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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information

INDEX

cAbd Allah¯ ibn Saad, 335 Roman Achilles, 55 distinctive culture of, 8–9 Adeodatus (name), 115–27, 283 ‘Romanness’ of, 3–4, 7–8 administration, Byzantine social and political ties to Italy, 9–12 Africans in, 203–4, 211, 237 Vandal conquest of, 131–2 financial, 199, 235–6 Africa Proconsularis high officials Arian persecution in, 144, 164–5, 166, 181 court connections, 204–5, 220–3, 226 Byzantine administration of, 197, 207 regional origins, 202–4 Byzantine fortification of, 299 promotion within, 223–4 dating systems, 150–1 senior officers economy, 51, 91, 93–4, 334, 336 families of, 242–4 location of, 7 military background, 218–20 provincial church council of, 322, 348, prior service in Africa, 224–6 357 term of appointment, 233–5 Roman administration of, 9–10 ties to predecessors, 223 Vandal control of, 22 size, 240 Vandal settlement in, 47–50 structure of, 197–8 African red slip ware subordinate officers as economic evidence, 91, 333 court connections, 227–8 distribution in Africa, 98–9, 100–1, 287, recommendation of, 229, 230 288, 334 regional origins, 205–6, 207–11 exports, 92–4, 95, 336, 337 term of appointment, 236–9 production, 51, 91, 98, 140, 336 ties to superiors, 228–31 Agapetus (Pope), 172, 347 administration, Roman, 9–12 Agnellus (Ostrogothic ambassador), 39, 41 administration, Vandal, 46, 143–4 A¨ıgan (Byzantine officer), 207, 229–30, 232, Aegean, 92, 215, 337 300 Aetius,¨ 27 Albertini Tablets Afariqa¯ , see Romano-Africans economy and society in, 97–8, 99, 141, Africa 281–3 Byzantine estate management and, 139 military crises in, 216–17, 301–2 language of, 187 reconquest of, 254–5 literacy in, 134 defined, 16 property rights in, 138 identification of Vandals with, 56 regnal dating in, 45, 156 Islamic (Ifriqiya) written on non-local wood, 100 Byzantine-Islamic transition, 362–3 Alexander (ambassador), 32 Christianity in, 363–70 Alexandria, 74, 93, 337, 366 communications with Italy, 366–9 Altava, 276–7, 278, 289–90, 294, 302 conquest, 111, 232, 280, 305, 335, 353, Amalafrida (Ostrogothic princess), 38–40, 358–9 315 local pride in, 55–6 Amalasuntha (Ostrogothic queen), 315 420

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19697-0 - Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 Jonathan Conant Index More information

Index

ambassadors suppression of, 320–1 Avar, 260 tenets of, 159–60 East Roman Vandal conversion to, 159–60, 185 to Moors, 210 Vandal identity and, 62, 159, 164, 182–3 to Vandals, 30, 31–2, 33, 34, 35–6 Vandal kingship and, 161, 183–4 Frankish, 348–9 aristocratic lifestyle, 53–5, 136 Moorish, 279, 294 Armenia, 219, 230, 242, 257 multiple, 41–2 Armenians, 203, 208–9, 219, 245, 350 Ostrogothic, 39, 41 army status of, 35 Byzantine Vandal, 32, 35, 37, 41–2, 314 Africans in, 210, 237, 240–1, 339 Visigothic, 25 Arians in, 321 West Roman, 30–1 Belisarius’ command corps, 205–7 amphitheatres, 53, 57, 133 death in service, 231–3 amphorae eastern reinforcements of, 240 African exports, 93–5, 336, 337 field promotion by, 223–4 as economic evidence, 91, 333–4 Greek in, 245 distribution in Africa, 98, 100, 334 ideological role of, 254 imports into Africa, 93, 337 Latin in, 244 production, 51, 140 limitanei, 198, 240–1, 249 Anastasius I (emperor), 34, 80, 213 local recruitment into, 210, 240–1 anno, anno Karthaginis, see dating, year of local society and, 241–2, 247–50 Carthage looting and, 310–11 Antalas military tactics, 266–7, 297 Berber name, 294 military unrest and, 216, 301–2, 321, 358 ‘blackness’ of, 271 officers as local notables, 333 military tactics of, 266 provisioning of, 311 provincial origins of, 276 raids of, 299 relations with Byzantines, 298, 300, 302, 339 Thrace as recruiting ground for, 231 territory of, 268, 279 Roman, 49, 68 Antichrist, 80, 171, 359 Vandal, 47, 59–60, 168, 259–60 Antioch, 57, 337 Artabanes (magister militum) apocalypticism, 171, 272, 359 Armenian, 203, 208 apostasy, see conversion family of, 208–9, 232, 242, 244 Arab invasion, see Africa, Islamic military career of, 219 Arabs recall of, 233 in Byzantine army, 206 Artemios, St, 341 medieval historians, 305, 335, 358, see also Arzugitanus poeta, 281 Ibn cAbd al-Hakam astrologers, 86 Procopius on, 256, 257 Athanagild (Visigothic prince), 348–9 service in wars against, 225 Athanasius (Praetorian Prefect), 205, 234 Arcadius of Caesarea, St, 113 Attila, 37 Archelaus (Praetorian Prefect), 205, 206 Augustine of Hippo architectural fittings, 348 circulation of writings, 107–8 Areobindus, 204, 219, 220, 223, 242 early career of, 11–12 Arianism ethnic distinctions in, 192 anti-Arian literature, 109, 173–6 family of, 295 Arian-Nicene debate, 173–5 illicit slaving in, 299 barbarian identity and, 192–3 ‘Moors’ in, 267, 274, 283 catholicity of, 181–2, 184 Punic identity in, 187–9 in Byzantine army, 321 Romanness in, 189–90, 192, 375 Nicene conversion to, see conversion translation of relics, 110–11 patriarchate of Carthage, 46–7 Aures` Mountains political loyalty and, 176–7, 178–9 Byzantine fortifications in, 250 Roman identity and, 160, 194 Christianity in, 268, 269, 288

