 919) r e ported t he ea r ly attempts to int r o­ duce dr i f t - net t i ng f or her r i ng on the ea st coast of Cana da . He descr i bed t he methods of fishing these nets and gave the quan t iti es of her r i ng caught f or t he years 1904-1908 , 1916 , 1918 and 1919. Es sen tially the same i nf or mation is f ound in the r epor t s of Cowi e (1 917 , 1920 ) and Desba rats (1 920 ). Bat tle (1 931 ) conducted a survey of wei r s and trap-nets in t he Bay of Fundy. She descr ibed the si ze and how and where th e se gears were bul l t and compar ed the numbers built i n 1890 and in 1930. She a lso su mmarized the f i sh r egulations r egardi ng weirs and traps . McKenzi e (1 932 ) r ecor ded informstion on her-r Lng colle cted i n t he Hal ifax a r ea during t he summer of 1932. The he r r i ng fish ery was then 6t h in importance both in qua nt ity l anded and ma r keted value in that a rea . The gea r used was chiefly gi ll- ne ts ,- s et a t t he sur f ace except i n th e fall when some wer e sun k to bot tom, A f ew trap nets were used (wes t of Halifax and i n St. Margaret s Bay ) an d made t heir best catches at night when the sea su r f a ce was rough. McKenzie (op, cit. ) not ed that a ru n of spawni ng herring a rrived f r om Halif ax ea s tward in May. Spawning runs also oc curred i n May and June around Sambr o , St . Margarets Bay and f r om Halifax westwar d. Ther e was al s o a run of au tumn- s pawning herring in the l atter par t of Se ptember. Unlike t he spr i ng s pawners t he autumn spa wner s spawne d off shore in wat e r of 6 to 15 f athoms deep and on hard bott om. The movement of autumn s pawners seemed t o be wes tward whe re a s s pring spawners seemed to move ea s t ward. -4- Tibbo (1 95lb) wrote " The herring fishery in Newfoundland ha s never a t tained a stable pos ition. Many a ttempts have been made t o es t ab lish the indust ry on a f i rmer foundation bu t with little succes s. The chief difficulti es appear t o be t he inability to pe ne t rate existing markets an d the lack of success in devel opi ng new one s. This may be due to t he fact t ha t exist i ng markets demand (a) " mat j e" herr i ng fo r scotch cu re ( b ) i mmature fat herr ing fo r t he f resh and frozen trade and for canned pr odu cts and (c) large fat herring fo r kippering. Only small qua ntiti es of herring suita ble for these demands are now cau ght in Newfoundland and t he future of the fishery would be considerably br ighter if t he se ki nds of he r r ing could be captUred in quantity. The mar ket for meal and oil is strong and furt her deve lopmen t in the sp r ing fishery for poo r qua lit y he r r ing t o su ppl y this demand is qUi te f ea sible . It is possible that t he qua lity of herring would be improved by increasing the catch and thereby removing a large pr oportion of very ol d , s l ow­ growing fish, t he flesh of whi ch is ve ry coa rse and tasteless even during t he summer month s . The removal or revision of restrictions on fishing da tes and methods migh t be beneficial to the s tock as a whole ." Huntsman (1953 ) des cr i be d the movement s and de cline of larg e Quoddy herring. He noted t hat (begi nni ng in 1876) the development of he avy fishing for "sa r di nes", the yearling herring ava ila ble i n and near Pa s samaquoddy Bay between New Bruns wick and Maine, was fo llowed by a decrease in number s of older fish. The ve ry local and ve r y f at " Quoddy River" herri ng di sa ppeared promptly.The i mmense accumulated s tock of l arge spawning he r ring l a sted ten ye ars or more after recrui t ment was thus grea t ly reduced. This s tock was being co incidently shi f ted from the Quoddy r egi on, apparently owi ng to r educed rainf all. The normal s easona l shifting of t hes e fish was betwe en th e ou ter side of Grand Manan I s l and In summe r and near the mainland (Charlotte and Saint John Countiea) in winter. I n mid-summer of 1877, thei r numbers a t Grand Manan began to diminish and f or f our years remained very l ow. They were as abundant as eve r I n winter nea r t he mai nland , but f arther from shore and more numerous eastward. They a ppeared inside the Reversing Falls of t he Saint John River, whose out f low go es to Grand Ma nan , In al l four yea rs of their scarcity a t Gr and Manan. Large he r r i ng ap pe ared i87~ni:~~~ida;:n~~~~ ~;c~~;~ : e~ s ~ o~;m: ~~n: c;~~' t~~O~ y to Nova Scotia became evident by a marked rise in Annapo lis County in 1881, and , f art her i n, i n Kings County in 1882 , In each case l a s ting f or f our yea rs and not going beyo nd t he mouth of Minas Chann el. Thes e fish seemed t o make the -5- circuit of the Bay , affecting ca t ches at its he ad an d on to the New Brunswick side, with r eturn t o the Saint J ohn outflow by 1884. Farther ou t , other lots r ea ched the Nova Scotian coast from Digby t o Ca pe Sable in 1881, r emained hi gh for four years and t hen declined . By 1891 , catches eve rywhe re were down to a ve ry low l evel, i ndicating ex­ haustion of the s t ock. Leim and Tibbo (1 95'+) r eport ed t he geographi c and mon t hly distr ibution of herring catches i n the Canadian Atlantic f rom 1933 to 1945. They descr i bed the seasona l nature of the fishery i n six a reas a nd gave cha r ts of av erage landings by months. The t otal Cana dian landings f rom 1914 to 1950 are sh own including t he breakdown by sardines and l arge herr ing. I n 1943 -44, Leim (1956c ) conduc t ed a survey of herring fishing met hods i n the Maritime Provinces, Quebe c and Newfoun dl and. This was done mainly by interviewing i~:h~~:~~t ~~~~r~sO;f~~:~~ ~~~lo~~e~l~~:i~e~~~r~:~~~~S. ab ou t the herring fishery- -seasons,. gear , si ze and qua lit y of f i sh, et c . No a t temp t a t su mmari zing this information t o pr ovide a gener a l pi cture of t he he r r i ng fis heries was made. Scattergood and Tibbo (1959) gave a gener al ac coun t of t he history of the Nor t hwes t At lantic fi sh ery for herring (~~L.) from abor igi na l days to t he pres ent . They no ted t ha t the av er age catch du r i ng the last thr ee decades ha d been 142 ,000 met r i c tons annually. Abou t half of the ca t ch is made on the Maine coast and in t he Bay of Fundy. The Canadian Atlant i c and the Gul f of St. Lawr ence r egions yi el d almost all of the r emainder. They believe d t hat the size of the ca t ch seldom r eflect s the availability of t he s pe cies i n the fishing a r ea a , and that expans ion of the fish ery was possible but would depend on an i ncreased demand accompani ed by a price that woul d make t he f ishe ry prof itabl e. They also noted that offshor e he r ring stocks , un fished as ye t , could be harvest ed and t hat new and be tter t ype s of gea r s hou ld be dev eloped to yield grea ter catches. McKenzie and Tibbo (1959a , 1960) described t he herring f ishery i n southern New Brunswick waters. They not ed that mos t of t he herr ing t a ken in t he Pa s sa maquoddY area of sout he rn New Brunswick are caught In sta tionary weirs built close to shore . Analys e s of wei r ca t che s show no significant relat i onships be twe en average ca tches inside Pas samaquoddy Bay and ca t ches In ou tside areas f or the same ye ar . Wei r s i ns i de Pas samaquoddy Bay a re more ef ficient and catch about twi ce as many herring pe r weir as those outside t he Bay . - 6- Seasonal and annual variations both in individual weir catches and in total catches 1n the va ri ous statistical districts of Charlotte County are far greater now than any change s tha t can be f orecast as resulting from the i nstal ­ l ati on of the proposed Pa s samaquoddy tidal power dams.

Spawning and l arval distribu tion Prince (1907) described t he egg s and early life­ his t or y of t he he rring and other clupeoids. He noted t ha t in Canada the r e is a sp r ing and fall migration of the he r r i ng , the ea rliest f i sh coming inshore as early as the month of Ma rch, or as soon as the ice disappears. The spring spawners deposit their ova in shallow waters in May , while the fall spawners come 1n in the months of Sept ember and Octo be r , and be si de s co ntaining l ar ge roe s or milts are of much larger si ze than the earlier ru ns. Pr ince ( op, cit. ) first exami ne d he rring eggs i n 1885 and made drawings of the ova and of the young f ry when they hatched ou t . He described the de stru ct i on of he r ring spawn in Glouce s t er , Kent and Northumberland Counties ,New Bru nsvf ck, where , after se vere gales , herring spawn was hea ped u p knee-high for many miles and then ca r r i ed on to t he fields fo r manure. Pri nce (1907) described herring eggs as small translucent glossy spheres, possessing a s t rong hard shel l­ like thin transparent horn. They may cling together in s pongy masses as bunches , or f orm a film of transparent pe l l e t s on stones , algae, shells , etc. , and leave inter­ spaces through which the lola ter can flow f r ee l y , and thus ae rate t he eggs . Herring eggs are coa ted with a tenacious mucus and as they f all through the water they are f ertili zed by the milt of the male , which beclouds the wa t er , and on reaching the bottom, the ex ternal ce ment hardens so t hat they bunch t oget her, or cling firmly t o f orei gn ob j ects. Accordi ng to Pri nce (o p, c1 t.) he rri ng spawn in 10 to 20 fathoms of water on hard bot tom, usual ly of a r ough shingly or r ocky nature. The number of eggs r anges f rom 10,000 to 30,000 or 40,000 or even 60 000 an d a t 53·F. they ha t ch out in six to eight days, While at 33· or 3I+·F. they take thirty to forty day s. He noted that the most dis tinctive feature of the larvae was the position of the anal opening about four-fifths of the di s tance along the unde rside of the body and very near, th erefore , the basa l por tion of the tail. The length of newly-hatched he rring l arva e is 5 t o 7 mm. It almo st doubl es its l ength in 10 days and by the f ourt h month i s 29 mm l ong. He con­ cl uded that small he rring 62 mm (2 t inches ) long taken in Sep tember must have bee n hatched the pre vi ous au tumn. An investigation of herring spawning sou t h of Grand Manan by Huntsman in 1917 (Huntsman, undated c ) late in -7- Se ptember and early October showed Seal Cove to be the cent re of pr oduc t ion with only a f ew off Southern Head and none off Dark Harbour. Up t o 61 larvae per tow were taken, r ang i ng in length from 6 to 10 mm but some were u p t o 21+ Mm. Water temperatures wer e SoC to 9°C when spawni ng t ook pl ace. The larvae were repelled by light and did not school un t il about 50 mm, long. Howeve r, they appeared t o be contra­ natant by the time they were 18 mm l ong . In October (Huntsman, 1917) t he young herring extended 1n an unbroken sheet f rom the sout h end of Grand Manan f or at l east 26 miles , and pos si bl y farther , to t he southwest. Strong tides in this area produce almost compl et e mixing of t he water causing almo st uniform temperatures from ~ i t~~l ~o ~~~~i ir~~s i ~v;~n~ie~ ~: b ~:U::P~~ s b~~u~n~ r ~~~ ~~

Her r i ng spawn f ound in groundfish caught in deep water t ogether with small masses of herring eggs t aken in tows in deep water, indicated spawni ng i n deep water off sou t he r n Grand Manan. This s pawning in deep wat er in the summer and f all was in contrast t o th e shal low-water , spri ng s pawning in the Gulf of St. Lawren ce. Because of t he abundance of sardine s in Saint John and Charlotte Counties and because of the f act that t he herring number s at the Magdalen I slands had bee n maintained without protection, Huntsman rec ommended against any closed areas off southern Grand Manan. Huntsman (undated c ) wrote "The numbers of he r r i ng l arva e taken i n tows (in t he Bay of Fundy) which have been made a t various t imes since 1917 have always bee n small in comparison wi th th e quantities t hat are t aken in simi lar t ows 1n the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The number of larvae, 6 t o 10 mm long per tow i n t he Bay of Fundy has r arely exceeded 100 and i s usually much l es s than this. The s e l arvae f requently carried some yo lk. Water tempera tures a re 8 to 9° C when th e her ri ng spawn".

