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Problems in the history of bastioned fortifications. Methods of restoration and rehabilitation of the bastioned fortifications with earthen rampart.

VALENTIN CAPOTESCU. Department of Civil Engineering Politehnica University of Timişoara 2nd T. Lalescu, 300223 – Timişoara ROMANIA ,[email protected],[email protected], http://www.ct.upt.ro

Abstract: The bastion-shape fortifications represent a particular domain of the engineering which has flourish over the past centuries and it is closely connected with the architecture, military methods and also many other domains of science. Today the bastioned fortifications in Europe are in a great danger It is no longer a problem linked with the means of conservation of this historic relics for posterity, who are threaten with destruction, even before the experts can study them, but also this matter represent a problem of sustainability of this structures, and the way this structures can or can`t be integrated inside the urban structure of the 21st century modern cities. Since the bastioned fortifications were different from the incipient forms, their investigations require different methods of research. To conclude this shortly, this methods contain a study of their historical past (including a brief review of the history of fortifications), and also an analysis of the site where the defensive structure lays from the point of view of defence with an particular accent over the adiacent surroundings and the perimeter. The analysis of the fortification itself contain a deep study over the profile (vertical section) of the rampart and the ditch and finding the ”line” of the fortress trace, in order to establish the type of the measurement unit which was used when the plan was traced ,when the fortification was built. Next stage is the calculation of the geometric proportions and the angles of the original outline of the elements (having as basis geometric rules with the characteristic proportions), then follow the analysis of the structures from the inside of the outline, communications, accesses and the exterior buildings. This paper relates to the direct way of the restoration and rehabilitation of the Cluj Citadel.

Key-Words: - Military Architecture Theory,Fortifications, bastioned fortress, rampart, bastion, artillery, Vauban.

1 Introduction intervention when dealing with such cases Dealing with the bastioned fortifications was of structures. Each stage is deeply always a problem. The main problem was analysed in order to extract the main how you use them after their military features of the restoration process. The function stopped. The second issue is what subject of this study is a case-study: Cluj you do with them after, how you restore Citadel, a small earthen fortification on one them, how you rehabilitate them, and most the Cluj hills. important is how you make them a sustainable long-time project. One of the most important, and hard challange is the restoration process, sometime the most costly also. Restoring an earten fortification is different from the other types. This paper propose a set of 10 steps (stages) of

ISSN: 1792-4308 174 ISBN: 978-960-474-205-9 Latest Trends on Cultural Heritage and Tourism

2 Methods of restoration and case we have study the stages from 1712, rehabilitation of the bastioned 1734 and 1750. It is vital to study many fortification with earthen rampart. plans because this way we can see the differences from one author to another, also

we can make a short history of the evolution process, and we can extract important conclusions and data about the monument past. (fig.3)

Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig 1,2-research stage I: Site analysis.

The research program was carried out in order to study the way we can rehabilitate ,restore and include in the fortress remains in the modern urban space within the old historic neighbourhood of the city. For this Fig.3 reason has been study theoretical and Fig 3-research stage II: historical study of practical models (2 other cases) with the 3 stages from 1712,1734 and 1750. common features like Cluj. The analysis has been made having as basis the The 3rd Stage contain a study with a huge historical maps of the citadel importance for us. In the 3rd stage we ,reconstruction of some important stages in overlap the old historical maps which we the history of the citadel. It has been have analysed on stage 2 (stages from demonstrated in this study the membership 1712,1734 and 1750) over the actual of Cluj citadel to the Vauban system satellite view of the citadel. This process is Concept, by finding out the geometric will be done for all 3 stages in particular. method of the citadel tracing which ,was This way we can see the actual differences discovered after a detailed analysis of the between the studied plans and the real fortress plan and the geometric remains on the site. The overlapping it was decomposition of the citadel plan. mad as accurate as it can be, counting the As a result of this study had been normal errors of the old plans (fig.4,). demonstrated that the fortress is a particular case with earthen rampart, based st on Vauban 1 method (method which was taken from Pagan). st The 1 Stage contain the study of the site where the structure is located. The 2nd Stage: Stage 2 of research contain a process of study of the historical documents (especially old maps) from different periods with are important and concludent for our purpose. It is very important to study as may plans as we can, at least 3 different historical stages, in order to make a good and accurate study. In this Fig.4. Stage 3. Overlap of the 1712,1735 and 1750 periods over satellite view.