421

Index

Aures` Mountains (cont.) end of persecution and, 170 economic and cultural ties, 100, 288 flee Vandal invasion, 68 estate management in, 341 Gregory I and, see Gregory I Islamic invasion of, 280 in Islamic Africa, 362, 364, 368–9 Moorish power in, 278, 287, 302 in western Africa, 291–3 Vandals flee to, 56 naming patterns among, 292–3 Avars, 260, 264, 351 of Carthage, see Carthage Avitus (emperor), 30 ordination of Gelasius and, 125–6 Balearic Islands, 94, 288, 323 Islamic-era, 362, 366, 367–9 Balkans, 91, 160, 202, 205–6, 207–8, 230–1 Vandal-era, 30, 32, 164–5, 166, 170, 184 banishment, 67, 73, 86, 162 political loyalties of, 176–9 barbarian, Greco-Roman ideology of, 58, summoned to Constantinople, 321–2, 323 130–1, 193, 256–61 targets of Arian persecution, 162–6, 170 barley, 263, 264, 289, see also grain blackness, see skin colour Basiliscus, 310 Bleda (ambassador), 30 bath complexes Boccaccio, 370 abandonment of, 54 Boethius (philosopher), 105, 108, 213 construction of, 45, 53–4, 147 Boethius (primate of Byzacena), 322 maintenance of, 54, 133 Boniface (comes Africae), 68 repurposing of, 133 Boniface (secretary of Gelimer), 134, 139 use of, 56, 354 Bordj Djedid, mosaics, 61 Belezma, 99, 277, 288 buildings, see also amphitheatres; bath Belisarius complexes; churches; circuses; African policy of, 310–11, 313 fortifications; houses; theatres Balkan origins of, 202 Justinianic ideology and, 333 career of, 219, 222 Vandal kingship and, 45–6, 147 family of, 242, 243 Byzacena key associates of, 223, 229–30 Byzantine loyalty of, 222–3 Arab attacks reach, 358 Moors and, 279 as province, 197 recall of, 223, 233, 297 council of bishops, 321, 322, 327–8 Benenatus (name), 115–27, 283, 293 fortification of, 287, 299 Bir el Knissia (basilica), 336 magistri militum in, 213, 227 bishops, Arian, see also Bleda; Cyrila; Jucundus military administration of, 198, 207 as ambassadors to Vandals, 30, 35 military unrest in, 302 epigraphy and, 164 Moorish attacks in, 216, 298, 299, 300, judicial function of, 138, 165 352 Nicene apostates among, 172 Solomon’s campaign in, 300 Nicene disputation with, 36, 173 subordinate officers in, 207, 208, 229–30 persecution and, 179 dating systems, 150–1 preach in Latin, 182 economy, 91, 94, 98, 99, 100, 140 bishops, Nicene exile to, 163, 167 Arian patriarchate and, 46–7 foreign monks in, 87–8 as local notables, 333, 339–40 location of, 7 as travellers Moors of, 255, 268, 278, 279, 297, 299 epigraphic evidence, 70–1 Roman administration of, 9 limitations on overseas travel, 68 Vandal numbers, 68 control of, 22 Byzantine religious policy and, 320–1, 357, persecution in, 169 359, see also Maximus Confessor; royal estates in, 47–8 Three Chapters Controversy Vandal settlement and, 49 care for refugees, 81–2 conversion to Arianism among, 172 Caelestiacus (refugee), 70, 73, 74, 89 cult of relics and, 340 Caesarea in Mauretania, 88, 207, 287–8

422

Index

Caesarius of Arles, 86, 109, 176, 345 communications hub, 88 camels, 97, 167, 266 conﬁscations in, 163–4 Cartagena, 336 exile near, 167 Cartennae, 102, 163 Roman aristocrats banished from, 67 Carthage seat of proconsul, 46 African exports via, 93 Vandal diet and, 62 bishops of (Arian), see Cyrila, Jucundus Vandal kingship and, 20–3 bishops of (Nicene), see also Deogratias; Vandal settlement and, 49 Eugenius; Quodvultdeus; etc. Vandal-era poetry and, 56 exile of, 67, 73, 86, 102 year of, see dating Islamic-era, 364, 368–9 Cassian of Tingi, St, 113 Justinian and, 321–2 Cassiodorus ordination of, 30, 170, 184, 322, 367–8 African authors and, 338, 344 Papacy and, 325–6, 348, 357, 367–9 monastic library of (Vivarium), 109, 344–5 patriarch of Constantinople and, 357 Punic language and, 189 vacant see, 164–5 Variae of, 40–1, 85, 104 Byzantine Cato (poet), 147 capital of Africa, 197 Caucasus, 256–7, 278, see also Armenia commanders in, 207 ceramics, see African red slip ware; amphorae; communications with Constantinople, lamps 345–6 Chalcedon Jewish community, 354 Chalcedonian orthodoxy market in, 311 African defense of, 157, 323, 357 military unrest in, 301–2 eastern threats to, 79–80 plague in, 242, 325, 351 Gregory (rebel) as defender of, 355 resistance to empire in, 313 Maximus Confessor and, 356, see also Vandal refugees in, 254–5 Maximus Confessor clergy of (Nicene), see also Ferrandus; Three Chapters and, 316, 317–20, see also Liberatus Three Chapters Arian persecution and, 169 Council of, Africans at, 79 exile of, 67, 73, 85, 102, 162 exile to, 322 Islamic-era, 367 chariot racing, 87, 136, see also circuses recall from exile, 32, 162–3 Charlemagne, 111, 277, 366–7 reclamation of St Cyprian’s basilica by, 164 Childebert II (Frankish king), 348–9 cult of the Virgin in, 342 Christianity cultural life in, 134, 136, 336 Arian, see Arianism Greek spoken in, 245 in African borderlands, see Aures` Mountains; imports into, 93, 337 Mauretania; Moors; Numidia; Islamic Tripolitania Charlemagne’s charity to, 366 in Islamic Africa, see Africa, Islamic conquest of, 358 Nicene continuity of occupation, 331 debates within, see Chalcedon; Three patriarchate of (Arian), see Arianism Chapters Controversy; Maximus public processions in, 59, 269, 272 Confessor; etc. rural economy of, 51, 334 Romanness and, see Romanness Salvian of Marseilles and, 57 churches silver-working in, 91 building of, 45–6, 268–9 spread of saints’ cults from, 112 conﬁscation of, 163–4, 326–7 ties to African interior, 95, 96, 98 dedication of, 342 travel time to Constantinople, 214–16 economic production and, 333 Vandal in Moorish hinterland, 268 Arian persecution in, 180–1 remodelling of, 336 capital of kingdom, 2 urban landscape and, 133, 332 celebration of, 56 Vandals take refuge in, 254 coinage and, 56 Cillium, see Thelepte

