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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information INDEX cAbd Allah¯ ibn Saad, 335 Roman Achilles, 55 distinctive culture of, 8–9 Adeodatus (name), 115–27, 283 ‘Romanness’ of, 3–4, 7–8 administration, Byzantine social and political ties to Italy, 9–12 Africans in, 203–4, 211, 237 Vandal conquest of, 131–2 financial, 199, 235–6 Africa Proconsularis high officials Arian persecution in, 144, 164–5, 166, 181 court connections, 204–5, 220–3, 226 Byzantine administration of, 197, 207 regional origins, 202–4 Byzantine fortification of, 299 promotion within, 223–4 dating systems, 150–1 senior officers economy, 51, 91, 93–4, 334, 336 families of, 242–4 location of, 7 military background, 218–20 provincial church council of, 322, 348, prior service in Africa, 224–6 357 term of appointment, 233–5 Roman administration of, 9–10 ties to predecessors, 223 Vandal control of, 22 size, 240 Vandal settlement in, 47–50 structure of, 197–8 African red slip ware subordinate officers as economic evidence, 91, 333 court connections, 227–8 distribution in Africa, 98–9, 100–1, 287, recommendation of, 229, 230 288, 334 regional origins, 205–6, 207–11 exports, 92–4, 95, 336, 337 term of appointment, 236–9 production, 51, 91, 98, 140, 336 ties to superiors, 228–31 Agapetus (Pope), 172, 347 administration, Roman, 9–12 Agnellus (Ostrogothic ambassador), 39, 41 administration, Vandal, 46, 143–4 A¨ıgan (Byzantine officer), 207, 229–30, 232, Aegean, 92, 215, 337 300 Aetius,¨ 27 Albertini Tablets Afariqa¯ , see Romano-Africans economy and society in, 97–8, 99, 141, Africa 281–3 Byzantine estate management and, 139 military crises in, 216–17, 301–2 language of, 187 reconquest of, 254–5 literacy in, 134 defined, 16 property rights in, 138 identification of Vandals with, 56 regnal dating in, 45, 156 Islamic (Ifriqiya) written on non-local wood, 100 Byzantine-Islamic transition, 362–3 Alexander (ambassador), 32 Christianity in, 363–70 Alexandria, 74, 93, 337, 366 communications with Italy, 366–9 Altava, 276–7, 278, 289–90, 294, 302 conquest, 111, 232, 280, 305, 335, 353, Amalafrida (Ostrogothic princess), 38–40, 358–9 315 local pride in, 55–6 Amalasuntha (Ostrogothic queen), 315 420 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information Index ambassadors suppression of, 320–1 Avar, 260 tenets of, 159–60 East Roman Vandal conversion to, 159–60, 185 to Moors, 210 Vandal identity and, 62, 159, 164, 182–3 to Vandals, 30, 31–2, 33, 34, 35–6 Vandal kingship and, 161, 183–4 Frankish, 348–9 aristocratic lifestyle, 53–5, 136 Moorish, 279, 294 Armenia, 219, 230, 242, 257 multiple, 41–2 Armenians, 203, 208–9, 219, 245, 350 Ostrogothic, 39, 41 army status of, 35 Byzantine Vandal, 32, 35, 37, 41–2, 314 Africans in, 210, 237, 240–1, 339 Visigothic, 25 Arians in, 321 West Roman, 30–1 Belisarius’ command corps, 205–7 amphitheatres, 53, 57, 133 death in service, 231–3 amphorae eastern reinforcements of, 240 African exports, 93–5, 336, 337 field promotion by, 223–4 as economic evidence, 91, 333–4 Greek in, 245 distribution in Africa, 98, 100, 334 ideological role of, 254 imports into Africa, 93, 337 Latin in, 244 production, 51, 140 limitanei, 198, 240–1, 249 Anastasius I (emperor), 34, 80, 213 local recruitment into, 210, 240–1 anno, anno Karthaginis, see dating, year of local society and, 241–2, 247–50 Carthage looting and, 310–11 Antalas military tactics, 266–7, 297 Berber name, 294 military unrest and, 216, 301–2, 321, 358 ‘blackness’ of, 271 officers as local notables, 333 military tactics of, 266 provisioning of, 311 provincial origins of, 276 raids of, 299 relations with Byzantines, 298, 300, 302, 339 Thrace as recruiting ground for, 231 territory of, 268, 279 Roman, 49, 68 Antichrist, 80, 171, 359 Vandal, 47, 59–60, 168, 259–60 Antioch, 57, 337 Artabanes (magister militum) apocalypticism, 171, 272, 359 Armenian, 203, 208 apostasy, see conversion family of, 208–9, 232, 242, 244 Arab invasion, see Africa, Islamic military career of, 219 Arabs recall of, 233 in Byzantine army, 206 Artemios, St, 341 medieval historians, 305, 335, 358, see also Arzugitanus poeta, 281 Ibn cAbd al-Hakam astrologers, 86 Procopius on, 256, 257 Athanagild (Visigothic prince), 348–9 service in wars against, 225 Athanasius (Praetorian Prefect), 205, 234 Arcadius of Caesarea, St, 113 Attila, 37 Archelaus (Praetorian Prefect), 205, 206 Augustine of Hippo architectural fittings, 348 circulation of writings, 107–8 Areobindus, 204, 219, 220, 223, 242 early career of, 11–12 Arianism ethnic