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the old buildings still on site and the new insertions made during the years, in our case is the Hotel, and the new acces road to the hotel, represented in Fig.6-right figure with red (the hotel) and green (the road). Also in the same figure is market the actual situation of the earthen rampart (white)-and the demolished parts (purple).

Fig.5- Stage 4. Marking the overlapped map from 1712,1735 and 1750 over the satellite view with distinctive colours, in order to recognize de components of the Fig.7- part of Stage 5 is the 3d restoration fortification system. model of the historic stage 1750

th (this graphic is made by Radu Oltean) In the 4 Stage we mark with distinctive colours the components of the fortification The 6th Stage consist in a deep analysis of system, in ordre for further analysis and the present situation of the remains (the conclusions (fig.5). From this study we can relics). This analysis is made only after the see which map is the best fitting with the termination of all historical study of the actual site context, and that stage ( in our variants. case 1750) will be use in the next stage co continue the experiment in stage 5.

th The 5 Stage consist in choosing the best historic plan that suite out purpose (stage from 1750). This particular stage will be further detailed and will be use for a complete and precise comparation with the actual situation of the relics. (fig.6)

Fig.8- stage 6, the actual site situation of the relics with the marking on the site-map of all the interior buildings.

This stage actually starts the Restoration Study or even the Restoration Process. This study contain a complete mapping and inspection on the site of the ramparts Fig.6- Stage 5. The comparation between remains, and the identification on the site of the choosen historic stage 1750 and the the interior buildings, and treir physical actual situation of the relics is made. shape.

After this comparation, and after we are The 7th Stage consist in a complete and sure which historic map is the best fitting very accurate correlation of the actual site with the site, the 3d model, or the 3d with the most recent topographic map done restoration can be done (fig.7). On the by specialized engineers (fig.9). All the actual site it is important to be marked all tehnical details and data should be mark

ISSN: 1792-4308 176 ISBN: 978-960-474-205-9 Latest Trends on Cultural Heritage and Tourism

there, on that plan, including terain original fortification which was made dimensions, including cross-sections on the according with the system of Jean Errard rampart profile. de Bar le Duc .

Fig.9- stage 7-corelation with the topographic plan. Fig.11- stage 9 reconstruction of the outline

th All this sections will be made through the The 9 Stage consist in a deep analysis of main components of the citadel: bastions, the actual stage of the remains, starting curtain, gates, ravelin, etc. from the topographic plan and decomposing the outline in order to find out 3 Problem Solution the geometric trace.

Next stage is to find a solution to the problem and finding the right way to rehabilitate and restore the citadel. In order to do that we need to search other examples of this kind.

th The 8 Stage consist in a comparation process between this example (Cluj Fig.12-profile analysis Fig.13 restored Citadel) and other similar examples from fortress with earthen rampart in Copenhaga Europe. This is actually a documentary process for the restoration.(fig.10) One of the most important steps in this process is the first step: the analysis of the profile, which shows the particularities of the fortification system ( in this case is the 1st Vauban system). A good knowledge of military architecture theory is required in order to make no confusion over the system type. The second step is to find the exterior trace- outline, or the exterior polygon. Usually, at a bastioned fortress, Fig.10- study of other similar examples. the salients of the bastions represents the main tracing points for that polygon (fig.11). In Fig.10 the first figure represent Castle The 3rd step is to find out the component Krzepice, Poland, reconstructed outline of element of the bastions: flanks, the original fortification which was made faces,salients value, and any other according with the 1st system of Adam geometrical relation between elements Freytag, and the 2nd plan represent Castle (fig.11). In that period, the military Dankow reconstructed outline of the architects used very strictly rules, with a