423

Index

circuses, 58, 133 Constans II, 235, 337, 356, 357–8, 359 cities Constantine I, 9–10, 11, 145, 184 as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 Constantinople changes in urban fabric, 132–3, 331–3 African exports to, 95, 336–7 continuity of settlement, 331 African grain and, 92, 336 cultural life and, 57–8, 133–4, 290–2 African saints’ cults in, 112 economic activity and, 51, 98–9, 133, 288, Arianism in, 160, 184 333 as imperial residence, Constans II and, 357–8 focus of Vandal settlement, 49–50, 258 Byzantine officers’ wives kept in, 242–3 moralists and, 57–8 captured by Heraclius, 355 municipal institutions and, 132–3, 333 circulation of manuscripts in, 108, 320, clergy 343–4 Arian, 48, 164, 165, 178, 179, 320 communications with Carthage, 345–6 Nicene, see also Carthage, clergy (Nicene) of coronation ceremonial in, 302 acceptance of Africans into, 368 exports to Africa, 337 appeals to Papacy among, 326–9 First Council of, 160 as local notables, 333 importance as travel destination, 89–90 conversion to Arianism among, 84, 172 Latin in, 89–90 dedication of altars and, 340 Second Council of, 322 exile of, 102 Sixth Council of, 359 Islamic-era, 362, 367, 369 travel time to Carthage, 214–16 naming patterns among, 292 Vandal envoys to, 32, 314 persecution of 484 and, 169 conversion Roman, expansion of under Gelasius, 125 to Arianism use of Vandal dates among, 152, 156–8 demanded by Huneric, 181–2 clothing, see also jewellery ethnic significance of, 182 African export, 91 Nicene, 84, 171–2 Albertini Tablets and, 281–2 of Geiseric, 185 as ethnic signifier, 7 of Vandals, 159–60 as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 political significance of, 177 ‘barbarian dress’, 60–2 to Islam, 363–4, 369 imperial purple, 44 to Nicene Christianity imports into Africa, 348 among Vandals, 180 Moorish evangelization of Moors and, 268 battle-gear, 265–6 of Arian kings, 175–6 cap, 279 of Arians, 320, 347–8 cloak, 263, 265, 279 of Jews, forced, 354 shoes, 334 of Vandal kings, hoped for, 174–6 silk, 56 Corbie, 108 Symmachus’ charity and, 104 Corippus trade within Africa, 99 African perspective of, 199, 256 coinage Africans in Byzantine army in, 210, 237 as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 Armenians in, 208–9 Byzantine barbarians in, 259–60 dating on, 155 Byzantine officials in Islamic invasion and, 335, 352 Athanasius (prefect), 234 Islamic, 362 John Troglita, 219, 224 Vandal Thomas (prefect), 226 Carthage on, 21, 56 Constantinople–Africa route in, 215 dating on, 155 education/intellectual outlook of, 259, 340 Justin I on, 313 in Constantinople, 260, 338 Victory on, 45 Moors in Columbanus, 109–10 Antalas, 276 Columbus (bishop), 325, 326, 328 Berber names of, 293–4 commerciarii, 199, 213, 235–6 blackness of, 269, 271

424

Index

Byzantine reconquest and, 252 royal, 150, 151–2, 155–8 Cusina, 303–4 year of Carthage, 20–1, 152–6, 157 fear of, 252 decadence, 56–8 Latin-speakers among, 294 Deogratias of Carthage, 30, 162, 164–5 long hair of, 264 diet, 62, 256, 263–4 military dress of, 265–6 dignities, Roman, 35, 46, 145–6, 248, 285–6 military tactics of, 266 Djebel Mrata, see Albertini Tablets non-Romanness of, 272–3 Djedar, 268, 277, 278 paganism of, 267 doctors, 169, 198 repulsiveness of, 272 Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, 354, 361 rusticity and poverty of, 303 Dominicus of Carthage, 325–6, 348 Roman identity in, 359–60 Domnulus (Quaestor of the Sacred Palace), 70, Three Chapters and, 376 89 Corsica, 102, 103, 162, 178, 206, 347 Donatists, Donatism court, imperial Gregory I and, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328 African refugees at, 80, 85 Justinian and, 321 Corippus at, 260, 338 Vandals and, 156, 171, 180, 184 episcopal appeals to, 327–9, 346 Dracontius Hilderic at, 34 barbarians in, 59 Huneric at, 23, 29–30 circulation of writings, 109 ideology of reconquest, 196–7 education of, 141 Junillus at, 338 Gunthamund and, 143, 183 militarism at, see militarism legal career of, 137 opposition to reconquest at, 310 literary circle of, 135–6 court, Vandal name and family of, 145 Arianism at, see persecution Roman identity in, 190 ‘barbarian’ dress and, 61 Thrasamund and, 147 Carthage as focus of, 49 Vandal kingship and, 142, 147, 183 draw of, 98 dress, see clothing political purges at, 177–8 Droctulf (Byzantine ofﬁcer), 209–10, 229 word ‘Roman’ at, 186 dux Crete, 216, 358 appointment of, 228–9 cursus publicus, 46, 245 Armenians as, 209 Cusina, 268, 279–80, 294, 298, 303–4 continuity of tenure, 236 Cyprian, St in Egypt, 220, 228 Byzantine reconquest and, 309, 342 Moorish rulers as, 278, 294 churches of, 163–4 of Byzacena, 198, 207, 230, 236 cult of, 112–13, 365–6 of Mauretania, 198 Punic identity and, 188–9 of Mesopotamia, 218–19, 237 translation of, 111, 367 of Numidia, 198, 206, 223, 229, 230, Cyprus, 92 275 Cyrila (Arian patriarch), 47, 63 of Sardinia, 198 of Tripolitania, 198, 209, 229, 279, see also Damira (Vandal princess), 59 n. 197, 147 John Troglita; Sergius Datianus (bishop), 321, 327, 346 dating economy consular, 148–50, 151, 284 African production, 51–2, 139–41, 287–9 Egyptian calendar, 87, 349–50 African prosperity, 333–6 episcopal, 339 exchange within Africa, 98–101 from creation, 149 export commodities, see exports imperial, 150–1, 155, 280, 284, 338, long-distance exchange, 90–4, 287–9, 340 336–7 indiction, 149, 338 urban, 132–3 local era, 149, 150, 151, 288, 290 Ecthesis, 356 Olympiads, 149 education, 55, 134, 141, 174, 340–1