In t he summer of 1917, Huntsman ( op, cit.) found her r ing spa wning to occur in t he Gulf of St. Lawr ence f rom May 6th to 26 t h a t l east and in t emper a t u r es of 8. 9°C in Amher st Harbour. Wa t er t emperatur es were 8. 6° C in the sa me r egion on June 18th and ha t ching was finished. Tows on a l i ne t o Cheticamp, Cape Breton , showed the larvae t o i ncrea se in number and length ( 5- 9 mm) from Amherst Ha r bou r to a peak just outside Entrr I s land (8-10 mm) t hen decline in numbers t owar ds Che ticamp with large numbers s t i ll found up t o 17 miles f ro m Entry I sland. The extensive shoa l of l arvae in t he open area was 25 miles acros s . July col l ections with a met re net i n this reg ion t ook no l arvae bu t a young f ish trawl t ook specimens u p t o 21 mm l ong and chiefly a t dep ths of 2 t o 3 metres. - S- September collections a r oun d t he Magda l ens yielded but a few larvae and only outside of Entry I sl and. Temperatures r anged f rom l ) .SoC t o 14. Soc at t he su r face and 13 . 4°C (20 m) to 14 .2°C (10 m) at de pt hs. None were ta ken 1n Pleasant Bay and an increas e In size oc curred proceeding away from t he Magdalens. Spawni ng thus occur red ou t s i de Pl ea sant Bay in a ppr ec iable dep ths , perhaps 20 m, and abou t the middle of August. Autumn spawning was thus qu ite limited in thi s r egion compa r ed with sp ring spawni ng. Of f Cheticamp , Cape Breton , l arge number s of r ecently-ha t ched herr ing l arvae wer e f ound in t he vicinity of t he 30 m contour early in September. Spawning possi bl y occurr ed late in August. Graham (1 936) r ef erring t o his s tudi es of the di s­ t ribution and abundance of he r r ing f ry in the Bay of Fundy said: " a t no time did we f i nd any populat ion of fry commensura te wi t h the enormous numbers of sa rdi nes unless the body t aken bet ween Seal I s land an d Li verpool in Apr il i s considered t o be sUfficientl y ex tensive. The observa t i ons , in fact , sugges t that neither t he Gr and Manan spa wni ng gro und , nor all the spawning ground s i n the Bay of Fundy cons idered together provide sufficient f ry f or t he popul a tion of sa rdf.nesv, Graha m (o p, c1 t . ) refer s t o smal l herring , 5 cm in length a t Br ier I sl and, Nova Scotia, on July 10 (1 931 ?). Huntsman (unda t ed c) r eports t hat Fritz Johansen obtained he r r i ng of av erage length, 5. 5 cm, near St. Andr ews on June 11 , 1917 . Fish and Johnson (1937) mapped the distr ibution of he r r ing larvae in the Bay of Fundy i n Sep tembe r 1931, and in August 1932. The di s t r i bu t i on of l arva e i n t hese mont hs i ndi ca t ed t wo di s tinct groups of t he summer- autumn cr op, one central i n the Inner Bay , pr oba bl y in New Bru nswi ck wat ers and th e other on t he Nova Scotia coa s t near or out­ side the entrance . They cau ght large numbers of l arvae (1,651 and SlS) at stations off Di gby and Digby Neck in mid-September , 1932. They did not ge t the same distr ibut i on pi ct u re in 1931 bu t 361 l arvae were t aken nea r Cape Spencer in Se ptember. Fish and Johnson ' s ( op , cit. ) re sults were also r eferred t o by Graham (1 936) . Lei m (195Sa) described t he distribut ion of herr ing l a r vae in t he l ower Bay of Fundy and ad j acen t wat ers. The da t a incl uded plankton t ows ove r the years 1917-1955 and showed t he presence of recently-hatched he r ri ng l arvae In the mont hs of Se pt ember and October around southern Grand Manan an d to the sou thwe st of t hi s towards the Maine coa st and Y.a chias Seal I sland . - 9- Ti bbo , ll. ll.l. (1 958 , 1959) su rveyed a major por tion of t he Bay of Fundy and Gul f of Mai ne for occ u r rence and distribution of he r r ing larvae. Of f shor e c ru ises with pl ankt on nets and Ha rdy cont i nuou s plankton recorde rs were carried ou t from September t hrough Feb ruar y in 1956-57 and 19 57-58. During the t wo s easons 49 ,422 larva e wer e taken in pl ankt on net s (I- met r e ) and 212 in recorders. In a ddition , 30 l arva e from ~ station t ows and 353 l arvae from T. N. Gi ll cru i ses wer e available f or study . The l ar ges t numbers of l ar vae were ta ken 1n Sept ember and October of ea ch year . Ca t cb es de creas ed sha rply 1n November and were very smal l 1n January and Februar y. Larvae were abundant onl y in t he Bay of Fundy and on Georges Bank. Small numbe r s were t aken occasionall y th roughou t most of the surve y area . Newly- ha t che d l arva e (It t o 9 mm ) were f ound chiefly in September an d October. In some seasons hatch ing may have ex t ended well int o Nove mber and possibly int o December. Gro wth was s low and l arvae , pre sumably f rom Se ptember am Oct ober hatchi ng s , were f ound i n February. About 73% of al l lar vae i n plank t on ne t s were taken a t night . The difference be twee n day and night catches was more pronounced f or l ar ge (20 to 50 mm ) larvae. The larges t spawni ng a rea i n the Gulf of Maine i s on the northern edge of Georg es Bank .Lar ge spawnings occu r of f the !lova Sco t i a coast from Tr i nity Ledges to Digby . Small spawn ings occ u r in Penobs cot Bay , on Stellwage n Bank , !lant uc ket shoals and south of Grand Manan . Late summer and au t umn spawn i ngs a re und oubtedly t he maj or contr ibutors to the he r r i ng s tocks in t he Bay of Fundy an d Gulf of Maine . Spring spawnlngs are of only mi nor impor ta nce . Larvae are f ound 1n t he uppe r water l ay er s and are probab ly car ried f ro m t he spawni ng gr ounds by the non -tidal surf ace curr ents . Surface cu rr ent pa t terns suggest that some larvae f rom George s Bank spawni ngs are carried nor t hward t o Ifova Scot i a bu t the maj ority of t hem may be ca rried sou thwa r d. Nova Scot i a spawnings appear t o be t he majo r co nt ributors t o commercial s t ocks of herri ng i n t he i ns hor e a rea s of Mai ne and New Bru nswi ck. Ti bbo and Lega r e (1 960 ) r eported on a con tinuation of the 1956- 58 su rveys f or he r r i ng l a rva e i n the Bay of ~~~b: ~\~'Wa~~ ~~i ~:';~;~ ~~ i~~;e~~e~ 1 95~ ~ to ~~~ i t~~na l da ta were ava i lable f rom t he waters of sou thwes t Nova Sco t i a , t he Pa s samaquoddY area and St. Ha r y Bay. Hor i zontal and ve r t i ca l tows wer e made wi th l-m and l 2-i nch plankton ne ts. Hardy recor ders, high-speed plankton samplers and I sa acs - Kidd trawl s were al so us ed.I n 3 169 t ows , 1,651 herring l arvae were co llected . In addit Io n, 7 larvae were taken by Hardy r ecor der s t owed ove r a distance of 7 ,078 miles. Almos t 90% of the l arvae were taken in Oct ober and Novembe r . They were au tumn spa wned and were found chiefly on th e - 10- norther n edge of Georges Bank and in the Bay of Fundy. Les s t han 1$ of the l arvae wer e taken in May and June. I n June , 6 of the 7 l arva e t aken wer e almost certainly sp r i ng spawned . Larvae were more abundant on the Nova Scot i a si de than on the New Brunswick s ide of the Bay of Fundy. About 50% of t he l arva e collected were 6 to 10 mm in l ength.Les s t han 2$ were greater than 49 mm long. The mea n length of larvae increase d du r ing the pe r iod f rom Sept ember to February but showe d a sligh t de crease du r ing the spring mont hs with t he appea ran ce of a smal l number of sp ring-spawned l ar vae. The mean ca tch of he r r ing l arva e pe r tow was greater a t night t han dur ing the day . The night /day ratio was 4.95. Spawni ng sites wer e deduced from the loca t i on of newly-hatched l a r va e (6-10 mm in l ength) . Heavy autumn spawnLngs occurred on the nor thern edge of Georges Ban k an d on the Lur ch er Shoa ls. Tibbo and Graham (1963) stUdied the changes i n abundance of herring l arvae a t t he western ent rance t o Nor thumberland Strait in the Gulf of St. Lawr en ce .Data collections were made annually du r i ng t he pe r i od May t o November from 1951 t o 1961 inclusive. Almost all of the 157, 422 l a r va e found in 2 ,945 tows were Le s s than 20 mm in length and he nce f airly r ecently hatched. No larvae were taken before June 15 or after Se ptemb er 30 in any year and very f ew were taken in July . Froe the variations in size and numbers of l arv ae th roughout each ye ar It was evident that in general larvae caught before J uly 15 were the r esult of s pring spawnings whi le thos e caught after July 15 were the result of autumn spavntngs , The gr eates t number s of larvae were t aken before Jul y 15 in the ye ars 1952, 1953 and 1955 in that order. After 1952 the numbers ca ugh t before July 15 declined irregularly t o 0.2 lar vae pe r t ow in 1961. After 1956 t her e was some tendency towa rds an i ncr ea s e in t he numbers of l arva e t a ken af ter Ju ly 15. Comparison of catches of l arva e fo r the years 1951- 53 and 1957- 61 sho wed that t he ave rage catch of sp r i ng- ha t ched lar vae decreased f rom 589. 1 to 8. 4 pe r tow whereas t he average catch of au tumn-hatched l arvae i ncrea sed from 0.03 to 4. 6 pe r tow. While there a ppeared t o be very 11 ttle year­ to-year rela t i on ship between co mmercial c atches of spawning he r r ing (the only available measure of abunda nce) and catches of l arva e , it i s per ha ps significant that , over a f a i r l y l ong period, changes In abundance of both follow t he sa me trend. On September 5-6) 1961, McKe nzie (1963) l oca t ed a small s pawning gr ound 1. .. mil es WXS Black Point near Cape St. Mary , southwest !lova Scot ia, in 6-7 f athoms of wat er by dredging with Ekman, Petersen and Van Veen dredge s . Through sampling In va rious directions t he extent and out ­ lIne of the bed was determined and 1 t s t ot al ar ea of 725,000 square feet was calculated . These sampl es showed -11- t he eggs t o be in a sheet of maximum t hi ckness l t inches on a flat sa nd bottom. A f ew t i ny fla t, bl a ck s t one s occurred on t his sandy bot t om but no vegeta tion. Calcul­ at i ons ba sed on counts of eggs in su bsampl es i ndi ca t ed t hat t he r e were bet ween 206 and 215 billi on eggs on t his gro un d. The average l ength of t he spawn ers was f ound t o be 30. 7 em, Using t he f ormulae f or t he fecund ity of nort h Eu r opean herring ( si nce no Canadian Atlan t i c data was ava ilabl e ) McKenzie (op, cit. ) ca lculated that the f emal e spawners in t his a r ea in August and September 1961 , should have ha d f rom lK> t o 104 t housand eggs each. I n t he f irst ca se the spawning school s hou ld ha ve consis t ed of ab ou t 10. 5 mi llion fi sh or 3 ,075 tons and in t he second case abou t 4. 0 million fish or 1 ,175 tons . Anot her spawning gro un d was loca t ed , bu t not sur veyed , abo u t t mil e nor t h of t he Bl a ck Point gr ound. This ground was appar en t l y cover ed wi th DeSM3r e s t l a , f or l ar ge mas s e s of thi s s eaweed compl etely permeated wi t h herring egg s vere br ought up in commerci al t r av ls. Tibbo, n . ill. (1 9631, us ing free- divi ng (Scu ba) t ec hnique S su rveyed a he r ring spawning ground off Bl ancha rd Point , Chai eur Bay , N. B., i n May 1962. Thi s was a long , narr ov bed running pa r allel with t he sho re i n 1 .3 t o 6. 0 m of water and occupying an area of a bou t 375 ,200 s q a , The se a bed was compos ed of smal l s to nes and gravel wi th l ar ge masses of r ed sandst one . I n t he deeper pa r t s, the mai n ve getation was Phyllophora and Lam l narla whi le 1n t he sha llove r pa r t s t he ve getation was chiefly ~, ~ and As cophvllum. The eg gs vere found only on t hi s ~~g~ ~ ~ t ~ ~n~g~~ n;,. ~ n 3 ;~~6b~ r ioUO~ ~~ · fr ~~e t ~i~i~~t~s t~~ : cu lated that t he sp awni ng s chool involved consisted of 185 million f ish or 24 , 812 metric tons . Abou t one thou sand met r i c t ons of he rring were ca ugh t in t he vici nity of the su rvey a rea , r epres enting a f i s hi ng mor talit y r ate of 4. 0% Hat ching beg an abou t May 24 vhen l arge numbers of herri ng l a rvae 5-7 mm l ong were t aken i n plankt on nets.

PopUl at i on S tu dies The ea r liest natural his t ory study of her r i ng in t he Canadian Atlantic a ppears t o have been car ried ou t by J oha n Hjort in 1914 (Hj or t, 1915). Hjo r t ( o p, cit.) be ­ liev ed th at t he mos t i mpor tant probl ems wer e as f ol l ows: (1 ) do t he her r ing tha t vi sit t he Atlanti c coas t of Canada all be l ong to a s ingle race or t ype or i s it possi ble t o di s t i ngui sh several rac es in th es e waters , (2 ) does th e rate of growt h vary according t o t he co ndf tlons of th e - 12- wa ter a long the coa s t and can types of diff erent grow ths be di s t inguished and defined , (3 ) i s the r enewa l of the s tock of he rring of a constant cha racter or are there the same fluctuations 1n the stock a s in European wate rs . Hj or t 's mat erial di d not gi ve any conc lusive and fina l determinations of the r acial charac t er s of t he her r i ng t ypes of the Atlant i c coa s t of North Am eri ca. Howeve r , it did indica te both a mar ked r ac i al di fference between nor t he rn and sou t her n types and a difference between t he rac i al characters of Ame ri can and European herr i ng . Hjor t ' 5 s t udy of age and growth r esulted in distinguishing three groups or t ypes of he rring in North America wa t er s (a) f ro m the Atlan tic coast of Nova Scotia containing oceanic herring spawning in t he f all and charac t eri zed by t hei r large size , ( b ) f rom t he wes t coas t of Newfoundland con t aining sp r ing spawners and (c ) f r om the Magdalen I sl ands in the Gulf of St . Lawrence also ,sp r ing spawners . Hjor t 's mater ial r egarding fluct uations in t he abundanc e of year- cl as s es of herring was inadequa te fo r any de f lo!t e conclusions although there were wi de varia t Lons i n th e numbers of di f fere nt age groups in th e sampl es . Lea (1919) examined mat er i al collected during the Canadi an Fisheries Exped i t i on in 1914-15 and prepared a repor t on the age and growt h of he rring in Canadian waters . He made extensive comparisons with mat erial co llected i n European waters with special r ef erence to t he famous 1904 year -class whi ch was abundant i n some par ts of t he wes tern Atlant i c . He not ed t ha t s ca les offered the best mean s of age de termi na tion but that t hey should be taken f r om the middle pa r t of the body. Newfoundland sc ale material f r om t he Gulf of St . Lawr ence pr es ent ed no great di ffi cu lty i n de termi na t i on of ages but s cales from other areas were diffi oult and e r rors i n age de termi na t ion occur red . A prelimi na r y su rvey of the Canadian At l an tic showed di s t i nc t marks on the s cales from diff er en t l ocalit i es as wel l as di fferent dominant ages and hence a dl vision of t he mater i al into f our groups of samples was i ndica t ed. (a ) Sou t hwest Gulf of St. Lawrenc e exc luding Magdalens , ( b) Magdalens , (c ) Wes t coast of Newfoundland and (d ) .\tlantic coasts of Cape Breton , Nova Sc otia , Bay of Fundy and Massac hus e t t s .