distinctions in, 192 anti-Arian literature, 109, 173–6 family of, 295 Arian-Nicene debate, 173–5 illicit slaving in, 299 barbarian identity and, 192–3 ‘Moors’ in, 267, 274, 283 catholicity of, 181–2, 184 Punic identity in, 187–9 in Byzantine army, 321 Romanness in, 189–90, 192, 375 Nicene conversion to, see conversion translation of relics, 110–11 patriarchate of Carthage, 46–7 Aures` Mountains political loyalty and, 176–7, 178–9 Byzantine fortifications in, 250 Roman identity and, 160, 194 Christianity in, 268, 269, 288 421 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information Index Aures` Mountains (cont.) end of persecution and, 170 economic and cultural ties, 100, 288 flee Vandal invasion, 68 estate management in, 341 Gregory I and, see Gregory I Islamic invasion of, 280 in Islamic Africa, 362, 364, 368–9 Moorish power in, 278, 287, 302 in western Africa, 291–3 Vandals flee to, 56 naming patterns among, 292–3 Avars, 260, 264, 351 of Carthage, see Carthage Avitus (emperor), 30 ordination of Gelasius and, 125–6 Balearic Islands, 94, 288, 323 Islamic-era, 362, 366, 367–9 Balkans, 91, 160, 202, 205–6, 207–8, 230–1 Vandal-era, 30, 32, 164–5, 166, 170, 184 banishment, 67, 73, 86, 162 political loyalties of, 176–9 barbarian, Greco-Roman ideology of, 58, summoned to Constantinople, 321–2, 323 130–1, 193, 256–61 targets of Arian persecution, 162–6, 170 barley, 263, 264, 289, see also grain blackness, see skin colour Basiliscus, 310 Bleda (ambassador), 30 bath complexes Boccaccio, 370 abandonment of, 54 Boethius (philosopher), 105, 108, 213 construction of, 45, 53–4, 147 Boethius (primate of Byzacena), 322 maintenance of, 54, 133 Boniface (comes Africae), 68 repurposing of, 133 Boniface (secretary of Gelimer), 134, 139 use of, 56, 354 Bordj Djedid, mosaics, 61 Belezma, 99, 277, 288 buildings, see also amphitheatres; bath Belisarius complexes; churches; circuses; African policy of, 310–11, 313 fortifications; houses; theatres Balkan origins of, 202 Justinianic ideology and, 333 career of, 219, 222 Vandal kingship and, 45–6, 147 family of, 242, 243 Byzacena key associates of, 223, 229–30 Byzantine loyalty of, 222–3 Arab attacks reach, 358 Moors and, 279 as province, 197 recall of, 223, 233, 297 council of bishops, 321, 322, 327–8 Benenatus (name), 115–27, 283, 293 fortification of, 287, 299 Bir el Knissia (basilica), 336 magistri militum in, 213, 227 bishops, Arian, see also Bleda; Cyrila; Jucundus military administration of, 198, 207 as ambassadors to Vandals, 30, 35 military unrest in, 302 epigraphy and, 164 Moorish attacks in, 216, 298, 299, 300, judicial function of, 138, 165 352 Nicene apostates among, 172 Solomon’s campaign in, 300 Nicene disputation with, 36, 173 subordinate officers in, 207, 208, 229–30 persecution and, 179 dating systems, 150–1 preach in Latin, 182 economy, 91, 94, 98, 99, 100, 140 bishops, Nicene exile to, 163, 167 Arian patriarchate and, 46–7 foreign monks in, 87–8 as local notables, 333, 339–40 location of, 7 as travellers Moors of, 255, 268, 278, 279, 297, 299 epigraphic evidence, 70–1 Roman administration of, 9 limitations on overseas travel, 68 Vandal numbers, 68 control of, 22 Byzantine religious policy and, 320–1, 357, persecution in, 169 359, see also Maximus Confessor; royal estates in, 47–8 Three Chapters Controversy Vandal settlement and, 49 care for refugees, 81–2 conversion to Arianism among, 172 Caelestiacus (refugee), 70, 73, 74, 89 cult of relics and, 340 Caesarea in Mauretania, 88, 207, 287–8 422 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information Index Caesarius of Arles, 86, 109, 176, 345 communications hub, 88 camels, 97, 167, 266 confiscations in, 163–4 Cartagena, 336 exile near, 167 Cartennae, 102, 163 Roman aristocrats banished from, 67 Carthage seat of proconsul, 46 African exports via, 93 Vandal diet and, 62 bishops of (Arian), see Cyrila, Jucundus Vandal kingship and, 20–3 bishops of (Nicene), see also Deogratias; Vandal settlement and, 49 Eugenius; Quodvultdeus; etc. Vandal-era poetry and, 56 exile of, 67, 73, 86, 102 year of, see dating Islamic-era, 364, 368–9 Cassian of Tingi, St, 113 Justinian and, 321–2 Cassiodorus ordination of, 30, 170, 184, 322, 367–8 African authors and, 338, 344 Papacy and, 325–6, 348, 357, 367–9 monastic library of (Vivarium), 109, 344–5 patriarch of Constantinople and, 357 Punic language and, 189 vacant see, 164–5 Variae of, 40–1, 85, 104 Byzantine Cato (poet), 147 capital of Africa, 197 Caucasus, 256–7, 278, see also Armenia commanders
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