425

Index

Egypt, see also Alexandria Vandal royal title and, 42, 44 African exports to, 93, 337 Vandal settlement and, 49 African troops posted in, 241 estates, see also economy; property Arian monastery in, 184 as ‘cities’, 283 Byzantine administration of imperial, 47, 85, 168, 249, 285 civilian nature of, 220 management of, 139, 141, 341 deployments, 237 markets on, 99 imperial intimates in, 228 of Africans, in Italy, 85 Libya Pentapolis, 228 of Byzantine elite, 242 locals in, 201, 210, 241, 247 of Italo-Roman elite, 12 non-locals in, 209 of Romano-Africans, 48, 56, 97, 137–8, 299 size of, 240 of Vandal elite, 47, 48, 241–2 Byzantine duces of, see dux of Vandal royal family, 47–8, 54, 311 ceramics production in, 92 suppression of heresy on, 168 Charlemagne’s charity to, 366 ethnicity commanders from, in Africa, 206 Arianism and, 182–3 exile to, 323 clothing and, 49, 52, 60–2, 264–6 Islamic raids from, 358 in early medieval West, 13 Israelites’ bondage in, 171 in Vandal kingdom, 49, 52–3, 58–64 Persian and Islamic conquests of, 347, 357 marks of distinction, 7 saints’ cults from, in Africa, 343 ‘Moors’ and, 261–75 Three Chapters and, 324 names and, 49, 52–3, 294–5 El Mahrine, 96, 98, 101, 140 Romanness and, 190 Elias the Younger, 365, 369 royal titulature and, 276–7 elite, definition of, 15 Eudaemon (father of Maria), 72, 74 Ennodius, 41, 86, 108, 109 Eudocia epigraphy brought to Africa, 26–7 Arian bishops and, 164 death in Jerusalem, 32 as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 Hilderic as son of, 43–4 bath complexes and, 53–4 inheritance due to, 24, 30–1, 32 Byzantine presence in Africa and, 247–50 marriage to Huneric Christians of Ifriqiya and, 363, 365 engagement, 22–3 circulation of books and letters and, 104, 109 importance of, 24–6 cult of relics and, see relics recognition of, 24, 30, 31, 38 cult of saints and, see saints, cult of threatened, 27–8 dating systems and, 148–59 Eudoxia (empress), 26–7, 29, 31 exile and, 102 Eugenius of Carthage fortifications and, see fortifications banishment to Albi, 86 Greek-language inscriptions, 87, 88, 189, death, 165 245, 349–50 exile within Africa, 102, 163 Greek-Latin bilingual, 245–6, 349 ordination of, 165, 184 metrical, 341 Vandal persecution and, 180 ‘Moorish’ Christianity and, 268–9 venerated as saint, 112, 128 ‘Moorish’ seizure of interior and, 276, writings of, 104, 174–5 278 Eugippius (abbot), 105, 107–8, 109 ‘Punic’ Christianity and, 189 eunuchs, 147, 227, 228, 346 Punic-language inscriptions, 187–8, 189 Euric (Visigothic king), 25, 37, 176 Roman identity and, 284–6, 288, 289–92, Eutyches, Eutychianism, 79, 318, 319, 320, 294–5, 338 323 settlement of easterners and, 87, 88, 209, exarch, see also Gennadius; Gregory; Heraclius 349–50 Armenians as, 203 spread of ‘African’ names and, 118–22, families of, 242–3 126–7 military backgrounds of, 219 transhumance and, 283 prior service in Africa, 224–5 travel as revealed in, 70–2, 73, 74, 288 responsibilities of, 198

426

Index

revolts of, 355 origins of Byzantine officials and, 202–4, subordinate appointments and, 228–9 207–9 term of appointment, 234 Romans and local powers in, 5 exile, see also banishment Fulgentius of Ruspe biblical references and, 163, 171 age of, on travels, 74 communications during, 104, 105–7 anti-Arian writings, 174 Nicene bishops’ diet in, 264 beating of, near Sicca, 165, 179 of heretics, in Roman law, 168 circulation of books and letters and, 105–7, of Vandal warriors, 255 109, 174, 344 recall from, 32, 162–3, 170, 323 communications during exile, 105–7 under Byzantines, 322–3, 350, 357 correspondants of, 105–7 under Vandals, 67, 87, 177–8, see also early career of, 141, 143 persecution evades ordination, 165 Vandal dating and, 157 exile to Sardinia, 100, 103 exports (commodities), 91, 99, 334 family of, 70, 85, 137–8, 145, 246 founder of monastery, 138 Facundus of Hermiane knowledge of Greek, 246 circulation of writings, 320, 321, letter-collection of, 104 343–4 monastic conversion of, 168 disillusionment of, 329 recall from exile, 163 parallels with Maximus Confessor, 356 Redemptus (monk) and, 74 Three Chapters and, 319–20, 321, 322–4 regnal dating and, 157 Faustinus of Tebessa´ (bishop), 339–40 Romanness in, 190–1 Felix (poet), 139, 147, 172, 376 Thrasamund and, 157, 174, 176, 178, 195 Ferrandus, 106, 318–19, 326, 329, 344, travels of, 81, 84, 89, 95, 100 345 Fulgentius the Mythographer, 55–6, 186–7, figs, 91, 99, 141, 289 299, 339, 340, 376 Firmus (primate of Numidia), 322 Fundus Tuletianos, see Albertini Tablets flamines perpetui, 46, 137, 156 Florentius (poet), 56, 133–4, 147, 376 Gafsa, 40, 97, 98, 363, 370 foederati Galicia, 37 Byzantine commanders of, 206–7, 232–3 gardens, 48, 54, 56–7 ideology of barbarian and, 261 Garmules (Moorish king), 232 ‘Moorish’, seizure of frontier zone and, garum, 99, 100, 289 277 Gaul Vandals as, 21 African saints’ cults in, 112, 114 fortifications anti-Arian literature in, 175–6 Byzantine circulation of manuscripts in, 109, 345 cities and, 332 exports from Africa to, 94, 336 epigraphy and, 245–6, 249–50, 332 Gallo-Romans in administration of, 11 frontiers and, 206–7, 279, 287, 299 illict slave trade in, 300 locals and, 249–50 imports into Africa from, 94 private, 299 Vandal invasion of, 2 late Roman, 283 Gebamund (Vandal prince), 53–4 ‘Moorish’, 288, 289 Geiseric Vandal poetry and, 45–6, 56 anti-Arian treatise sent to, 175 Franks, see also Charlemagne; Childebert II; as Antichrist, 171 Ingundis consolidation of power, 67 dating systems of, 150 conversion to Arianism, 185 Procopius on, 257, 279 external relations Fridamal, 48 with empire, 22–4, 29–32, 33, 35–6 friendship, diplomatic, 33–4 with Huns, 37 frontier zone with Moors, 36 careers of Byzantine officials and, 218–19 with Odoacer, 38 cultural identity in, 280–4 with Visigoths, 24–5, 37