Regarding age Lea ( op , cit . ) r eported that i n t he southwes t Gulf of St. Lawren ce , the 1903 and 1907 yea r ­ clas s es were most numerous J the 1911 and 1913 were qui t e well r epresented the 1908 , 1909 an d 1910 were i nter ­ medi a t e and the r912 was s ca r ce . At Magdalens t he 1903, 1910 and 1911 year-classes were r el a t i vel y numerous but -13- the 1907 one was scarcer than in the southwest Gulf. In the sampl es f rom Newfoundland there were many age groups f rom 4 t o 20 but only the 1904 year -class was dominant and i n thi s respec t wa s totally different f rom the other three a reas. Scale samples from t he Atlant i c coast were much more difficult t o re ad t han 1n th e ot her three areas. The southern sampl es (Bay of Fundy and Massachusetts) were 2 and 3 summer zone fi sh. Sampl es from the ea s t coa st of Cape Bre ton were some­ wha t simila r to those from Newfoundland. The 1903, 1904, 1908 and 1910 were f airly numerous in tne Cape Breton sampl es whereas only t he 1911 and t o a l e s s er extent the 1910 and 1908 year -clas ses were frequen t in the southwest part of Nova Scotia. The r esults of studies of age- and year-class compos1t ion provided information for re- a rrangement of populat ion a reas. (a ) Newfoundland with one exception, ( b ) the Newf ound land exception plu s St. George Bay an d no rtheast Cape Breton , (c) Magdalens, Northumberland St rait and Gaspe, and (d) southwes t Nova Scotia. Lea' s (1 919) s t udies of grow t h showed on the whol e that the sampl es were uniform and gro wth of the 1904 year­ class was equa l in s ampl es f rom al l area s . The growt h of t his year - cl a ss di d not differ essentially from ol der or younger year - cl a s se s . The 9 samples from Newfoundland differed f rom t hos e from t he Magdalens, Northumberland Strait and the St . George Bay samples as well as the Nor t h Sydney sampl e which was similar to one f rom St. George Bay . The Newfound l and samples also differed from those of sou t hwes t Cape Breton and th e outer coast of Nova Scotia , even when similar s ize and ages f rom the 18 tter a rea are considered. .The Newfoundland fish grow slower than the others at first but ca t ch up i n later years. In comparing Magdalen s wi th Nor t humber l and St rait there was consider ab l e r es emblance in gr owt h but with Atl antic coast fish there was cons ider ab le differen ce. Lea Cop. cit.) fu rther no ted that summer growt h in Cana dian herring begins in ve ry l a t e Mayor ea rly June. Mat erial u sed fo r r ac i al studies included abdomina l ve rtebrae , number of kee led scales and number of rays on the dorsal and anal fins. These cha racters were s ignificantly differ ent for material f rom (a ) Newfoundland, (b ) Magdalens and Nor thumbe rland Strait, and (c) Atlan tic coa s t. Lea' s (1 919 ) fina l conclusion based on studies of age, growth and mer i s t i c counts was t hat four distinct groups of he r r ing coul d be identified and were l ocated in (a) Newfoundland ex cept St . George Bay, (b ) the sou t he r n Gulf of St. Lawrence including Magdalens 1 (c ) Nor th Sydney, St. George Bay and Mai n-a-di eu, and (d ) L'A r doi s e, Por t Hood and Lockep ort. -14- The only published information on t he rate of gr owth of Bay of Fundy herring in nature is that of Huntsman (1919 ) . IlII reached tentative con clusions that sp r ing-spawned fish r eac h a length of about 9 em by the first winter and about I, em by the second winter. Fall-spawned sch ools reach a l ength of about l2t em by t he second winter . Growth of about, em occurs in the third season and ano ther '+ em is added in the fourth seaso n. The growing pe r iod is f rom May to September. Huntsman ' s ( op, cit.) con cl u sions were based on length-frequency observations as scales were found to be difficult to read. MacFarland (1 93la , b) in a study of Bay of Fundy herri ng cou nted verteb rae of he rring from Whale Cove 1 Seal Cove and Navy I slan d. He found that t he average ve r t eb r al count was l ower in Navy I sl and herring but had only ItO specimenQ. Studies of fin-rays showed no evidence for racial divisions. He recognized 12 species of marine an imals in the stomachs of '+60 specimens. Length measu r e­ ments on 6 ,000 fish indicated two distinct gr oups in June-­ 16 em fish at Grand Manan and 1'+ em fish in Passama'f0ddY Bay and he suggested that dHferences in the time 0 spawning might account for this difference i n size. He a l s o suggested (withou t much evidence) that there were separate and distinct groups of her r i ng in Passamaquoddy Bay. Ma cFarland (op, cit.) also carr i ed on se tae experimental studies. He attempted to hatch herring eg gs at tempEratur es from a~c t o 30·C in multiples of 5· C. Development was norma l when eggs wer e incubated for 7'+ hours at 10·C and l '·C. There was no de velopment at O·C ~ nd ' ·C. At 20·C , 25·C and 30·C development be gan rapidly but the mortality was 10<>:' . MacFar land (193la, b ) i ndicated that the Season of growth extended i nto the winter and t hat herring reach a l en gth of 19 em i n two years. He noted, howeve r, t ha t t he s cales of Bay of Fundy he r ring lack well defined wi nt er rings and are useless for age calculations . He suggested t hat" t his conditiolT is probably closely correlated with the abundant food supply" . Hunt sman (1917a) gave some figures for the growt h of her ring larvae (6-8 mm .long on September 19; 11- 13 mm l ong on October 2; 17t mm long on November 2) . McNairn (1932, 1933a, b) studi ed races of herring in the Bay of Fundy in 1932. He showed slight differences in the number of do rsal fin rays and keeled scales for spr ing he rring in Kings County and in St. Mar y Bay. He f oun d fall herring in large numbers abou t the mouth of t he Bay of Fundy or along the Nova Scotia side , while s pr i ng spawners were found in smaller qua nt ity a t the head of the Bay and at the head of St. Mary Bay. Various sampl es -

of both races (groups ) were obtained and their scales com­ pared with the object of di s coveri ng any distinguishing ra ci al cha racteristics. The resul t was negative" Graham (1 936 ) ca r ried out an investigation of t he natural hist ory of he r r ing i n t he Pa s samaquoddy and adjacent r egions of t he Bay of Fundy. This investigation was part of a larger s t udy of t he effects that a proposed tidal power development might have on the fisheries of the Pa s samaquoddy r egion. Graham (op, cit.) not ed t hat the young herring "sa r dine" fis her y is pa rtly dependent on ex t remely local con ditions . The fish first appear in the ca tche s when abo u t 12 mon ths ol d in Augu st. They are gene rally segregated into sho al s of s imilar l ength (within an age- gro up). Cer tai n area s t end t o have he r ring of parti cul ar si zes. The"sardine" region 1s poor ly suppl i ed with herring fry rat her t han well "SUIfplied. Tur bi d! t y of the water i s the only physi cal factor f ound possi bly r end ering the regi on spe cially attracti ve to herring . Euphausl1ds at the su r face are one of the striking features of the heart of the TI sardine" region. The pri nc i pal species of pl ankt on anima ls (Thy sanoe s sa , Calanus, Sagitta ) behav e in a manner be st explai ned by diurnal quiescen ce an d nocturnal activity. Lar ge l andings of II sardines" in t he II sa rdtne'' region as compar ed with other place s is pa r t ly to be exp lained as due t o especi a l ease of capture in that region , but it is un­ cer tai n whether t here i s a l arger population of fish. It 1s clear that t he prop os ed dams ac ross t he mouths of Pas samaquoddy and Cobs cook Bays wou l d make cons iderab l e havoc of t he except iona lly r i ch fishe ry in t heir neighbour­ hood. The fishery inside the dams would almost ce r tai nl y be reduced t o negligible pr opo r tions , si nce it s eems de­ pendent on i mmigration . It ca nnot be f oretold whet he r the total effect on cap t u re i mmediately ou tside the dams would be de l eter ious or not. There appea rs little possi bility of a wide-spread ef fect along t he coast of Ma i ne, or eve n serious ly at Grand Manan. Hunt sman (1 953 ) suggests t ha t herring in the Pa s samaquoddy region probably live for 10 to 12 ye ars. What was perhaps th e most ex tensive s tudy of the na t u ral hist or y of herring i n the Canadian Atlantic was ca r ried out und er the au spices of the Atlantic Herring Inve stigation Committee from 1944 to 19'+9. Preliminary reports on t he re sults of thes e investigati ons are con­ tained i n t he following manuscripts: Day and Ti bbo (1 9'+7), Ti bbo and Day (1 9,+8)1 Tibbo (1 9'+9a ) , Day (1 95'+8 b ), Day and Tibbo (1 95'+8) , T bbo (1 95'+e r , g , h) and T1bbo and Day (195 '+). The published r esults are cont ained in the f ollowing papers: TUbo (1 9'+9b) .! Tibbo (1950c), Day (1 95'7a , b , c) , Lei m (1 957a ) and 1:1bbo (1957b, c , d ). -

Tibbo (1949b) obtained s ome 149 sa mpl es of herring f rom 16 localities in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and contiguous area s. These samples included 28 ,218 length mea su r ement s , 7 ,769 scales for age determination and 7 , '+67 ver t ebr al coun t s . He concluded that there were 6 mor e or les s distinct groups of he r ring which could be identified on the basi s of size , age, growth , year-class compos1 t i OD and mean ve r t e bral counts. They were l ocated in (a) t he es tuary of the St. Lawrence , (b) the Gasp e s hore an d Chaleur BaYia(c) the southern GUlf , (d) t he wes t coast of Newfoun d nd , (e) t he south coast of Newfoundland and ( f ) t he southwest coast of Nova Scotia. Additional samples obtained in 1949 (Tibbo, 1950c) confirmed the results of earlier work. Day (1 957a) described the populations of he rring in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. He compa r ed growth and vertebral counts and concluded that t wo or mor e sp ring­ spawning populations contributed t o the commercial he r ring fisheries in the estuary and the northern pa r t of the Gul f ~~o;tse~~ri~i:n~~ ;~6h;9;~r~~dc~~~ · ha~~ r~; ~ ~~~~e~ rom one homogeneous population, whil e those from Matane , Fox River an d Havre St. Pi er r e differed from thes e and "ere indistinguishable among themselves. Mean ver t ebr a l cou n t s varied inversely while rates of gr owt h varied di r ec tly as the typical summer surface water temper atur e . Accumulat i ons of large , old spawning fish in the spring fisheries particularly, and lack of a fishe ry for fat recovered, spent he r ring in the summer and f all mont hs i ndl ca ted that the herring fisheries ha ve a potential for further deve l opment . Tibbo (1957b) de scribed the he r r i ng of the Chaleur Bay a rea. He stated that although catches of he r r ing in Chaleu r Bay app roximate 20 million l b annually t he re is evidence that landings could be increased. The present fishery is chiefly for large and old fis h. In Gloucest er and Bonaventure Counties, where 74% of l andings are made the average l engths are from 28.2 t o 34.7 cm and average ages f rom 5.0 t o 8. 8 year s. Growth i s r a pi d and practically all herring i n commercia l catches ar e mature a t the end of their f ourth yea r when they are from 23 to 27 cm in length. The herring ta ken in Bonaventure County have l ower mean ver tebral counts than herring in Gloucester and GaspE! Coun t i es indicating t hat there are two populations of he rring wi thin the area. I n descr i bi ng popUlations of herring in the southern Gulf of St. Lawr en ce , Day (195 7b) wrote ' comparisons of size, age , mat urity an d ve r t eb ral data co llect ed in -17- 1946 1947 and 1948 sug gest that two or more sp ring-spawning populat ions con t r ibu te to the commercial herring fish eries in the sou t he r n Gul f of St . Lawr en ce . Herring f rom Shediac and North Rus tico and t ho se f rom t he Magdalen Islands and Chet i camp were dr awn from different popu lations. Fall­ spawning herring in the area differed f rom sp ring-spawni ng herr ing in a ll characteristics ex cept ve rtebral number s. Lack of any app recia ble change in the size and age com­ position of the stocks of he r ring in the area since 1914 i nd i cates that the commercial fishery had not reduced the level of abu nda nce. Accumulat i ons of large, old fish in the spring and fall suggest t ha t t he populations were being unde r ­ fis hed. The gr ea test pot en t ial fo r development lay in the establishment of a summer fishery f or the fa t her r i ng" . I n a con tribution t o the biology of he r r i ng on t he Atlantic coas t of Nova Sco t ia , Tibbo (1957c) wrot e "A general study is made of t he length and age composition , rate of growth , sex, maturi ty and mean ve rtebral count s of he r ring on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Commerci al catches consist chiefly of large , old herring. Aver age l engt hs are f rom 31.0 t o 37. 3 em and average ages from 6.6 to 8.6 yea r s. The r e are dominant year-classes in this area but not to the sa me exten t as i n the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The accu mul ations of very large and old her ri ng i ndicate l ow mor talit ies. Spawni ng agg regations occur chiefly du ring the summer months and i n the a rea wes t of Halifax. Mean ver tebral count s are similar to those for summer spawning populat ions i n t he Gulf of St. Lawrence but the groups are distinct geographically. Vertebral count analysis suggests that there 1s a single, homogeneous population of he r r ing i n t he a rea" .