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perfect military function and rule. Nothing 2nd is the stage of planning the hypothesis was random when building a fort, that`s of restoration and usage. why, it is quite simple and easy to follow the 3rd is the verification of the hypothesis method of fortification, if you know the right (economical and juridical fesability system of fortification (in this case the 1st according with the conservation principles) system of Vauban). 4th is the executive plan 5th is the execution (carry on) of restoration AN=AM, RB=BS- BASTIO FACE process. NQ=MP, RV=TS-BASTION FLANKS A,E,D,B,C- SALIENTS The restoration process will be split on two ZY=HZ, YZ┘HY, YX=HC, Cc ┘BO fronts. The 1st front will follow only the ABCDE-The Base Polygon restoration of the inner structures AO,BO,DO,EO- bastions axis (buildings, gate-house, werehouse), and the 2nd front will follow only the fortification Finding out all the relations between itself, the earthen ramparts including the elements will help us very much when we exterior of the citadel. The remake of the will start the process of reconstruction for earthen ramparts will be made by using the the earthen rampart. In some places the same type of earth (here will be required a outline is deteriorated or completly strong geological study) usually taken from destroyed, so knowing the former trace (the the nearby region. All the vegetation will be original trace) is imperative! reorganized, the trees which destroy the ramparts, will be removed. All the existing The 10th Stage consist in the actual vegetation will re reorganized. process of restoration, intervention, conservation and the usage of the monument after the process is finished. 4 Conclusion: In order to restore the citadel`s old look,

and to bring it to an acceptable shape, it is necesarely to bring life inside it. You can`t bring life inside if is not restored properly. By following the 10 stages I have counted in this paper, good results may be obtain within certain objectives. Knowing the past, helps you knowing to restore the present and preserve it for the future. This casa in particular is the single one in Romania, so it is necesarelly to save the monument asap. A quick,fast and professional intervention is required, following the steps from this paper. Restoring the missing earth with new earth from the same time it is very important, to avoid unexpected conflicts between different types of layers composing the earth. Earthen ramparts will In order to complete the 10th stage it is be restored according with the profile imperative to follow some steps in the provided by the cross-section, as close as restoration process as follows: possible with the original shape (see 1st is the cognitive analysis (contain fig.12), and where is necessary the historical, morphological, dimensional static vegetation and grass will be replaced and features, materials and structural features) proper sustain,in order to look like new.

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5 Acknowledgements restauration des monuments anciens, in The research works was based on the book “International Meeting of Coordinators of wrote by the author, and elements which Training in Architectural Conservation”, UNESCO – ICCROM – ICOMOS Rome, 2- are part from some other private collections 4, XII, 1982 Rome. and Museum archives, from Romania. The [6] DI STEFANO, R., 1994. L’autenticità dei author would also like to thank to valori, in BARTHELEMY, J., BORSI, F., Prof.dr.ing. Stoian Valeriu, and CARBONARA, G., DI STEFANO, R., DE Prof.dr.arh.T. Octavian Gheorghiu for FUSCO, R., KRESTEV, T., LEMAIRE, providing historic material from their R.,MARCONI, P., PARENT, M., personal collection. ROGGERO, M.F., SILVA R,. In «Autenticità This work was partially supported by the e patrimonio monumentale», in “Restauro”, strategic grant POSDRU 6/1.5/S/13, (2008) n. 129,p. 126. of the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social [7] AA.VV., 2005. Che cosa è il restauro?, Protection, Romania, co-financed by the nove studiosi aconfronto, Marsilio editori, European Social Fund – Investing in Venice. People. [8] MERIMEE, P. , Lettres à Viollet – Le – Duc (1839-1879), byP. TRAHARD, Paris s.d., p. 215.4. CASIELLO, S., 1983. Restauri a References: Napoli nei primi decenni del‘900, in “Restauro” nn. 68-69, p. 42.

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