427

Index

Geiseric (cont.) Greek (language), 63, 127–8, 171, 244–6, 341, property settlement of, 47–8, 137 363, see also epigraphy, Greek-language religious policies of, see persecution inscriptions Roman advisers of, 87, 144, 167 Gregory (rebel) royal ideology of, 20–1, 183 death, 232, 355 sack of Rome (455), 26–8, 29 family of, 203, 222, 243 Vandal succession and, 25–6, 177 Maximus Confessor and, 355, 356 Gelasius (Pope), 75, 79–80, 83, 89, 125–6 previous career, 225 Gelimer rebellion of, 355 as refugee among Moors, 37, 55 Gregory I (Pope) capture of, 254 African church and, 324–9, 330, 348 end of the Vandal kingdom and, 308, 313, confessors of Tipasa and, 78, 309 315 cult of relics and, 326, 342 Justinian and, 314–15 Gennadius and, 229, 324, 328, 347 ofﬁcials of, 61, 134, 139 Innocent and, 203–4 regnal dating, 152 perceptions of Moors, 272 relations with Ostrogoths, 42, 315 Three Chapters and, 324 relations with Visigoths, 37–8, 42, 315 Gregory of Tours, 86, 128, 172 succession of, 312, 314, 315 Gregory VII (Pope), 362, 369 titulature, 42, 44 Gunthamund Geminius Catullinus, Flavius, 137, 141, 282, Dracontius and, 143, 183 283 external relations of, 33, 38 Gennadius (exarch) recalls exiled bishops, 162 Gregory I and, 229, 324, 328, 347 regnal dating, 21, 152–5, 156 kills Garmules, 232 titulature, 44 term of appointment, 224–5, 234 Guntharis (rebel), 216, 219, 223–4, 230, 302 George (Palestinian monk), 365 George (Praetorian Prefect), 235–6 Hadrian (abbot), 341, 352 George of Cyprus, 331, 332 Hadrian I (Pope), 366 Germanus (magister militum), 205, 218, 222, Hadrumetum 228, 233, 237 communications hub, 88 Ghirza, 267, 268, 283 foreigners in, 87, 178, 349–50 Gisaleic, 37–8, 39 Islamic period, 364 Godas, 61, 313 market, 311 Gordian (Carthaginian senator), 48, 70, 74, 85 Moors and, 271, 339, 352 Goths, see also Godas; Ostrogoths; Visigoths notables, 98, 339, 352 apocalypticism and, 272 renamed Unuricopolis, 45 Arianism of, 185 urban continuity in, 331 entertainments of, 63–4, 142 Ha¨ıdra, 164, 212, 247–9 in late Roman army, 49, 68 Hasdings, see Vandals Vandals as, 62, 179 Heraclius (emperor), 235, 243, 301, 354, 355, Gotthaeus (ambassador), 37, 41–2 357 grain, see also barley; wheat Heraclius (exarch), 203, 219, 234, 243, African exports 355 to Constantinople, 92, 336 Heruls, 206, 257, 259 to East, 314–15 Hilderic to empire, 23, 91, 357 Arian persecution ended by, 170 to Italy, 1, 12, 23, 92 as scion of Theodosian house, 43–4 imports into Africa, 86, 366 children of, 34 Moorish consumption of, 263–4 coup against, 65, 314 grammarians (grammatici), see also Corippus; in Constantinople, 34 Pomerius; Priscian relations with empire, 34, 313–14 Byzantine, 198 relations with Ostrogoths, 40 late Roman, 188, 273–4 succession of, 177, 178 Vandal-era, 55, 134, 135, 141, 146 supporters of in Constantinople, 314

428

Index

Hippo Regius African saints’ cults in, 112–13 Arianism in, 160 Africans in administration of, 11 ‘barbarian’ jewellery at, 50 Africans in church of?, 124–6 Byzantine army in, 247 anti-Arian literature in, 175 eastern migrants to, 349 Arianism in, 160 Islamic-era bishopric, 362, 369 Byzantine administration of Punic spoken in, 187 Armenians in, 209 refugee bishops at, 68 assimilation of troops, 241 Roman army in, 49, 68 exarchs, 219, 234 Vandal refugees in, 255 locals in, 200–1, 247 Vandal siege of , 68 Praetorian Prefects, 235 Vandal treasure captured at, 38 reposting from Africa, 233, 237 Hoageis (Vandal prince), 54, 147 senior ofﬁcers, 237 Hoamer (Vandal prince), 55 subordinate appointments, 228 Hormisdas (Pope), 80, 104, 107, 191 Christians of Ifriqiya and, 366–7 houses, private, 48, 54, 133, 299 circulation of manuscripts in, 107–10, Huneric 344–5 anti-Arian treatise sent to, 175 consular dating in, 148–50 convenes Council of 484, 46 East Roman attacks on, 39 death, 156 eastern names in, 211, 213 eastern Arian church and, 184 Italo-Roman elite and Africa, 105–6 hostage in Ravenna, 29–30 regnal dating in, 150 legislation of, 45, 138, 168–9 ‘Romanization’ of, 5 marriage to Eudocia saints’ cults of, among Africans, 104, effected by Geiseric, 27 342 engagement, 22–3 Three Chapters and, 324 ideological signiﬁcance of, 43–4 Vandal attacks on, 30, 31 recognition of, 24, 31, 38 Vandal claims to, 31 threatened, 27–8 Vandal slaving in, 91 Vandal succession and, 25–6 marriage to Visigothic princess, 24–5 Jerba, 99, 334 panegyric to, 147 Jerusalem political purge under, 177–8 Charlemagne’s charity to, 366 princely household of, 144 treasures from Temple of, 44 relations with empire, 32–3, 35 jewellery relations with Moors, 36–7, 287 as booty, 44 religious policies of, see persecution ‘barbarian’, 49–50, 52 renames Hadrumetum, 45 brooches, 279 royal ideology of, 45, 183 earrings, 264, 281–2 titulature, 44 gold, 56, 279 Vandal succession and, 177–8 Jews, 173, 180, 321, 348, 354, Huns, 37, 206, 259, 270, see also A¨ıgan; Attila 361 hunting, 53, 56, 61, 87, 136 John Malalas, 24, 33, 308, 314, 315 Hydatius, 27, 185 John Moschus, 351, 352 John the Lydian, 80, 308 Ibas of Edessa, see Three Chapters Controversy John Troglita Ibn cAbd al-Hakam, 243, 280, 335 Balkan origins of, 202 Ingundis (Frankish princess), 348 Corippus and, 338 Innocent (Praetorian Prefect), 203 dux in Africa, 207 Isidore of Seville, 109, 175, 185, 269, 309, dux Mesopotamiae, 219 345 family of, 232, 242, 243 Islamic conquest, see Africa, Islamic Procopius and, 224 Italy, see also Rome; Naples; Ravenna service in Africa, 224 African exports to, 23, 93–4, 336–7 term of appointment, 233 African names in, 115–27 Jordanes, 25, 37, 183, 308