Day (1 957c ) showed that water tempe ratures a re i nver s ely related t o v er t ebra l number and directly r el at ed t o f i rs t - year growt h when compar ed f or differe nt areas , different year-classes and di f fere nt ages of the same ye ar­ classes. These differ enc es we re considered and re l ated to water temperature . Ti bbo (1 957d ) de sc r ibed herring populat ions on the south and wes t coasts of Newfoundland. He obtained sampl es of comme rcial cat ches of herring f rom Bay of Islands and Fortune Bay which showed that the fish in t hes e a rea s a r e l ar ger <34. 4 t o 36.1 em) and older (10.9 to 13. 0 yr ) t han herring f rom any ot he r ar ea on the east coast of Canada. The re i s little evi llenc e of wide variations i n yea r-cl ass abundance although f or Fortune Bay i n the samples taken in 1948 , the 1937 and 1944 yea r -classes were pa r ticu lar l y wel l rep resented. Rat es of growth are similar to the r a t es of gr owt h for he rring in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence . -18- The herring fi sh ery in Newfoundland is ba sed on aggregations of pr espavnfng fish that appear in inshore ar eas du ring the l ate fall and early dnter. Sexual development is r etarded during the "inter mon t hs and sp awing occurs i n May and June. The fish disappear f rom inshor e a reas after spavnfng; Herring t ak en in Bay of I slands have l o" er mean v er t ebral counts (av, 55.521 ) than herring taken in For tune Bay (av, 55. 772), indicating that the populations in the t"o area s are separat e and distinct. I n summarizing the results of the " or k of the Atlan t i c Her r ing Investigation Committee, Leim (1957a) no ted t hat nev information "as secured on the distribution of the fish during the summer and fall months. Var i ous met hods of capture were t ried and showed that successful purse se i ning was res t ri cted to a few areas. Other me thods offered wider promise. Notable progress "as made in the study of popu ­ lations and a good hydr og r a phi c backgroun d "'"Sestablished. A basis fo r fu t u r e " ork vas thus firmly es tablished and was built on by subsequent investigations by t he Fisheries Research Boa r d of Canada. Jean (191,.5) compared various f ea t ures of herring f rom the estuary and t he Gulf of St. Lawren ce. He shoved that spri ng spawners from the estuary of the St. Lawrence had smaller heads than spring spawner-s from Chaleur Bay. He related this difference to difference In water temper­ atures In the two areas. Tibbo (19 56b ) described popula t i ons of he r r i ng in Newfound l and waters from data obtained in 19lt2, 191>3 and 191f.lt. The abstrac t of this paper is as follo"s: "four separate and distinct populations of herri ng have been i den tifi ed i n Ne"foundland waters. They a re l oca t ed during spawning seasons in Bay of I sl ands , Fortune Bay, Placentia Bay and Not re Dame Bay . They a re distinguished by differences In growt h , "Di amet er" of the scal es at the end of the first year J and av erage vertebral count s, also by the l engt h , age~ and yea r -cl as s compositi on of the spawning aggregations. The her r ing t hat a r e caught off the Labrador coas t may be an older and more migra t ory par t of th e population that spawns in Notre Dame Bay. The number of ve rtebrae tends to decrease from s outh t o north in the Newfoundland area, which 1s the reverse of what i s found elsewhere, but temperature at spawning may increase f rom south to nor t h f or these popu lations . The pr es en t fishery is chiefly for large <32.1> to 36 .1,. em) and ol d (7.1,. to 11 . 9 yr ) herring and it i s evident that ca tches coul d be increased consi derably". -19- Jean (1956) made a study of sprlng and fall spawnlng herrlng a t Gr ande- RlvHre , Bay of Chaleur , Quebec. He noted that two sp awni ng s eas ons of the herring occur at Grande-RlvHre, one ln t he sprlng from May 1 to June 30 , the other in the fall f ro m Augu st 15 to September 30. The temperature of water du r l ng spawnlng ranges from 0.5°C t o l2.9°C (mean ca. 7.5°C ) ln t he sprlng and from is.e-c t o 10° C (mean ca. l 2. 5°C) ln t he fall. Hatchlng takes f rom 32 to 35 days ln ea r ly sp r lng and from 10 to 15 da ys ln early fa ll. It l s be l1eved tha t t he dlfferential rate of growth of larvae ha tched ln t he sprlng , on the one hand, and ln t he fall on the other , ls reflected on the scales. Sca les of herring hatched l n t he sp r lng have a narrow 1st-growth zone . Scales of herrlng ha tched ln the fall have a wide l s t- growth zone. From the scales the season of orlgln of 7,817 adult herring f r om bo t h sprlng-and fall-spawnlng popu lat l ons was determined and was co nfirmed by vertebral counts. Herring with a narrow zone on th ei r scales, believed t o have been ha tched l n the sprlng , have a hlgh mean vertebral count . Herrlng '0'1t h a -wl de zone on thelr scales be l1eved t o have been hatched lnthe fall, generally have low mean vert ebr a l counts. Both sprlng and fall spawning populations of herring from Gra nd e - R lvl ~ re are composed of approximat el y 5~ of herr lng ha t ched ln t he sp rlng and at least 8:' of herrlng ha tched ln t he f all. The remalning 1+0:' a re sa ld t o be of mixed or igi n, si nce no season of hatching cou ld be ascr l bed to them. The l d entl cal compos1tlon of the two spawning popu latlons l s further co nflrmed by - the f ac t that they have s lm1lar mean vertebral counts: 56.68 ln 683 s prlng spawners of the 19lj.6-lj.7 year- clas s and 56 .67 ln 353 f all spawners of t he same ye ar- class.I t 1s concluded t hat herrlng from Grande Rl v l ~ r e do no t necessar1ly spa wn at t he sa me season a s the one l n whl ch t hey have been hatched. Ol sen (1 959) studled mesh selectlon ln he r rlng g1l1- ne ts l n order to determlne the blas that must be con ­ sldered and adjusted for l n age and growth studles. He found that t he se lec t l on curve wa s fal rly sharply peake d and s l1ghtly skewed t o t he rlght. Simu ltaneous samples of catches taken by three dl ffe rent mesh slzes and ad just ed accor dlngly fo r the ef fect of mesh selectlon dld not, l n general , differ slgnif l cant ly ln length compos1tlon over t he maln range of l ength dlstrlbutlon. I n a s t udy of her rlng of the south and west coasts of Newfound land ln 19 57 a nd 1958, Olsen (1961) showed tha t there were no grea t f l uc tuat i ons 1n re lative year-class str eng th vh t.ch lndlca t ed a falrly high su rv l val ra te from the age of r ecrultmen t to the fishery. He f ound that the rate of growth was hlgher than that found by TUba (1956b) but that there was no s ignl fican t difference in growth rate be tween the sou th coast and the -20- r egion of Bay of I slands and Port au Port Bay. Olsen' s (op, cit.) s t udy indicated an unusual s pread i n spawning time with probable peaks in spring, autumn and winter as compared with the period prior to 1950 when Newfoundland herring were ap perently all spring spawner s . He su ggested that this had caused changes in the traditi onal pa t t er n of distribution, whi ch had been unfavourable for t he he r r i ng f ishery and may also have resulted in an ac tual decrease i n population size . Graham (1962) established a relationship bet ween growth, hatching and spawning s eason in Canadian Atlantic her r i ng. I n this investiga t ion otoliths were used to determine the hatching s ea s on of fish, an d t he amount of lst­ ye ar growt h. It was concluded confirming J ean (1956) that the s ea son in which t hese fish spawn was no t necessarily the same as the season 1n which they were hatche d , and tha t the spawning season was influenced or determined by t he rate of growth in t he firs t year. For the majority of herr ing , sp ring ha t ching leads t o spr ing s pawni ng and autumn hatching t o au tumn spe wning . The remaining proportions are presumably made up of fast-growing, spring-hatched fish whi ch become autumn s pawners and slow-growing , autumn-ha t ched fish whi ch become spring spawners. Oas and Tibbo (1 962) stUdied the growth of young herring in captivity. They noted that he rring preferred a diet of small pieces of herring and 5- 6 hundred fish were f ed 500 gm twice daily. Growth averaged 0. 1+ em in 1+2 days and 3.0 em in 89 days . This increase in the si ze of herr ing in captiVity was compared w1t h the increase 1n the average size of he r ring caught commercially t hr oughou t t he period of the laboratory exper i ment s . Results i ndicated that growt h in captivity was only slight l y less than gro wt h in nature.

Fo o d and feeding o f he rring J ohnson (1935) un dertook an inve stigation to determine what factors make food available to herring and for this s t udi ed the behavi our of t he f ood and the feeding hab i t s of he r r ing. He collected food a t the surface only under different conditions of light and a t f our di f ferent de pt hs simu ltaneously under different light conditi ons . J ohns on ( op, cit. ) fo und that copepods were mos t abundant at the surface during moonlight (moon t fu ll) an d least abundant in bright sunlight. The dept h dist r i bu t i on of copepods was r elated both to light and t o size--juveniles of a species being closer t o the su r f ace than adults at any particular time . Regarding the feeding of herring it s eemed t o Johnson that they undoubtedly us ed their eyesight and that the size of t he food was a determi ni ng f act or. -21- Battl e (1 935) specifi cally mentioned ~ an d Meganyctiphanes as food of herring and Battle, lli.. lll.. (19 3 6) lis t ed, 1n addit ion PsgudQcalanu s elopgatus, &:..a.r..t1a. ~J Euryt emora ~ , and ~ dlscaudatus as food org_nisms i ndicati ng that a ll of them were taken by definit e acts of captur e. Battle (1935) found the herring food scarcer i n Pa s samaquoddy Bay t han outside and this was associated with the poor er condition of the herring inside. Fis h and Johnson (1 937 ) studied the distribution of plank ton i n t he Bay of Fundy and Graham (1 936 ) commented on t he pr eva l en ce of euphausiids at the surfac e in t his Bay. The fact that dee p- wat er planktonic f orms were f ound at the su r f ace was mentioned by Hunt sman (1 93S ) a s be ing one of t he str iki ng things abou t the Quoddy r egi on and though some of the he r r ing obt ai n enough f ood to be come very fat i n this area neither t he food or the he r ring a re a ctually produced locally, both being ca r ried passively into the area by the vater currents. J ohnson ( l~ b) was the only investigator to compare the feeding of herring with water temperatures. He found that in tempe ratures of SoC t o 13°C they fed well but at 3. SoC and '+.5°C they ate little. In these tank experiments he found they t ook the feed from below, feeding where the light was best and ignoring the feed which settled to the bot t om. In outdoor tanks they ate throughout t he day whether clear or eLoudy and on moonl ight nights but no t ot herwise at night. StudYing the ver t i ca l migrations of marine co pepods un der na tural conditions of light i n the Pa s sama­ quoddy r egion and then the s t omach contents of wei r and gill-net ca ught herring, Johnson, W. H. (1 9'+2) conc luded that t he oc currence of diff er ent kinds and amounts of copepods in herring stomachs can be exp lained by (a ) time of capture of fish, (b) ligh t conditions preceding t hi s, (c) the ver t i ca l di stribu t ion of both herring and copepods un der different light conditions and the rate of digestion in the he r r ing. Huntsman (1952b ) showed that the turbulent waters of ;the Bay of Fundy, r ich in nutrients, flows out counter­ clo~ kwi se i nto t he Gul f of Maine where great plant and animal growth occurs. The re turn currents carry this food into the Bay of Fundy_ This supplies food for the herring which are t ransported to, and concentrated In this area . -22- Somerville (1 956) studying the f ood of sardines fou nd great fluctuat i ons in the plankton volume due mainly t o t he abundanc e of the copepod ~ which reache d a peak in June and decr eased i n late July and August. Plankt on abundance outside wa s abou t S times greater t han i ns i de Pa ssamaquoddy Bay. Small herring were found t o ea t small copepods , crab larvae and eggs while larger herring ate ~, Euphau slids and~. Feeding herring were most numerous at high tide and the first hour of eb b tide and cl ose t o the Passages in con t r ast wi th t he Bay pr oper. Further s tudi es by Legare and Maclellan (1 959, 1960 ) confirmed the r eduction i n plankton inside , compared t o outside, Pas samaquoddy Bay , and also demonstrated a slight de creas e in the amounts in the Pa s sa ges . There was ev i dence that the he r ring were f eedi ng in the upper water layers with l ow f eeding a ctivity from March to Augus t and act ive f eeding from Sep t ember to November . The fat content of the he r r i ng wa s f oun d to be di rectly related t o ac t t ve . feeding but there seemed t o be no relat i onshi p between degree of feeding ac t ivity and the amount of zoo­ plankton nor any r ela tionship between the zooplankton volumes and the herring catch during a 10-yea r period. A number of lnvestigato rs have reported on a t tempts to keep herring dive f or peri ods in ca pt i vi ty but Da s and Tibbo (1 962 ) in r eporti ng success in t his r es pect f ound t hat the he rring f ed successfully only in the largest ( 6 ft X '+ ft-- 650 gal) t an k of 3 sizes used. Main t aining a clean tank and artificially illuminating i t on cloudy days seem ed to encourage feeding and r educ e t he mortality r ate. Of i, diets used, (a) mussels and cat food , (b) poultry feed pellets , (c ) squid and (d ) he r r i ng , t i ny bi ts of herring were prefer red t o all others contrar y t o a pr ef erence found f or squi d by other investigators. Water t emperatures ran ged from 9.0oC to 1'+.3°C from June t o September. During this pe riod the fish were fed twice daily. From mid August to mid Se ptember a significant r ise in va ter temperature occurred and th e re was a decrease in the i ntake of feed.

Di ge s t i on and f atness Battle (193'+) established the relation between clearing t ime and temperature showing reedy fish become clear in S hou rs at 6s oF., while it r equi r ed 32 hours a t '+3° F. I n some weirs at Deer I sl and herring obtain enough f ood while in the wei r to remain feedy , but this si tuation 1s unusual. - 23- The d i~e s tive enzymes of herr ing were investi­ ga t ed by Battle (1 935) also an d she found that the crustacean food became completely br oken down by t he time it r eached the pyl or i c sa c. She also believed t he acidi c condition of the ga stric contents was pr oba bly instrumental in the reddening of the chitinous food i n the intes t inal tract. I n carr ying out investigati ons ra f atness, di gest i on and f ood of Passamaquoddy sardines, Bat t l ", n . ll. (193 6) found the fish to be f a t in every pa r t of this region. The fis h di d not ea t in da rkness bu t did so in light a s weak as moonlight.always moving t owards t he light in the a ct of ca pture. Gastric digest ion re'lu i red 25t hou rs a t 6·C and 6- 7 hours a t 20·C f or herring 14-16 cm long. The fat test her ring were found to contain the most food and this of t he larger kind s . Cor r el a t i on was imperfect be twee n f a tness and total quan t ity of food present locally as well a s the local deg ree of concentrat i on of the food. Her r ing were mai nly in t he up per wat er l ayers in summer and nea r t he su r f ac e when t he light intens ity was low and good co rre l at ion was f ound between f atnes s and the qua n t ity of f ood pr es ent near the su r f a ce in a pa r t i cu lar locality. Where he r r i ng con t ain much food af t er moon- ligh t nights, f ood or gani sms were fo und t o be mor e a bundant near t he surfac e a t night than in the sunlight . Greatest concent ra tion of food was found 1n the passages and near shoals where thorough water mixing occ urs. Dee p-water forms f r om the Gul f of Maine were found at the su r f a ce in the passag es at the mouth of Passamaqu oddy Bay at all times of day and this was correlated wi th t he pres ence of the f attest herring. Leim (19lj.3) conf i r med the f a t ness of Campobello herring by f at deter minations. Fat va l ues for "sardi nes" over t he a rea r an ged from 6. 1 to 20 .3% of t he wet wei ght. In general , large fish wer e f atter t han t he smal ler ones within the same sampl e . While there wa s gr ea t variation from year-to-year, fall and win t er f i s h were f atter t han s pring and ea r l y summer ones . Subs equent bu t unpublished determinations by Leim di d not su bs t antiate t he claim that Perry Shore f i sh were always ve ry poor . Johnson, W.W . (1 9lj.2) u sing a rapid met hod fo r f a t determination (modif i ed Gerber r eagent) fou nd a fat con tent of 10. 5% by ex t r ac tion and 10. 55% by t he digestion method . . - 2~

Investigating the f at con t ent of he r r i ng i n the Gulf of St• .Lawren ce, t he outer Nova Scotia coa s t and the south and west coa sts of Newfoundl and from 1944 t o 191+9 , L8i m (1951+b, 19 57b) f oun d it t o va ry from 1+. 1 to 17. 1+% of t he wet weight of t he f i sh. This con t en t wa s found t o be l owes t :ln April and May an d highest i n July and August. Spri ng-spawning fish r et ai ned their fat later int o t he fall than the au tumn-spawni ng f ish. No difference was found in the content of males and f emal e s. Determining t he f a t content ot Passamaquoddy r egi on sardines by ether ex t r a ction during 191+2 to 1952..1 Leim (1958b) found a va riation of between 1.2% and 27.5:­ of t he wet weight of t he f i sh, l owes t i n Apr il to June an d highest f ro m Augu s t to November as a rule. Signif i ca nt :~i;:~ ;~~ s f~ic~ ~r i ~e f~~~ t~ ~ a ~ f t ~9'~~'3- ; ~~ ~~ n;n~ o~ ~ i ~e following winter. Cer tai n r egions are not ed f or very high ratnes s va lues. Fa tnes s i nc reased with s i ze un t il the sa!'dines reach sexu al matu rity.