429

Index

Jucundus (patriarch of Carthage), 165, Laurence, St, 286, 342 178 law Junillus, 106, 246, 338, 340–1, 376 canon, 68, 326, 327, 369 Justin I, 34, 313–14 form v. social practice, 64 Justin II, 200, 260, 323, 327, 338 Roman Justinian captive citizens in, 300 African church and, 320–3 codiﬁcation of, 8 African legislation of, 196–8, 240–1, 254, ideology of reconquest in, 196–7, 307 307, 320–1 imperial legislation for Africa, see Justin II; African refugees and, 80 Justinian; Valentinian III Antalas and, 300 in Vandal kingdom, 138, 282 children of Hilderic and, 34 of marriage, 24 cult of saints and, 342 Punic language in, 189 ecclesiastical architecture and, 333 soldiers in, 311 Egypt (administration) and, 201 suppression of heresy in, 168 fortiﬁcation of Africa and, 279, 299 Romanness and, 4, 7 Gelimer and, 314–15 Vandal, 45, 138–9, 168–9, 181–2, 183 Hilderic and, 34 lawyers, 134, 138, see also Dracontius; Junillus Italy (administration) and, 200 Lazi, 208, 256, 278 legitimation of reconquest, 64–5, 196–7, Leo I (emperor), 31–2, 33 307–12 Leo IX (Pope), 368 militarism of, see militarism Leontius (emperor), 358 Moors in ideology of, 253–5 Leptis Magna, 71, 342 rebels against Vandals appeal to, 313 letters, see also Cassidorus; Fulgentius of Ruspe; reorganization of Africa, 197–8, 240–1 Gregory I; Gregory VII; Leo IX; suppression of Arianism, 320–1 Theodoret of Cyrrhus Three Chapters and, 316, 321 as rhetorical device, 298, 311–12, 314 titulature, 61 circulation of Africa–Constantinople, 222, 235, 319, Kahina,¯ 305 320, 345–6, 357 Kairouan, 358, 363, 364, 365 Africa–Rome, 104, 318–19, 347–8, 357 Kusayla, 280, 294, 305 Africa–Sicily, 367 Augustine–Jerome, 74 Laetus (bishop), 309 Constantinople–Rome, 79–80 Laguatan, 267, 277, 279, 298, 299, 301 Sardinia–Constantinople, 106–7 Lambaesis, 99, 283 within Africa, 104, 167, 346–7 lamps, 92, 94, 333 Liberatus (deacon), 318, 323 Lares, see Sicca Liberatus Caecilides, 210–11, 237, 242 Late Roman C, see Phocaean red slip ware Libyan, 186–7, 196 Lateran Synod (649), 357 Lilybaeum, 39 Latin limes, see frontier zone African v. Italian, 80 literacy, rural, 134 Arian bishops preach in, 182 literary circles, 135–6 as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 Lixus, 289 brief on eastern theology in, 318 Luxorius Byzantine elite and, 244 Arianism and, 376 eastern liturgical manuscripts in, 366 blackness in, 270–1 education in, 341 elite lifestyle in, 53–5, 136 epigraphic language, 363, see also epigraphy Hilderic and, 43–4 in Constantinople, 80, 89–90 injustice in, 139 language of diplomacy, 41, 294 literary circle of, 135 poetry in, see poetry Punic identity and, 186–7, 189 Punic identity and, 189 status and family of, 145–6 spoken language, 63, 263, 363 Vandal regime in, 147–8 Latin Anthology, 54, 63, 271, 281 Vandalic language in, 63

430

Index

Madauros, 102, 157, 163 conversion to Arianism among, 172 magister militum Africae, 198, see also correspondants of Fulgentius of Ruspe, administration, Byzantine; Artabanes; 105–7 Belisarius; Germanus; Sergius; Decameron and, 370 Solomon; etc. discipline of, 325 Majorian (emperor), 31 Dythelete, 345 Malchus, 35, 57, 58 eastern, in Africa, 87–8, 178, 351, 365 Mallorca, see Balearic Islands Islamic-era, 364 Mancian tenure, 138 of Gafsa, 98, 170 Manicheans, 180, 184 overseas travel, 68, 352 manuscripts Scythian, 106–7 African community in East and, 366 Three Chapters and, 323 circulation of, 107–10, 343–5 travel within Africa, 98 Marcellinus comes, 77, 307–8, 312 travellers from Africa as, 85, 341, 352 Marcian (emperor), 28, 30, 35 Monoenergism, 353 Maria (enslaved aristocrat), 72–3, 74 Monophysites/Monophysitism, 235, 316, 351, markets, 99, 311 353, 356, see also Eutychianism Marseilles, 94, 121, 336, 348 Monotheletism, 345, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359 Martianus Capella, 108–9, 135 Moors Martina (empress), 235–6 blackness of, 269–71 martyrs/martyr cults, see persecution, Arian; Byzantine subsidies to, 298 relics; saints, cult of Christianity among, 267–9 Massa Candida, 113 ‘demonic’ nature of, 271–2 Masties, 269, 278, 280, 287, 293 evangelization of, 166, 267, 268 Masuna, 276, 278, 280, 293 legendary history of, 261–2 Mauretania paganism among, 267–8 Arian persecution in, 163 raids of, 297–300 Byzantine, 197, 198, 207, 287 receive Amalafrida, 40 Christianity in, 268–9, 286, 291–3, 362, 368 relations with empire, 255, 278–80, 297–302 communications with Rome, 286 relations with Vandals, 36–7, 56, 102, 166 dating systems in, 151 Roman perceptions of, 261–73 economy, 91, 287–8, 289 symbols of power, 36, 278–9, 283 exile in, 102 take over African interior, 275–8 location of, 9 term Afri barbari and, 274 Moorish seizure of, 276–7 term Mauri and, 273–5 Moors of, 252, 255, 278, 279 term ‘Moors’ and, 16 refugees in, 56, 85, 285, 301 titulature, 276, 278, 279 retroceded to empire, 22 Vandal-era authors and, 255 Roman identity in, 274, 284–6, 289–92 mosaics, 21, 53, 54, see also Bordj Djedid, Roman–Berber intermarriage in, 295 mosaics; Tabarka spread of saints’ cults from, 112, 113 Mouza¨ıaville, 102, 163, 276 Vandal control of, 21, 36, 286–7 Maurice (emperor), 234, 328, 349, 350 names, see also Adeodatus; Benenatus; Maurice (general), 232, 243–4, 247 Quodvultdeus; Sergius Maximus Confessor, 235, 345, 347, 351, 355–7, African 359 distinctiveness of, 115–16, 118–19 medicine, 54, 109, 134, see also doctors Italy and, 126–7 merchants, 71, 89, 169, 348, 349, 354, 365 ‘movement’ of, 114–27 militarism, 253–4, 261 Arabic, 206 millenarii, 48, 60, 64 Berber, 290, 293–4 monasteries, see monks ‘Byzantine’, in Africa, 211–14 monks, see also Fulgentius of Ruspe; Maximus ethnic identity and, 52–3, 294–5 Confessor Germanic, 49, 248, 249 Arian persecution and, 102, 162, 169–70 Greco-Roman, 292–3, 295 Arian, in Egypt, 184 Greek, 248, 249, 250

431

Index

names (cont.) production of, 91, 99, 133, 289, 333 Islamic, 364 skins and, 334 Latin, 248–50, 283, 290, 294 trade within Africa, 98, 100 mixed, 53, 294–5 Olybrius, Anicius, 24, 27–8, 31, 32, 105 Punic, 119, 290, 292, 294 Ostrogoths, see also Amalafrida; Amalasuntha; Roman Theodoric as index of ‘Romanization’, 7 Italo-Roman elite under, 105, 200–1 changes in patterns of, 6 Procopius’ attitude toward, 258 Naples, 85, 93, 105, 108, 112, 336 regnal dating, 150 Nestorianism, 316, 318–19, 320 relations with Vandals, 34, 38–42, 315 nomads, 258, 259, 263, see also pastoralists relations with Visigoths, 25 Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Africae, 36, 157, Oudhna, 96, 98 292 Numidia pagans, 173, 180, 188, 321, see also Moors, Arian persecution in, 163, 167 paganism among Byzantine panegyric, 43–4, 56, 146–8, 278, 338 as province, 197 Pantaleon, St, 212, 343, 367 fortification of, 206, 287, 299 Papacy, see also letters; Rome; travellers; military administration, 198 individual Popes military careers and, 225–6 appeals to, 320, 326–7, 328–9 military unrest in, 207, 232 Islamic Africa and, 362, 367–9 officers in, 347 Parthemius presbyter, 55, 104 recruitment in, 241 Passio septem monachorum, 156 subordinate officers in, 207, 229 pastoralists, 99, 277, 283, 289 Christianity in, 268–9, 286, 291–3 Paul (Numidian bishop), 328–9 church of, and Gregory I, 324–7, 328–9 Paul II (patriarch of Constantinople), 346, 357 communications with Rome, 288 Perpetua, St, 112–13, 163 dating systems, 150, 284 persecution, see also Donatists; Jews; illicit slave trade in, 299 Manicheans location of, 7 Arian Moorish attacks in, 299 attrition of Nicene sees as, 164–5, 166 Moors of, 252, 255, 278, 279, 297 Byzantine reconquest and, 307, 309, 314 provincial church council of, 322 confiscation of property as, 163–4, 168 Punic language in, 187 end of, 170, 313 refugees settled in, 85, 285 enticements as, 167–8, 172 retroceded to empire, 22 exile as, 102–3, 162–3, 165, 166, 168 Roman administration of, 9 goals of, 162, 170, 184, 185 Roman identity in, 284–6 Gregory of Tours and, 128 Vandal control of, 21–2, 36, 286–7 intensification under Huneric, 76, 168–9 Vandal royal estates in, 47 interdict of Nicene liturgy as, 181 warlords in, 275, 277 local violence and, 179 nuns, 169, 172, 235, 351 martyrdom (execution) and, 162, 165, nuts, 99, 289 166, 167, 170, 179 refugees from, see refugees Odoacer, 38 restriction of office-holding as, 166–7, 168 olives Roman models for, 168–9 cultivation of, 97, 99, 141, 287, Romano-African response to, 171–2, 193 335 secular poets and, 376 groves of, used for ambushes, 266 social degradation as, 167 oil social relations and, 165–6, 180–1 amphorae and, 91 translation of relics and, 110–14 assessment of, 341 imperial bottling of, 51, 140 of Arians, 320–1 exports from Africa, 92, 93, 334, 335 of hard-line Chalcedonians, 321–3, see also imports into Africa, 366 Maximus Confessor

432

Index

Persians, Persian Empire Primasius of Hadrumetum, 322, 323, 338, apocalypticism and, 359 344–5, 346 besiege Constantinople, 351 Primosus of Carthage (bishop), 322 conquests in East, 353, 357 Priscian (grammarian), 75, 80, 89, 376 embassies to, 35 proconsul imperial frontier with, 56, 202–3, 233, dating and, 151 255 palace of, 44 Maximus Confessor as son of, 351 Roman, 145 Procopius’ attitude toward, 258 Vandal, 46, 144, see also Victorianus refugees from, 351 Procopius service in wars against, 218–19, 225–6, 229, as source for Africa, 57, 255–6 230 audience of, 312 Peter (magister militum), 347, 356 barbarians in Peter, St, 326, 342 diet, 256 Petronius Maximus, 27–8, 29 faithlessness, 257 Phocaean red slip ware, 92 human sacrifice, 267 Phocas (emperor), 229, 242–3, 301, 355 major v. minor barbarians, 258–9 Phuscias (ambassador), 37, 41 scarcity, poverty, 256 Phylarchus (ambassador), 31 simplicity, 259 Placidia, 24, 27–8, 31, 32 violence, 256–7 poetry Byzantine officers in Arian persecution and, 376 Areobindus, 220 Byzantine-era, see Corippus; Fulgentius the Artabanes, 242 Mythographer Belisarius, 222 Carthage in, 21, 56, 133–4 John Troglita, 219, 224 exchange of complements in, 55 regional origins of, 202, 205–6 Frankish, African Christianity in, 369 Sergius, 223, 224, 228 inscriptions and, 288, 341 Solomon, 223 panegyric, see panegyric Byzantine reconquest in, 64, 254, 308, 309, provincial, 281 310–11 social advancement and, 146, see also captive-taking in, 300 Corippus confessors of Tipasa and, 77–8 St Cyprian in, 113 Constantinople–Carthage route in, 214–15 terms of Vandal-Roman accommodation in, flight from Africa, 301 141–2, 190, 193 gardens in, 54 theology and, 170 Greek children’s chant in, 245 Vandal sensitivity to, 55 intellectual concerns of Vandal-era, see Dracontius; Latin Anthology; diplomacy, 34 Luxorius; etc. idea of city, 332 Vandals and law in, 139 tyranny, 311 victory-ideology in, 45 urban lifestyle, 57 Virgil, see Virgil Junillus and, 246 weddings and, 54–5 Justinian in Pomerius (grammarian), 75, 86, 89 building programme, 333 Pontianus of Thaenae (bishop), 318 demonic nature, 373 Possessor of Zabi (bishop), 73, 80, 104, 107 legitimation of reconquest, 310, 311–12 Praejecta (niece of Justinian), 204, 233, 242, 243 St Prima and, 342 Praetorian Prefects (Byzantine), see also suppression of Arianism, 321 Archelaus; Athanasius; George; Moors in Innocent; etc. battle-gear, 265 death in service, 232 blackness of, 269, 270 officium of, 197–8 clothing, 264–5 prior experience, 205, 226 diet, 263–4 recall of, 235–6 military tactics, 266–7 term of appointment, 225, 234–5 military uprisings, 297–8