Behayiour includi ng migrat i ons (a) Temperature. The mixing in Pa s samaquoddy Bay produces qui t e uniform wat er condltions f rom surface to bottom and the f ish f ound i n t his area are those tha t in­ habit co ol wat er--cod and he rring (Hunt sman , 1931 ) . I n­ ve s tigat i ng wat er t emperatu re s i n t his area Hunt sman found t hat , coupled wi t h dry summers, th ere va s warmer watar "(one t o sever al degrees)" whi ch r ea ched a climax in 1930. At the same time t he r e was a scar city of ground f i sh , squ i d and sa rdi nes . Large s chool s of you ng pollock occurre d along sho re , f air cat che s of mackerel in a few places and dogfish were plent iful until ear l y Nove mber. The s e ch an ges in t he fish ery wer e co rrel ated with the war mer water. Though pres ent in varying quantit i es all yea r few sardines are ta ken i n winter in weirs i n the gen eral Pa s s amaquoddy r egi on. Huntsman (1933a) indicat ed t ha t thi s was due t o the fact that t hey wer e sluggish or "l ogy" at this time of ye a r and s howed by means of graphs t ha t the ca t ch was l owest i n t he 3 col dest mont hs and hi ghest i n t he 2 warmest months, concluding th at: the warmer th e water th e more ac t ive t he fish and 'tne greater the catch. Comparing wat er t emperat ures and catches in 1925 and 1926 Huntsma n showed t ha t i n 1925 the water warmed up ea rly and cooled off early compar ed wi th 1926; cor r es ­ pondingly t he ca t ch i n 1925 began early and ended ea rly compared t o 1926. In 1927 the sea son was colder almost throughout than 1928 an d t he mont hly catches wer e ne ar l y all higher i n 1928 t han i n 19 27. Compari ng vernal war ming -25- 1n t he vart ou e d1str 1c ts vs catches Huntsman (1933a) con­ cluded that her e aga1n d1str 1cts that warmed early had good spr1ng fish er1es wher eas those that warmed s lowly d1d not. The drop after May each year was attr1buted to the herr1ng f eedi ng actively and being out off the shore where food was more abundant--that 1s t out, clear of t he weirs . Hunt sman concluded in an unpubl1shed report (u ndated a) that t here was no sharp temperature l1mits for herring due to age and r ace variations but that below s-c might be considered unfavour abl e , with 2°C decidedly so, and on the upper side 12°C as unfavourable with 16°c dis­ tinctly t oo warm. This cor responds with what is known of t he behaviour of he r ring i n Canadi an waters, fo r in tha shallow central part of Nor thumberland Strait a compar­ atively large fishery i s l1mit ed to a period of about a month in the sp r ing ( Apr il-May) when temperatures 1nshore become warm enough f or s pawni ng . Shortly after, the water from surface t o bot tom becomes too warm and t he herr1ng move out. By au tumn they are too far away to ba wi t h1n r each when they cong regate for autumn spawning and t hey do not retur n when the water cools suitably. Nor thward and eastward 1n deeper, cooler more open waters , a fall fishery merges with that in the sp r1ng to bring about one cont 1nuous fishery l a s t i ng f rom about Apr il to November w1 t h the he avies t fishing in the warmes t months r a t her t han sp r i ng and f all. On t he ou ter exposed coast of Nova Scotia Huntsma n , in the f oregoing r eport ! indicated that the season l engthen s and on rounding Cape Sable 1t increases sti ll more as f ar a s Digby. However, f rom there t o the hea d of the Bay of Fundy it sho r tens bei ng finally r estricted t o the sp r i ng when fa1rly warm summer water develops f rom the su r face to bott om at the head of t he bay. Acros s from Di gby in Charlotte County there is a f ishe ry practically a ll year , for t he water never bec omes too warm or too cold for herring 1n th e outer waters of t hi s county. In si de Pas sama­ quoddy Bay, however, the f1shery is a f fected s l1ght ly by h1gh t empera ture and distinctly so by l ow temperatures. Weirs situated well inland fi sh in t he sp ring months as a t t he head of the Bay of Fund y and in Nort humberland St rait while herring are absent general ly f rom Pa s sama quoddy Bay 1n t he coldest months . Summa rizing his 1nformat10n on herring and water movements Huntsman (1 93'+) 1nd1cated that weir catches of herr1ng were determined by t emperature, feeding) l1ght, enemies, and tidal currents but these were not believed t o move he rring any considerable distance. This investigator con siders he rring to be plank tonic in behaviour wi th no purposeful migrations, being affected by different1al move­ ments of the water layers set up by fresh water inflow. -26- Preliminar y s tudi es i n tanks su ggest that her r i n g on t he At l ant i c co ast -of Canada occ upy almost the complete range of temperatures allowable within their rang e of r es i s tance to both low an d high temperature ex t remes (Brawn 1959, 196Oc) . At the a ppropri a t e season herring ha ve an upper lethal temper atur e of 19. 5°C to 2l.2°C according to size and can survive exposure to temperatures below - l oC, at least for a short period. Along the Canadian At lantic coast he rring have be en t aken in water ranging from aoe t o 18° C or practically t he whol e r an ge of temperatur es wi t hin which they ca n sur vive. (b ) ~ . Experimenting on the r esis t an ce of he r r ing to water of low salinity Brawn (1959, 196Od) found t hat 10 to 24- em herring, when tested at tempe ratur es mainly between 1,.°C and 8°C, coul d stand salinities down t o 5% f or 1,. wee ks wi t h bu t low mortalities. (c ) Pr es su re. Brawn (1 962) i nves t i gated the physica l pr oper ties and h,ydrostat ic function of the swim­ bladder of he rri ng 11 to 20 cm long f rom Passamaquoddy Bay, N. B. Her r ing assumed t o have adjusted to the t otal pressur e of 78. 6 cm Hg at the bot tom of the holdi ng tank had a mean si nking f ac t or of 1003 , density of 1. 026 g/ml , per cent age volume of -swimbl adder of 1,.. 2 and r elative sensiti vity of the swimbladder of 0.8. Such f i sh had neutral buoyancy when the pressure was reduced 5.5% on the average from the pressure of adjustment. The mean excess pressure of t he swimbladder gas was 1 em Hg, Gas releas e t hrough the posterior sv1mbladder duct oc curred at a mean pressu re decrease of 6fo 1n rapidly swimming he r ring , at 32% i n moderately swimming fish and brought t he herring to wi t hin 19% of perf ect adjustment to a new r educed pr essu r e wi t hin half an hou r. Herring could compensate f or t he i r i ncreas ed buoyancy during pr es eure de creas e unti l this was reduced by gas rel eas e. Decom­ pr ession a t r ates up to 123 cm Hg/sec waS not fatal after 16 hour s at the greater pressure. No recovery of buoyancy after gas l oss occur red in herring hel d 21,. hou rs in running sea wat ar even i f f i ne air bubbles were present. Recovery oc curred if these f ish had access to the surface. Gas production by bac t eri al activi ty as a means of restor i ng buoyancy was not es tablished. Herring r e sponded to r ap id pre ssure increases by swimmi ng upwards . They could com­ pensate fo r their inc reased density fo llowing pressur e increa se of 300% and survive i ncrea s es of 1,.36%. Her r ing from 10 t o 25 f eet dept h at sea were positively buoyant at surface pressure when anaesthetized. Thus , in natu re herring are adjusted to pressures greater tha n surface pr es sure. It i s su gge sted t ha t t hey t ake i n ai r when f eedi ng a t t he surface a t night and slowl y pass t his t o t he swi mblad der on returning to greater de pths by day. - 27- (d) ~ . Huntsman (193"-) concluded that he rri ng beha ved as pl ankton and were shifted from place to place by super fici a l water movements set up by the wi nd. Spr ing f reshets or heavy r ains r esult in water of l ow density in t he middle of Passa maquoddy Bay moving to localities of deep mixing ca r rying the herring to the so ­ ca lled " spring wei rs" i rres pect i ve of time of year. With reduc t i on in f resh wat er outflow In the autumn or about 2 week s after a heavy rain the process reverses and the herring are moved to th e es tua ri es and big catehes are usually made i n the "fall weirs" . I n discussing the probable effect of dams acros s the mouth of Passamaquoddy Bay on fisheries, Huntsman (1938) pointed out that it wa s i nco n trovertible that exceptionally ~~:~t t~b~~t.~~e~e ~~~~hw~~~d i~o t~:c~:;s::i~~~ya~gt: t neithe r the he rring or their f ood were produced l ocally but were carried i n passively by the currents while the you ng produced sou th of Grand Manan were carried away. As a resu lt it was co ne Iud ed t ha t the Bay of Fundy and t he ou t er quoddy region woul d no t be any less favourable f or the he rring which were produc ed beyond the influence of l ocal condl tlons . However , whil e the effect... would not be a serious one from th e dams ou t as far as Grand Hanan or along the Maine coast it would r educ e the fishery i nside t he dams t o almos t negligible proportions. Again in 1952 Hunt sman (1952b), writing on t he production of life, in particular herring, i n the Bay of Fund y pointed ou t that vi sua l ob s ervati on (herring live near the sur face in summer) and various kinds of fishing showed herring to be exceptionally abun dan t in t he Pa s sama­ quoddy r egion with the focal poi nt i n t heir abundance a t the en t rance t o this Bay. Beca use of their habit of keeping to the surface in summer t he he rring wer e drawn i nto the Bay 6f Fundy from the Gulf of Maine by the St. J ohn River mixing. They wer e then believe d to be carried from t he s t ratif ied wa t er of t he outer Bay of Fundy to t he mixing places just ou tside and in the en t rances to Passamaquoddy Bay. The Cor i olis for ce ens ures s l ow circulation of the water into Pa s sama quoddy Bay t hrough L' Etete Passage which is on the right going i nwar d. Inside the Bay ex t en s ive mi xing of the stratified water near t he sho re from the middle of the west or inner side to the head, takes such surface f orms thitherwards and thus holds and concent rates t hem i n Pa s samaquoddy Bay. As the he r ring grow l a r ger they go deeper and tend to be carried from the mixing places to the cent re of the Bay and thence, i n th e outward movement, which f rom th e - 28- action of t he Cor1oHs force is through Head Harbour Passage on t he r i ght going ou t . The larger the her r i ng grow, t he farther ou t they ar e distribut ed on the whole , untU as adults they a r e almost entirely outside Grand Manan du r i ng the summer. Hunt sman (undated b) i n an un pub11 shed repor t di s cu s s ed r heotaxis in the capture of herring. He showed that "bar wei rs" capture herring as t hey swim agains t t he current. Collecti ng along t he downs t ream s ide of a bar over which a strong flood tide current se t s , they move i nt o weirs on the upper si de when a weaker cur rent 1n the s ame direction develops in an ebb-tide edd y a t the same poi nt. This expl ai ns the locati on and con centration of wei rs on the shores of t he i s l ands t ha t form an a r chipel a go ac ross t he mout h of Passamaquoddy Bay. Br awn (1 959 , 1960a) ob s erved the behaviour of herring 1n a cage at sea by underwat er t elevi s ion. When l owered in the water 1n th e ca ge at about 9 em per second , the her r ing des ce nded by s1nldng wh U e swi mming horizontally. At 39 m her r i ng which ha d been l ower ed from t he su r face swam normally and re sponded t o cu rrents under ar t i f i ci al l1ght. They ro se t owards t he su r face by sw1mm1ng ve r t i ca lly. Herring responded t o real and apparent currents grea t er than 3-9 em/sec by swimm1ng u ps t r eam at a r at e in exce s s of the current s peed untU their maximum swimming sp eed had near l y been r eac hed. Maximum swimming speed varied f rom 91 em/ s ec for gr oups of mean l en gth 15. 2 em to 11+3 em/sec f or fish 26. 7 em mean l ength ( end of he ad to l onger lobe of ext ended taU). This maxi mum swimming speed is the grea t es t speed t hat 5O:C of t he fis h group could maintain for 1 minute af ter sw1mm1 ng f or 9 to 30 minutes at the r a t e shown by excited fish. (e) li&I11. In studyi ng t he effects of l1ght on herring movement s J ohn son (1 9't

Enemies of the herring including disease Huntsma n (1933b) referred to unu sual conditions which for a year or two had allowed mack er el to invade the " aar df ne" area. He ref ers to t he water movements ca rrying fry to and l arge he r ring away f ro m Pa s samaquoddy Bay which he considers t o be an i mpor t ant nursery area for herri ng. He states t hat t he cold su r face water s u su ally ke ep the mackerel away but during t he previous two summer s macker el schools i nvaded the area. He cons iders that the mackerel r educed t he supply of herring by ea t ing th e smal l ones and s ca t tering the larger ones. However , he does not present any data f or t his phenomenon whi ch i s appa rently speculation and fishermen 's views. Huntsman (1 934 ) aentt ons s1.Lver ha ke ma cke rel dogfish and sqUid as he r r ing en emies. Gra ham 11936) states t ha t fishermen believe dogf ish an d s ilver hak e ke ep the herring penned up in some areas. The first detailed account of a disease of he rring on the Canadian At lan t i c coast was made by Cox (1916).This r eport co ve red t he ep i demic which occ u r r ed f rom mid June to mi d Ju ly 1914, in t he west and nor t h pa r t of t he Gulf of St. Lawrence ( especi ally Cha leu r Bay t o Northumberland Strait) and during April in the waters su r r oun ding Newfoundl and . - 32- A similar phe nomenon occurred in 1913, but earli er in th e ye ar , and 1t vas also l earned from the fis hermen"•• • t ha t s ixteen years before (1897- 98) a similar run of di s eas ed fis h ha d visited the coast• • •". Schools of herr i ng crowded into ver 'l shallow water and t he di se ase vas most eV1dent on the caudal t hird of the body. Cox (op, cit.) described bo th the macro and micros copi c appearance of the di s ea s ed fish and attr ibuted th e disease to a membe r of the Myxosporidia which are propa gated by means of spo res. In 1930- 31 a se rious outbrea k of a disease occu r r ed amongs t he rring in the Bay of Fundy. M'Gonigl e (u ndated) examined a l arge fema le her r i ng from Bear River and fo un d t hat it was apparenUy affected with the di se a se . Ule'l (1930) de s cri be d t he progress of the disease in Paa samaqu oddy BS'/ throughou t the su mmer of 1930 an d discussed variations in toe deg ree of infection amongs t various grou ps of fish taken from the same ana from di f fer ent wei r s. Alle'l (op, cit.) showed that the dis ease took a ve ry erratic cou rse with no tendency to increase or dec rea se t owards the end of the summer and that l arge and small f ish were aff ec t ed to the same degr ee. Infection varied from 5:' t o 26;( throughou t the area and s ea son. Leim (19500) reported an ou tbreak of disease wi th Wi despr ea d mortalit'l in the Gulf of St. Lawrence he r ring st oc ks in 1951+ and concrucec tha t the mortalit'l wa s due to Ichthyospofldium ~, a paras1t ic fu ngus known t o af fect herring. 1eim (op, ci t .) examined the internal organs of he rring and found that the internal organs con tained white pustules on and within the musC'le of the heart vent ri cl e , and that the liver, spleen and gonads wer e also af f ect ed. Super ficiall'l no punctures of the s kin wer e noted but underneath the skin whitish patches of the fungus were often found. 1eim (op, cit.) further not ed that the diseased he rring behaved ab normall'l--the f ish were l e tha rgi c and were swi mming cl ose t o the surface 1n day-time. Thei r reaction to a dropped stone or a dipnet was slow and weak. Occasi onally a f i sh would turn on its si de ; some times one would gul p at the surf ace and then sl owl 'l se ttle to bottom. When any of these f i sh were caught and the hea rt exposed immediatel y the ventri cular beat was either feeble or l acking. Mechanical s timul ation elici t ed very little re sponse. In some cases the auricle continued to beat . Ti bbo and Graham (1963) studi ed t he changes t ha t took pl ace in the Gulf of St. Lawr ence he r r i ng stocks f ollowing t he disease epidemic of 1954-5 6. The'l showed that he r r ing l an ding s in the Chal eu r Bay area of the Gulf - 33- declined f r om 25 million l b in 191,.7 to 12 million lb in 1959. Thi s decline was a ttributed mainly t o lower l evels of abundance r esulting f rom the disease. They compared Biologi cal data taken i n 191,.6-It8 wi th similar da ta taken in 1960-61 and showed t hat although mean lengths of her r i ng were unchanged--mean ages had decreased , growth ra tes had ~~::~~~~i ~:~~he~e:~d c ;:~~~v:e~~~~~~~~e~;e~U~ha t c h e d he r ring ha d increa se d. They further noted that sampling i n 1961 showed some ev idence of a partial return to pre­ epidem ic disease co ndl tlons .

Enyironmental s tudies Huntsman (1952a ) i n wr i t ing of how Pa s samaquoddy Bay produce s sa rdi nes pointed ou t t hat t he rich wa ters of t he Bay of Fundy pr oduce abundant food i n the Gul f of Mai ne . These water s, a long with the tiny herring, a re t r anspor t ed ba ck into the Bay of Fundy and thence to Pa s samaquod dy Bay , where they a re he ld and t he fish grow to sardines. Large sa rdines ccngr-ege t e i n t he entrances to Pa s samaquoddy , f eeding on deep water forms of plankton. Huntsman also indicated that the mecha nism that brings the small herring to the Pa s sa maquoddy r egion also keeps out the large herring, cod, pollock, mackerel, silver hake and squ id. Hachey (1957 ) discusses the oceanographic factors r el a t i ve t o t he s ardine fishery in the Bay of Fundy area.Considering wi nd effect this investi ga t or shows t ha t southerl y winds caus e a resultant movement of deeper waters out of Passamaquoddy Bay, while wi nds other than these cause a resultant movement of deeper water s i nt o Passamaquoddy Bay. This feature no doubt has a bear ing on f ish f eed i ng a t rando m. I n t he St. Cr oix Ri ver wi nd di rection is of considerable impo r tance in distri bu t i ng th e su r f ace wat ers around th e Bay. As t he t i dal amplitude in Pa s samaquoddy Bay i n­ creases f rom its l ow of lit f eet to the high of 28 feet , more and more va t er en ters t he Bay f rom au tslde and if sardines are co nsidered as plankton, more of them wI ll be t ransf erred into the Bay at suc h periods provided they a re i n the water l ayer s above the threshold to t he Bay. Similar ly fish within the Bay will have a gr ea ter tendency to be ca rried ou t when t he ampl!tude is decrea s i ng . ~Z:p dm:~e~~~u~~sw~~e ~b ~~f(~8::i~dXaioge~w5~802P~ing and 39,029,760,000 cubic feet ) l+() billion cubic feet. The t remendou s upheaval in thi s wa t er as it goes through t he passage s brings deep-l iving forms to the surface l ayers as food for the herring. The time of t ide i s also important because of the vertical movements of t he he rring in r el a tion to light, f or example, i t wi l l de termi ne whether or no t the f ish are - 34- active or sl ug gish and this i n turn wi ll tc some extent determine their depth. Except f or the grea ter depths t he l ower tempera tures of wi nter are possibly res ponsible for herring not remaining in the Bay du r i ng the " int er months. As pa r t of t he Pa ssamaquoddy i m es tiga tions, Tibbo and McKenzie (1959 ) ca cr-ted out cor r'el at i on studies to dis­ cover whether any rel ations hi ps exist between seaso nal or yearly yields of sardines i n the quoddy Region and va r i ous environmen tal f a ctor s. They "er e unable t c establ1sh any con sistent co rrelation between ca tch and suc h f actors as river dis cha rge , wl.i:1d speed and direction, air and sea temperature s , sa l i nit i es at various dept hs1 plankton , and cloud co ver. Per haps t his was not surp rls ng in vi ew of the extremely variable mar ket de:nand f er herr i ng in the Bay of FUndy are a and t he f ac t t hat weirs and bar or s t op seines are only ef fica ci ou s on the fri ng es of t hei r di s­ t r ibution.

Explorati ons f or herring Co"ie (1 917) r epor t ed the result s of her r i ng fi shing ope rations in 1916 usi ng t he s teamer "Thirty-three" . Dr i f t -net fishing "as ca rried out i n George Bay in the sou t hvest Gulf of St. La"r ence and on the open Atlantic coast f rom Cape Smoky to Hal1fax, and ves tvard to She lbur ne County. The peri od of operation "as f rom early May to late Augus t . From 9 t o 55 herring ne t s 2;"inch s t r etched mesh wer e used and up to 8 macker el ne ts. Catahes up to 155 ba skets of herr i ng and 3 ,750 macke rel "ere made . Cowie 's (o p, ci t .) r eport is op timistic f or the develop­ ment of a dr ift - net fi sh ery for both he r ring an d macke rel . The report contains many details ab ou t size,qual1ty and s easons f or herring. I n 1920 Code also r eported the results of dr i f t­ net fishing opera tions i n 1918 using t he steamer "Thirty­ t hr ee " . The r esults confirmed the wor k of 1916 in that a successful drift-net fish ery coul d be carri ed on along the coast of Nova Scotia in spr i ng and early summe r. Catches of lto t o 60 bbl of he r r ing pe r night "ere recorded . From JUly 6 t o 20 , 264 bbl "ere taken bet ween Magdalen I slands and Cheti camp. In sp ite of thisI hoveve r , Co"ie (op, cit. ) recommended that t he use of th e I Thirty-three" be discon­ tinued a s a su ccessful fishery cou ld only be assur ed by a fleet of several ves sels working t ogether-- the one acti ng a s a gu i de to t he other in l ocati ng and keeping in t ouch "ith the moving f i s h. Desb ara t s (1920) reported the results of dr i f t ­ net f ishi ng operat ions in 1919. Oper a tions began at t he end of May and ended in mi d-S ep tembe r . They caught 17,530 - 35- l b of macke rel f rom Hay 27 to June 10 between Cape Sable and Cape Canso. From Jun e 13 to 25 , 25 ,795 lb of macker el were caugh t be tween Inve rness County, N. 5el and Pri nce Edward Island. Fi shing off Halifax from Ju '! 6-9 r e sulted in a t ot al ca tch of 12 bbl of herring. In Cha leu r Bay from Augus t 8 t o September 15, 18'+ bbl of her r i ng and 1 , 500 l b of mackerel wer e taken. Tibbo (1950a , b) Lei m (19 5% , c ), Tibbo (1954<1 , e, c , d) , Da'! and Tibbo (1 954b) and Lei m n . ll.1.. (1957) described t he work of the Atl an t i c Herring Investigation Committee i n exploring for he r r ing in the Canad ian Atlant i c from 1945 t o 1950. This work was carried on wi t h echo sound ers and var i ous types of f ishing gea r. The most massive echo-s ounder recordings ( Leim, 195!+a) were made i n the Newf oundland area in the autumn, winter and sp ring . Extensive recordings were also obtained 1n the Bay of Fun dy i", mi d winter and in Chaleu r Ba,! in t he spr i ng an d autumn. Tibbo (1 950b) described various attempt s t o ca t ch herring wi t h a mi d- wat er trawl . No su bs tantial land i ngs wer e made although oc casionall,! good ca tche s wer e made but l os t when the ne t liurs t. Leim (1954c ) summar ized the r esults of bottom- t r awl fiahing by the H. V. ~ in 1948. No s ignifi can t catches of herring were made. Ti bbo (1950a) r eported on explorations f or her r ing in 19Y-9 in the es tuary of the St . Lawrence, the Magdal en Shallows and Sab le I sland Bank . Ver '! few herring were taken 1n aO'J of t he s e a reas. 001'! one catch of 5, 000 lb or more va s recorded from Sabl e I sland Bank ove r a 3-mont h pe riod. Da,! and Tibbo (195""b) described gill-net exper iment s to determine' (a ) t he ve r tical distr ibution of herring , (b) the hori zon tal dist r i bu t i on of herring as rela·ted t o wa t er t emperatures , and ( c ) gi ll- net selection. Resu lts showed that exc e pt on two occ asions all successful f i shing was done wi t hi n a surface l ayer of water which wa s well defi ned a t all times and ex tended f rom 10 to 75 f eet i n dep t h. Cat ches were good when th e surface t empera tu re was l e s s t han 16°c . 1bove 16°c catches were insignifican t . The exper imen t s sh owed t he t a def i nit e and direct r ela tionship exists bet ween the size of f i sh caught and the si ze mesh of gi ll-ne t used. Ti bbo ( 195la ) and Ti bbo and Sollows ( 1953 ) des cr i bed dr i f t - net fishing experiments that wer e carried on from 1950 t o 1952 inclusive . The,! found herr ing t o be abu ndant in mos t of t he s outhwes t er n portion of t he Gul f of St. Lawren ce t hr oughou t the pe r iod Me,! t o September . The av er ag e catch pe r ne t per night was 136 lb ror- net s 37! ,!d l ong X 150 me shes deep and 300- 400 l b f or net s 37!- ,!d long X 360 mes he s deep. The largest ca t ches were a ssociated with abund ant plankton (ch iefl,! ~). Best catches were made at night with :.-ela ti.,ely low t emperatures . They f ound echo sounder-s to be an excel l ent but not infallible guide to good fishing. Fat cont ent s of he rring increa s ed f rom 3.5 t o 11 . o:c f ro m mid May to mid June . They conc luded that a drift- net f1 shery was economically f eas i b!.e i tnt G111.! {\f s · ~ . Lawrenee only i f the landed value of th e c a~ ~l.· was 3 ce nt.s per Lb or more. Ti bbo (19560 ) de sc r i bed d:'1!'+d ;.et expe r ~men ts i n the Newfoundland area i n 195E. The resul.ts were i nsi gnif1 can t . Ti bbo (1 952a) de.cr ioed bc~ tom, -trawl1ng experiments by the " Lil Abner" i r. tne win ter of 1952 t o ca tch sardines in Charlotte County wa ters. The gea r us ed was a i - 35 Yankee trawl with a small mesh cod end , Cat ches va ried f r om 500 to 8,000 1b pe :.- t o. and 50 , 000 l b were lande d in 5 weeks. Tibbo (19 )11a) described explo ati ons for her r ing i n the Scotian shelf area from 1950-52 using drift-net s and bottom trawls. The '~!H ri o n Crou se " made one t r i p (15 t ows ) to Emerald Bank and Sable LsLand Bank and caught 11216 l b of herr i ng and 5 , 200 l b of ot her species. The " Poi n t Pleasant" made 9 t rips (275 tows) to t he Nova Sco tia banks. The t otal ca tch amounted t o 11,966 l b of her r i ng and 104 225 lb of other spe cies . Associat ed i nve stigations Inclu ded temper at ures , food , light, weather and echo-sounder recordings. Tibbo (19560) and Tibbo (1 959) r ecorded t he r e sults of drift-netting f or herring along the sou th cos 5 t of Newfo undland. Commercial catches of herri ng on the south coast of Newfoundlan~ had de clined from 80 million lb in 191,.6 t o ne gligible quantities in 1957. Dr 1!' t - net t i ng wa s carried on in 1956 , 195 7 and 1958 i n an attempt t o l oca t e stocks of he r ring whi ch supported these f isher ies. Dur ing the summ er months quan tities of he rring were taken i n Fortune and Placentia Bays bu t wer e t oo small to be of comme rcial importance. However, i n .l pr ll, May and June good ca t ehes were made i n Her mitage Bay . It was r ecommende d that the drift·,net method of f i shing be extended to other are as along t he sou th coa s t of Newfoundl an d during the l a t e sp ring and ear l y summ er . Ti bbo and Br awn (1960) reported t he r esults of explorations for herring in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine du ring the I nt er na t i ona l Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board' s investigations of 1956-59. These explorations were ca r ried ou t chiefly i n of fshore a r ea s of the Quoddy regi on bu t some work was done OIl Georges Bank and 1n the Kennebecasls and Long Rea ch s e ~"'!t i o n s of the Saint John Ri ver . Gear and equipmen t used i r..cl u:le d bottom and pelagi c t rawl s , balted longlines , gill-nets and echo sounders . -37- The most significant r e sults included the discovery of a large spawning population of herr ing on t he northern edge of Geor ges Bank and the echo-sounder recordings of large schools of herring wi thin the Quoddy region . The density of herring i n a school (1 Ib of he r r ing per 5-6 cu ft of wat er) was calculated from purse- seine catches and frequently schools containing 50 million Ib or more were recorded. The overall results suggested that the average annual catch of about 75 million I b was small as compared to the total populati on.

Economics Gor don (1955 ) carried out a study of the economic factors in catch fluctuations f or the pri ncipal commercial species of f i sh on t he Atlanti c and Pa ci f i c coasts. For Atl an t i c herr ing he concluded that approximately 68% of the vari a tions in the annual catch was due t o chang es in the general level of effective demand in the economy. Doucet (1959, 1960 ) reported the results of an economi c survey of t he he r r ing fishery of Charlotte County, N. B., con ducted in 1957 and 1958. This r eport contains (a ) a detailed account of the capital investment and income posttion of the fishermen who were engag ed i n the herr i ng fishery during the ye ars 1956 an d 19 57; (b) some evaluation of the econom ic effects which the construction of hydro-electr ic power dams i n Pa s samaquoddy Bay would ha ve on the her r ing f i sh ery of the area. Except for a small compl ement of men empl oye d on purse seiners , draggers and a f ew other mOdernized fishing craft t he fishi ng activity of Charlotte County fishermen is largely confi ned t o inshore operations. As a result, the primary fishing i ndu s try is not highly cap1 tallzed. Average net incomes are also low compared wi t h t hose prevailing in other industries , even with those derived from a number of fisheries elsewhere in the Maritime Provinces . Incomes from th e weir fishe ry are particular ly uncertai n , i n vi ew of the wide fluctuation in yearly ca tches and the high, r i gi d operating costs• .I n contrast with wei r fishing, purse se i ning has proven to be an efficient met hod of fishing in t he r egion and holds considerable promise for t he impro vement of earnings in the herring f i shery. It i s expected t hat the construction of the proposed power dams would ad d to the cost of maintaining and oper ating weirs 10 Passamaquoddy Bay, t hereby r educing returns to owners and fishermen in t his segment of the industry.I n view of the low earnings now derived from weir fishing i n certain sections of the area, it is 11kel y -38- that a number of weir owner s would not continue to maintain their investments if the power dams were bu1lt .

Shanly (1 919) carried out a study of t he nature and sources of bacteria in the al1mentary t ract of herring and the variations in different spec1es. She prepar ed cultures in the laboratory but made no e t t empt a t i denti­ fication. Wi lli amson (1 920 ) carried ou t a s1m1lar study in considerably greater deta1l and discove red six species of bacteria and a yeas t in the intestines of feeding herring. She no ted that the intestine was ster1le when no f ood was present. llm,y (19 26) studied t he role of the pr oteol ytic enzymes in the decompos ition of herring. Mu ch of the paper is devot ed to the activity of pepsin an d trypsin which were extracted from the digestive organs of the fish. The enzyme activity was s tudi ed at various t emperatures up to 37°C and over a wide pH range. More pepsi n and trypsin could be extracted from feedy than from non- f eedy fish.

A1Jn,y (op, cit.) attributed the visibl e evidence of de compos it1on- - the softemng of t he abdomi nal wall of the herr1ng--almost solely to t he action of t rypsin which read1ly escapes from the del1cate and highly con ge sted tubules of the pyloric caecae, Bacteria play a small part in t his ear l y decomposition. Tes t er (19 ,+6) compared Atlantic and Pac1f1c herring and herring fisheries. He noted t ha t 10-12 inch herring wer e common in the Atlantic a s compar ed to 8- 9t'1nch herring in the Pac1f1c. Immature f ish in both areas were found to be approximately the same si ze. Mean vertebral counts for Atlantic herring wer e 55. 5 (range 53-58) while t hos e for Pacific her r ing were 10wer-- 51. 8 (range '+8- 56 ) . Pac1f1c he r r ing spawn chiefly within or just, below, the intertidal zone in the late win ter and early spring whereas Atlantic herring probably spawn in dee per water 1n 'sp r1ng, summer and autumn although in certain pl a ces along the southern s hore of the Gul f o f St. Lawrence spawmngs somewhat s1m1lar to those of t he Pac1f1c herring are known to occur. Pacific herring eggs (1 .'+-1.6 mm ) are reportedly larger than Atlantic herri ng eggs (1.0-1.'+ mm ).The s i ze of the catch 110,000 t ons in the Atlantic in 19'+0 a s compared with 70,000 tons in the Paci f i c suggests greater pr oduct i vity in the Atlant i c. , Dur i ng the late 1920' s t here was a pr opos al to dev el op hydroelectric power from t idal forces bl da mming Passa maquod dy and' Cobs cook Bays . Hunt sman (1928) be l1eved -39- tha t this would have a dr astic effect on fisher ies and r ecommended a full-scale investiga tion. Huntsman' s (cp, cit . ) principal predicted ef fects incl uded (a ) sa rdine~ clam , cod, an d ha ddoc k fish eri es i nsi de Pa s samaquoddy )jay would be wiped ou t , (b ) sardine and pollock f ishe r ies ou t si de Pa s samaquoddy Bay would be wiped out also the sardine fishery along t he whole coast, (c) the f isher y f or l ar ge f a t he r r ing would be greatly reduced but f or spawning herr ing might be increas ed! (d) cod and haddock fisheries of t he a rea gene rally wou d be r educed , (e) the mackerel f ishery would be i nc r ea s ed and dogfish woul d become more abundant, ( r ) lobsters would be more numerous but of smaller aver age size.

The inves tigation recommended by Huntsman ( op , cit.) was ca r ried ou t in the ea r ly 1930's and the results reported in the Proc eedings of the North American Councll on Fishery Inves tigations (1 932a , b) and by Huntsman (1938 ) . It was predi c ted t ha t in the region outside the dams "The effect upo n he r ring availablli ty is likel y to be consider a ble. Many changes i n the set of tidal s t r eams may be expected and pr obab ly every little change would have an effec t on t he fishery of nearb y weirs. Some wei rs would be made ri cher, some poor er . It cannot be fo retold whether the total effect of distur bance of tidal streams on capture ou tsi de the dams would be de leter ious or not. The re appears to be little probab i lity of the pr opos ed dams aff ecting the sa rdine fishery along the coast of Mai ne or eve n seriously at Grand Manan. 1I For the region i nside t he

BIBLI OGRAPHY

· · All ey , A.. MS, 1930. Pr eliminary report of r esults ob tained on material collected a t St . Andrews in 1930 pertaining to the diseased her ring . Bi oI . Bd. Canad a l MS Rept., srei, Sta. , St. Andrew s, N. B., b pp. Almy, L. H. 1926. The r ole of the proteolytic enz ymes i n the decompQsition of herring. J . Amer. Chem. Soc ., '>8: 2136- 2146. "Ba t t l e , Helen I. MS, 1931. The Fundy su rvey-- Wei r s and Trap-nets. BioI. Bd. Canada, MS Rept., s r ci , St a . , St. Andr ews , N. B., 12 pp . 1934. Temperature and "clearing" time for t he sa r dine. BioI. Bd, Cana da, Atlantic Pr og. Rept. , No. 11: 14-16. 1935. Di ges t i on and digestive en zymes in the herri ng (~ ~ L. ).J . Bi oI . sa, Canada,' 1 0 ): 1'+5-157. Battle, Helen I., A. G. Huntsman , Anne M. Jeffers , G. W. J ef f ers, W. H. J ohnson, and N. A. McNa i r n. 1936. Fatness, di ges t i on an d food of Pa s samaq)loddy young he rring. J . siei , sa, Can ada, 2 ('+) : '+01-429. Bensley, B. Arthur. 1901. Report on t he sardi ne i ndu stry in r el a tion t o Canadian herring f isher i e s. Contrib. Canadian BioI. f or 1901 , pp, 59;.62 .

, Avai lable for reference only in the libra r i e s of t he Fish erie s Res ea rch Boar d of Canada. · ·Not available f or reference. -41- "Brawn, Vivien M.· MS , 19 59. Herring be haviour and physi o­ logical studies. I I\ter na tiona1 Pa s samaquoddy Fish eries Boar d r eport to International J oint Commission, App. II, Cha p. 2 , 46 pp. 1960a. Underwa t er television obs ervations of the swi mming sp ee d and behavi our of capt i ve he r r ing.J . Fish. Res. Bd; Cana da , 17(5) : 689-698. 1960b. Seasonal and diu rnal ve rtical distribut ion of herring (~~ L.) i n Pa s samaquoddy Bay , N. B. J . Fish. Res . Bd. Canada , 17( 5): 699-711 . ' 1960c . Temper a t u r e tolerance of una cclimated herr ing ( ~~ L. ). J . Fish. Res. Bd. Cana da , 17 ( 5) : 721- 723. 1960d. Sur vival of he r r ing ( ~~ L. ) in wat er of low salinity. J. Fish.Res. Bd, Cana da, 17( 5 ): 725-726 . 1962. Phy si cal pr op er t ies and hydr os t a tic functi on of the swimb1ad der of her r i ng (~ ~ L. ) . J .Fish. Res. Bd. Canada , 19( '+): 635- 656;- Cowie, John J. 1917. Repor t on he r r i ng fishing ope rat i ons . Steamer "Thirty-three", 1916. Dept. Naval Ser vi ce , (Fish eries Branch), Cana da , 50th Ann. Hep t ,. , f or 1916-17, pp, 338- 339. 1920. Report on drift-net f ishi ng ope rat i ons of steamer "Thirty-t hree" , 1916. Dept . Nava l Se rvice , (Fish eries Branch) , Canada , 52nd Ann. Rept . , for 1918, pp. '+6-48. Cox, Phillip. 191 6. Investiga t i on of a disea se of t he herring (~~ ) i n the gul f of St . Lawren ce,~ Con trib. Cana di an Bi oI . fo r 1914-15, pp , 81- 85. Das, Nares h and S. N. Ti bbo. 1962. On t he feedi ng and gr owt h of young herri ng (~~ L.) in captivity. J . Fish. Res. Bd. Cana da , 19 ( 5) : 981- 983. "Day , L. R. MS , 1954a . The nor thern Gulf of St . Lawr ence area . Atlan t i c Her r. I nve s t . Comm . , Final Rept . , Vol. II, May, pp. 9-23. MS, 19 5'+b. The southern Gul f of St . Lawrence ar ea .At lant i c Herr. Inve s t . Comm. J Final Rept ., Vol . II, May , pp, 40-5'+ . -42- Day, L. R. 1957a. Populations of herring i n t he northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bull.Fi sh. Res. Bd. Canad a, No. ru, pp. 103-ll9. 1957b. Populations of herring i n the southern Gulf of St. Lawrenc e. Ibid., pp; 121-137. 195 7c. Ver t ebra l numbers and f i rst -year gr owt h of herring (~ ~ L.) in relation to wat er tempera ture . Ibid., pp. 165-176. *Day, L. R. and S. N. Tibbo. MS , 1947. Report on i nves ti­ ga tions prior to March 1947. Sect.B. Herring population studies. Atlantic Her r. Invest. Comm., Ann. Rept., 92 pp, MS, 1954a. The pr ese nt stat e of knowledge regarding her ring populations. Atlantic Herr. Invest. Comm., Final Rept., Vol. II , May pp. 75-80. MS, 1954b. Gill - net t ing for he r ring . Atlantic Her r . I nvest. Comm., Fina l Rept. , Vol . I, May,II pp. Desbarats, G. J. 1920 . Drif t - net fishing operations (1n tb e Deputy Minister's Report). Dept. Naval Service, (Fisberies Brancb), Canada, 53r d Ann. Rept. for 1919, p. 19 . Doucet, W. F. MS, 1959. Economic s tudy of t be mai n fisberies of Cbarlotte Count y , New Bru nswi ck 19 56-1957. International Passamaquoddy Fisberies Board r eport t o I nterna tional J oi nt Commi ssion, App. IV, 79 pp. 1960. Economic study of t be he r r i ng fisbery of Charlotte County, New Bru n swick! 195~1957. J. Fisb. Res. se, Canada, 17( 6) : 8 5-870. Fisb, Charles J., and Martin W. Johnson. 1937 . The biology of the zoo plankton population i n the Bay of Fundy and Gul f of Ma i ne with spe ci al r eference to pr oduc tion and distribut i on. J. sier. ae, Canada, 3(3): 189-322. Gordon, H. Sco t t . 1955. Economic f ac t ors in ca tch n'tif:a~~~9t J. Fish. Res . Bd. Canada ,

Graham, Michael. 1936. Inves tigations of the he r r ing of Pas samaqu oddy and a djace nt r egions. J . Bi oI. Bd; Canad a, 2(2): 95-140. -'+3- Graham , T. R. 1962. A r el a t i onshi p bet ween gr owt h ! hatching and spawning season i n Canadian At lant i c he r r ing (C1upea ha rengus L.). J . Fi sh. Res. Bd. Canada , 19 ( 5): 985- 987 . "Hac he y , H. B. MS , 1957. Oceanogr aphic factors relative t o the sardi ne fi shery of the Bay of Fundy a rea . Fish. Res . Bd, Canada , MS Rept . , Bf o.L, Sta., No. 625 , 25 pp , Har t , J . L., and D. L. McKe rnan. 1960. Internationa1 Passamaquo ddy Fi sherie s Board Fisheries Investiga tions 1956-59. J . Fish . Res . se, Cana da , 17 (2 ) : 127-131 . Hj or t , J ohan. 191 5. Inves tiga tions into the natural history of the her r ing in the At l an t i c waters of Cana da , 191'+. Cana c1a , Dept. Nava l Se rvice , Supp1. Fifth Ann. Rept . for fiscal ye ar ending Mar ch 31 , 1915, pp , 1-38. **Huntsman ,A. B. MS , undated a. The effect of t emperature on t he ava ilabi lity of he r ring. Bi oI. Bd; Cana da , MS Re pt. , s i ei , Sta. , St. Andrews , N. B., 2 pp , MS , unda t ed b. Rheot axis in capt ure of he r r i ng . Fish . Res. Bd, Cana da , MS Rept , , Bf.c .L, Sta. , No. 50'+, 3 pp , MS, unda t ed c . Her ring i nvestiga tions. Spawni ng , and beha vi our and gr owt h of t he young. Summe r of 1917. Fish. Res . aa, Canad a , MS Rept., aier. Sta . , 110. 352 , 23 pp , MS , 1917. Report on spawni ng a rea f or "" herri ng a t Grand Manan, Provi nce of New Bruns­ wick. BioI . se, Cana da , MS Rept . , Bi oI . St a ., St .Andrews, N. B. , '+ pp. 1919. Gr owt h of you ng he r r ing ( so-called sard ines) of t he Bay of Fundy. Cana da Dept . Nav a l Ser vi ce1 Cana dian Fish . Exped. , 191'+-15, pp, 165-171 , ottawa . 1928 . The Pa s samaquoddy Power Project an d its ef f ec t on t he fisheries . Saint J ohn Tel eg r aph Journal , '+5 pp , 1931. Temper at ure and the Pa s samaquoddy f i shery. Bdo.L, Bd , Cana da , Atlant i c Prog. Rept . , No. 2, pp , 1'+-15. Huntsman, A. B. 1933a . Heat and cold make herring seasons i n Pa s samaquoddy. Biol. Bd, Canada, At l an tic Prog. Rept. No. 7 pp. 3-6. 1933b. Mackerel invade the herring nursery . BioI. Bd; Canada, Atlantic Prog; Rept. No. 8, pp. 4-6, 1934. Herring and water movement s. Jame s J ohnstone Memorial Vol., University of Liverpool , pp , 81-96. 1938. Int erna t i ona l Passamaquoddy fishery i nvestigations. J . Cons. Exp1. Mer., 13(3) : 357 -369. 1952a. How Passamaquoddy produces sardi ne s . Fundy Fisherman, Nov. 26 , 1952, pp. 1-8. 1952b. The production of life in the Bay of Fundy. Tr ans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Ser-, 3, Se ct . V, Vol. 46, pp, 15-38. 1953. Movements and decline of large Quoddy he rring. J. Fish. Res . Bd, Cana da, 10(1): 1-50. J ean, Yves . MS , 1945. A comparative study of herr ing (~ ~ L.) from the estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. MA Thesis , University of Toronto . 1956. A study of spring and f all spawning her ring ( ~ ~ L. ) at Grande-Rivier e Bay of Chaleu r, Quebec . Contr. Dept. P echerie~ Queb ec , No. 49, 76 pp, *Johnson , w. H. MS 1 1935. The f ood and feeding of the he r r i ng \~ ~ L.). Fish. Res . Bd; Canada , MS Rept. , BioI. Sta. , No. 195, 60 pp, 1940a . Ef f ect s of light on movements of he r ring. J. Fish. Res. se, Gana da , 4(5): 349-354. 1940b. Feedi ng of the herring. J . Fish . Res. se, Canada , 4(5)' 392-395. 1942. Effect of light on cop epods as food 6~~~::smy:o~K~7~:ing . J. Fish. Res . ae,

J ohn son, W. W. 1942. A rapid method for de termi nat i on of the f a t content of fish tissues. Fish. Res . Ed. Canada, Atlantic Prog. Rept. No. 32 , pp; 11-12. - 45- Lea , Eina r. 1919. Repo r t on age and growth of the herring in Cana dian waters. Cana da, Dept . Naval Se rvi ce , Canadian Fish. Exped., 1914.:1 915, pp. 75-164 , Ottawa. Legare, J. E. Henri and Delphine C. Macl el lan. MS , 1959. A qual1tati ve and quantitat ive study of the plankton of the Quoddy Region in 1957 and 1958 with speci a l r eference to t he food of t he her r i ng .I nterna t i ona l Pa s samaquoddy Fisheries Board r ep ort to Inter na tiona l J oint CoIllJ:l1ssi on , App. II, Chap . 4, 45 pp, 1960 A qual1tative and quantitative study of the pl ankt on of the Quoddy Region in 1957 an d 1958 with special r efer ence to the f ood of t he herring . J. Fish. Res. Ed . Canada , 17 (3 ) : 409 - 1+48 . H. MS , 1919. Earl y exp lorations for herring on t he east er n co a s t of Can ada. Fi sh. Res . Bd, Canada , MS Rep t . , Bio1. Sta., St. Andr ews , N.B . , 6 pp. 1943 . Seas ona l variation i n the fatness of " sa rdine" her ring. Fish. Res . Bd.Canada, At l an t i c Pr og. Rept. No. 34 , pp , 17-19 . MS , 1954 a . Sonic sou nding exp lorations. Atlan tic Her r . I nve s t. Comm. , Final Rept., Vol . I, May, pp. 15-46. MS , 1954b. Condition (f a t ne s s ) of herr i ng . At l an t i c Herr. Invest. Comm ., Final Rept. , Vol . II, May, pp. 94- 101. MS , 1954c. Summary of bott om trawling records r esulti ng f r om ope rat ions of t he M.V. II Harengus" 1n 1948. . Fis h. Res. Bd ; Canada , MS Rept. , srei , Sta., St . Andrews, N.B . , 9 pp. MS 1 19500. Herring mor tal1tie s in t he Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1955. Fish.Res . Ed. Canada , MS Rept., srer. Sta ., No. 607, 9 pp ,

MS, 1956b. Review of literature on Bay of Fundy herr ing. Fis h. Res . Bd, Canada, MS Rept. Bio1. Sta. , No. 612, 65 pp. MS, 19 56c . Int erviews with fishermen and fishery officers r ega r ding he rring f1 shing methods in the Mariti me Provinces, Quebe c , and Newf oundland chiefly in 19'+3-1944. Fish. Res . sa, Canada , MS Rept., Bio1. Sta. , St. Andrews , N. B., 51 pp ; -46- Leim , A. H. 1957a. Summarr of results under the At l an tic Her r ing I nve s t i ga tion Committ ee. Bull. Fi sh. Res. Bd.Cana da , No. 111, pp , 1-16. 1957b. Fatness of herring in Canadian At l ant i c waters.I bi d. , pp , 177-184. MS 1958a. Distribution of herr ing l arva e in the 1ower BS1 of Fundr and adjacent waters. Fish. Res . se, Canada, MS Rept. (BioI.) , No. 652 , 8 pp. 1958b. Fatness of small herring in the Bar of Fund)'. J . Fish. Res . Bd, Canada, 15 (6): 1259-1207. ' Leim , A. H., and S. N. Tibbo. MS, 1954. Stat i s t i cal da ta on herring.At l ant i c Herr. I nvest. Comm . , Fi na l Rept' l Vol . I , Mar, 7 pp. Lei m, A. H., S. N. Tibbo, and L. R. Dar. 1957. Expl orat ions f or her r i ng in Canad ian At l an t i c waters , 1945­ 1950. Bull. Fish. Res . Bd; Canada, No. l 11 , pp. 35-83. " MacFa r land, W. E. MS, 1931a. The distribution and move- ments of the he rring of the Bar of Fundy, Bi oI. Bd, Cana da , MS Rept., Bi oI. Sta., St. Andrews, N. B. , 56 pp , 1931 b. A s tudy of the Bar of Fundy he r r i ng . Bi oI. Bd; Canada, Annual Rept . for 1930, pp, 22- 23. *McKenz1e , R. A. MS, 1932. Some aspects of the he r ring fish err of t he Halif ax area. BioI. Bd;Canad a, MS Rept., BioI . Sta. , No. 60 , 16 pp , .. MS, 1963 . Her r i ng egg su rverl Tr initr Ledge area , Septembe r 5-6, 1961. Fish. Res . Bd; Cana da , MS Re pt ., Bio I . Sta., St. Andrews, N. B. McKenZie, R. A., and B. E. Skud . 1958. Herring migrat i ons in the Pa s samaquoddy r egi on. J. Fish. Res. Bd; Cana da, 15( 6) : 1329-1343 . McKenzi e , R. A., and S. N. Tibbo. 1958. Herring t agging i n the Bar of Fund)' (Jun e to August 1957). Fish . Res . Bd; Canada, Atlan t i c Pnog, Rept. No. 70 , pp. 10-15. - 47- McKenz1e , R. A., and S. N. T1bbo . MS, 19 59a . The herr1ng fishe ry of sou thern New Brunsw1ck. Internat10na l Pa s samaquoddy F1s her1es Board r eport to I nt er- na t d.ona I, Jo1nt Comm1 ss1on,App. II , Chap . 1, 50 pp , MS , 19 59b . The m1gr a t 1ons of herr1ng 1n the Passamaquoddy area . I n t ernat10nal Passama­ quoddy area. Internat10na l Passamaquoddy F1sher 1es Board r epor t to Internat10nal Jo1nt Comm1ss1on, App. II, Chap. 3 , 72 pp, 1960. Herr1ng fishery 1n southern New Bru nsw1ck . J . F1sh. Res. Bd. Cana da , 17( 2 ): 133-168. 1961. Her r 1ng movemen ts 1n the Bay of Fund y and Gulf of Ma1ne, 1957 and 1958. J . F1sh. Res. Bd. Canada , 18 (2) : 221-252.

" McNa1r n , N. A. MS , 1932. Herr1ng r ecord. B1oI. Bd, Canada, MS Rept., B101. Sta . , St . Andrews, N. B. , 1 p. 1933a. Herr 1ng races of t he Bay of Fund y. B101. Bd; Canada , Ann. Rept. for 1932, p. 29 . MS, 1933b. Repor t of 1nv est1ga t1on of " races of herr1ng 1n the Bay of Fundy, 1932, with spec1al reference t o t he scales. B101. Bd, Cana da t lIS Rept., B101. Sta. , St. Andrews , LL ,,~ .

" MI Gon1g 1e , R. H. MS, undated . Report on herr1ng from Bear R1ve r . B101 . Bd. Canada , MS Rept., B101. Sta., St. Andrews , N. B., 1 p. Nor t h Ame r 1c an Counc1l on F1shery Invest1gat1ons. 19 32a . Proc eed1ng s 1921- 1930 , No. 1, 56 pp. King 'S Pr1n t er, Ot tawa, Cana da , (pp, 31-3'+) . 193 2b . Proceed1ngs 1931-1933 , No.2, 40 pp. King's Pr1nter,Ot tawa, Cana da , (pp . 5- 7 ) . Ol s en, Ste1nar. 1959. Mesh se l ect 10n 1n her r 1ng g1ll nets. J . F1sh.Res. Bd, Canada , 16(3 ): 339 - 349 . 1961. Contr1bu t 1on t o the b101ogy of herr1ng (~ ~ L. ) 1n Newfoundland waters. J . F1s h. Res . ae, Canada , 18( 1 ) , 31-46. ' Pa r r 1sh , B. B. MS, 1958. An ap pra1sal of the Pa ssama­ quoddy herr1ng problem. F1s h. Res . Bd, Canada, MS Rept . (B101.) , No. 668 , pp , 5-20. -48- Perl ey , M. H. 1852. Report on t he sea and river fisheri es of New Brunswick.Second edi t . Freder i cton , New Brunswi ck, 294 pp. Prince, Edward E. 1907. The eggs an d ea rly life-history of the herring , gaspereau, shad and other cl u peoi ds . cont r-rb, Canadian BioI. fo r 1902-05 , pp. 95-110. Scattergood, L. W., and S. N. Ti bbo. 1959. The he r r i ng f ishe ry of the northwest Atlantic. Bull. Fish. Res. sa, Canada , No.l21, 42 pp. ··Shanly, Elean or. MS, 1918. A preliminary repor t on the intest i na l flora of the herring. BioI. Bd, Canada, MS Rept., BioI. Sta., St. Andrews, N. B., 8 pp,

··Somervi lled G. M. MS , 1956. A study of the food of sardines" in Pa s samaquoddy Bay i n 1956. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada , MS Rept., BioI. Sta., St. Andrews, N. B., 12 pp , + 2 app; Tes t er , Alb ert L. 1946. Compar i so n of the Atlanti c and Pacific herr ing and he rring f isheries. Fis h. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Prog. Rept., No. 66, pp , It-8. ·Tibbo, S. N. MS 1949a. Report on i nves t i ga tions from March r948 to Mar ch 1949. Sect. B. Herring population studies. Atlan tic Herr. Invest. Comm., Ann. Rept., 82 pp, 1949b. L' etude des popula tions . I n Rappor t Jeneral, Dept . des Pecher l es , Quebec , 19lt8-49 , pp , 71-72.

1 949 _~ 6: 0~ ~ . ~_1l6 ~he d I exp lor a t ion. I bid. ,

1950b.Es sais e du f ilet flottant.I bid. , pp , 80-82. 1950c. Etude des popu lations de hareng. I bi d., pp , 82-83. 1951a. Dri ft-net fishing for he r r ing. Dept. Fish., Trade News for March. MS, 1951b. Appendix on herring. Fish . Res . ~~ :~ ~nada, MS Rept., aroi, Sta., No. 430 , pp. Tibbo, S. N. 1952a . Trawling fo r sardines in Charlotte Coun t y waters . Dept. Fish., Trade News for May. MS , 1952b . The rnigrations of he rri ng. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, MS Rept., Biol. St a ., No. 448 , 18 pp , MS, 19548. Herring explorations on the Scotian Shelf1 1953. Fish. Res. ae, Canada, MS Rept . , Biol. :ita., No. 553, 33 pp. MS , 195'+b. Purse seining for he rring. Atlantic Herr. Inve s t . Cornrn ., Final Rept . , Vol . I , May, pp , '+6-51. MS , 19 51tc. Bot tom t raWling f or he r r ing. At l an tic Herr. Invest. Cornrn ., Fi nal Rept . , Vol. I , May, pp, 52-57. MS, 19 51td. Mid-water trawling fo r he r r ing. Atlantic Herr. I nvest. Cornrn. , Final Rept., Vol .I , May, pp , 58-62. MS, 195'+e. I n troduction to he r r ing popu­ lation s t udi es on t he east coast of Canada 19,+6-'+9. Atlan t i c Her r . Inves t. Cornrn ., Final Rept., Vol . II, May, 2 pp , MS, 19 5!tf. The Chaleur Bay a rea.At lantic He r r . Inve st. Cornrn., Fi na l Rept. , Vol. II, May, pp. 21t-1tO. MS , 195!tg. The At l an t i c coast al area. Atlant i c Hur. -I nves t . Cornrn ., Final Rept . , Vol. II, May, pp; 51t-66 • . MS, 19 5'+h. The Newfoundland wes t and sou t h coa stal area.At l an t i c Herr. Invest. Comm ., Final Rept. , Vol . II, May, pp. 66-75. 19 500. Expl orations for he r ring in the New­ foundlan d area . Dept.Fi s h., Trade News f or May• . 195 6b. Populat i ons of herring (~~ L.) in Newfoundland wa t ers. J. Fish. Res. se, Canada , 13('+): 449-'+66. 1957a. Echo sou nde r s do not fri ght en f i sh . Fundy F.1sherman, Vol . 29 , No. 10, May 8. 1957b. Herring of the Chaleur Bay a rea. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd.Cana da, No. 111, pp. 85- 102 . - 50- T1bbo, S. N. 1957c . Contribu t i on t o the biology of herring ( ~~ L. ) on the At l an t i c coast of Nova Scotia. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd, Canada , No. Ill, pp. 139-151. 1957d. Her ring popula t.Lons on the sou th and ...est coasts of Ne'o'foundland . Ibid., pp. 153- 164. 1959. Drift-netting for herring a l ong t he sou t h coast of Ne...foundland. Fish . Res . se, Canada, Atlant i c Prog, Rept. , No. 72, pp. 27-32. T1bbo, S. N., and V. M. Bra ...n, 1960. Expl or ations f or herr ing in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Mai ne. J . Fish . Res . se, Canada, 17())' 735 - 737 . 1~8 . +T1b bo, S. N. and L. R. Day. MS 1 Report on 1nvest1­ ga h ons from March 19'+'( to March 1~8 . Sec t . B. He r r ing popu lation studies. Atla nt i c Her r . In­ ve st. Comm., Ann. Rept., 76 pp . MS , 195'+. Materials and met hods used in herri ng investigations. At l an t i c He r r . Invest. Comm., Fi nal Rept., Vol . II, May,7 pp. 1960.Pa s samaquoddy Fi sher i es I nve sti gations. Dept. Fi sh . , Trade Ne...s fo r February. T1bbo, S. N., and T. R. Graham. 1963. Biological changes in herr ing stocks follo...1ng a n epizoot i c. J . Fish . Res .Bd,Cana da, 20 (2 ). 435-449. T1bb o , S. N., and J. E. Henri Le gare. 1960. Fur t he r study of larval he r r ing ( ~~ L. ) in the Bay of Fun dy and Gul f of Mai ne. J . Fish. Res . ss, Can ad a, 17(6). 933 -942. T1bbo , S. N., J . E. H. Legare, L. W. Scattergood a nd R. F. Temple. 1958. On the occurrence and di s t r i­ bution of l arval he r ring ( ~~L.) in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Mai ne . J . Fish. Res. Bd. Canada , 15( 6 ): 14 51-1469. MS, 1959. Larval he rring (~ l1llll=. L. ) in t he Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Mai ne. Internat 10na l Pa s samaquoddy Fi sher i es Board report t o I n t er ne t10nal Joint Commiss ion, App. II, Chap. 5, 26 pp , T1bbo , S. N. , and R.A. xcxenate, MS, 19 59. Passama­ quoddy he rring catche s in rel a t i on to env i ronment . I nter ne t .LonaL Pa ssamaquoddy Fisheries Boa r d r eport t o I nt erna t i onal Joint Commission , App. II , Chap. 6 , 7 pp. - 51- Ti bbo , S. N.,D. J. Scarratt, and P. W. G. McMullon. 1963. An investi gation of herring ( ~~ L. ) spawning u sing free-divi ng t echniques. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, (in press) . ·Tibbo, S. N., and E. G. Sollows. MS 1953. Drift-ne t fishing for he r r ing, 1950 to 1952. Fish.Res . Bd. Canada, MS Rept., s r e i , Sta. , No. 505 , 27 pp. • "Willi amson ,Jane. MS , 1920. Preliminar y report on the normal intestinal flora of the sa rd i ne he r r ing (!UJlJl.elL ~ L.). Biol. se. Canada, MS Rept ., BIOl.Sta., St. Andrews , N. B., 25 pp.