433

Index

Procopius (cont.) relics, see also Augustine of Hippo; St Cyprian; not properly human, 263, 273 saints, cult of Phoenician people, 261–2 African, 326, 367 Phoenician tongue, 262–3 attitudes toward, 114 poverty, hardiness, 263, 303 contact relics, 104, 112 symbols of power, 278–9 deposition of, 340, 342, 343 Vandal–Moorish relations, 36 eastern, 286, 341, 343 Palestinian origins of, 210 Roman, 286, 342 Romanness in, 190, 196 resistance Vandals in to Byzantine empire, 316–30 Amalafrida affair, 40 to Byzantine reconquest, 254–5, 313 Arian persecution, 168 to Papacy, 324–30 decadence, 56–8 to Roman empire, 3–4 distinctiveness, 59, 62 Ricimer, 31 exporpriations, 137 ‘Romanization’ (concept), 5 Gelimer, 38, 314 Romanness hunting, 53 Christianity and, 190–3, 295, 354, 361 kingship, 183 communications and, 3, 12–14 relations with empire, 33, 34 fracturing of, 131 revolts against, 313 loyalty to empire and, 353–4, 361 Roman support for, 313 modern perspectives on, 3–9 Proculus (aristocrat), 144–5 Moors as rhetorical inversion of, 261–73, property 274, 302–3 Byzantine troops and, 241–2 Procopius and, 196 expropriation of, 47–8, 163–4, 167–8, 320–1 Salvian of Marseilles and, 58 of heretics, in Roman law, 168 secular African authors and, 186, 189–90 Romano-Africans and, 137–8 slavery and, 73 Vandals and, 47–8, 241 Theodoret of Cyrrhus and, 72–3 Prosper of Aquitaine, 166 Vandals as assailants of, 130–1 Pudentius, 210, 211, 232, 237 Romano-Africans Pulcheria, Aelia, 28 Afariqa¯ , 358, 363 Punic (language and identity), 186–9, 262, 270 appeal of Vandal identity to, 62, 142 Pyrrhus (patriarch of Constantinople), 351, 355 definition of, 15–16 identification with Byzantine empire, Quodvultdeus (name), 126–7, 283, 293 338–40, 358, see also Corippus Quodvultdeus of Carthage in ‘Moorish’ kingdoms, 277, 284–96 age of, 75 new elite among, 144–6 Arian persecution in, 171, 172, 173, 176–7 service in Vandal administration, 143–4 banishment of, 67, 73, 85 Rome Moors in, 272 African exports to, 92, 93, 336 Romanness in, 191 ‘African’ names in, 119–26 African refugees in, 114 Ravenna, 85, 89, 110, 122 African saints’ cults in, 112–13 rebaptism, 84, 177, 179, 307 Africans in church of?, 124–6 refugees Constans II and, 357 from Byzantines, 254–5 consular dating in, 148–50 from Muslims, 125, 352 cultural melting pot, 5 from Persians, 351 gens Aradia and, 145 from Vandals, 68–86, 88–90, 114, 285 manuscripts in, 108, 344 royal, see Gelimer; Gisaleic Numidia and, 288, see also Gregory I spread of names and, 126 officials from, 9–10 spread of relics and, 110–14 population decline in, 93 Reginus (ambassador), 33 Romanness and, 190 Reginus comes (correspondent of Fulgentius), saints’ cults in Africa, 286, 342 107, 329 Vandal sack of (455), 26–8, 29, 44, 261

434

Index

Romulus, 190 skin colour, 62, 269–71 Rufinus (Byzantine officer), 206, 207, 230, slaves, see also Elias the Younger; Maria 232, 300 accompany refugees, 73 rural society, 259, 298–9, 313, see also Albertini African trade in, 91, 99 Tablets; economy Albertini Tablets and, 98, 270 Arian persecution and, 165–6, 167 sailors, 71 armed skirmish over, 300 saints, cult of, 110–14, 291, 309, 341–3, 366, as Vandal officials, 61 367, see also relics; Virgin; individual counted among Vandals, 19 saints diet, 264 Sallust, 304 eastern markets for, 72, 91, 256 Salvian of Marseilles, 49, 57–8, 184, 267 Exarch Gregory’s daughter as, 243 San Antonino di Perti, 336 illicit trade in, 299–300 Sardinia imperial subjects as, 279 Augustine’s relics and, 111 in Byzantine army, 313 Byzantine Mauretania as source of, 91 administration of, 197, 198, 359 Maximus Confessor as son of, 351 flight from Africa to, 352 Moors as, 269, 271, 299 reconquest of, 206 redemption of, 32, 36, 72, 73 Muslim attacks on, 367 Roman captives as, 26, 36, 51, 91, 299, Vandal 335 administration of, 61 Romanness and, 73 communications hub, 102–3 Romano-Africans as, 67, 130 exile to, 103, 162, 165, 168 skin colour and, 269–70, 271 exiles recalled from, 163, 170 Vandal women and children as, 241, 255 rebellion of, 313, 315 Solomon Symmachus and, 104 appointment of, 223, 233 Saturus (procurator domus), 144, 167 Belisarius and, 223 Sbe¨ıtla, 132, 152, 247, 250, 331, 341 death, 233, 300 schism, 81, 114, 367, 376 eunuch, 228 Sebastian comes, 87, 144, 167 flight from Africa, 233, 301 Segermes, 51, 99, 334 Mesopotamian origins of, 202–3 Senarius (Ostrogothic ambassador), 39, 41 military career of, 206, 219 Septem, 198, 207, 240, 287, 342, 350 Moors and, 233, 298, 299, 300 Sergius (Byzantine official) overhaul of army, 240 appointment of, 223 Stotzas’ revolt and, 233, 242 as dux Tripolitaniae, 224, 228, 298, 299 terms of appointment, 233 ineptitude of, 216 uncle of Sergius, 223 Mesopotamian origins of, 202 Vandal policy of, 241–2 recall of, 233 Sophronius of Jerusalem, 351, 352 Sergius (name), 212–13 sortes Vandalorum, 181 Setif,´ 99, 285, 286, 287 Spain Severus (ambassador), 32, 35–6 African exports to, 94, 336–7 sexuality, 57, 136, 138 African saints’ cults in, 112–14 Sicca, 100, 102, 179, 287, 331 anti-Arian literature in, 175 Sicily, see also Syracuse circulation of manuscripts in, 108, 109, cession to Odoacer, 38 345 exile to, 168 dating systems, 150 Muslim attacks on, 358, 367 diversion of wheat from, 86 Vandal attacks on, 31, 38 saints’ cults from, in Africa, 342–3 Vandal claims to, 31, 38, 39 Vandal invasion of, 2 Vandal slaving in, 91 Vandal settlement in, 21 Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, 93, 96, 140 Vandal slaving in, 91 sigillata, see African red slip ware Vandal treasury to be sent to, 38 Sigisteus comes, 55, 104 St Catherine’s, Sinai, 366

435

Index

Stotzas relations with Ostrogoths, 38–40 called tyrannus, 216 religious policy, see persecution death of, 232 victory ideology and, 45 followers of, 302 Three Chapters Controversy, 83, 316–24, 329, revolt of, 207, 232, 242, 321, 339 343–4, 346, 376 seeks refuge with Moors, 301 Tiberius II, 249 succession Tiberius III Apsimar, 358 imperial, 28–9, 302 Tipasa Vandal law of , 26, 65, 177, 178 confessors of Sueves, 25, 37 Byzantine reconquest and, 307, 309 Symmachus (Pope), 104, 114–15, 126 flight to Spain, 73, 86 Syracuse, 357 in Constantinople, 73, 76–8, 129, Syria, 91, 337, 366 376 Syriac (language), 263 venerated as saints, 112 Syrians, in Byzantine administration, 203, 208 port city, 88, 287 Trastevere, 114 Tabarka travel Byzantine post and, 245 along coast, 98, 100, 102 mosaics, 265, 281–2 combined land and sea, 100 Vandal settlement, 48 Constantinople-Africa, routes, 214–15, Tarragona, 74, 336 216 Tatianus (ambassador), 31, 35 interior to coast, 95–6 taxation overland, 93, 97, 214 Byzantine, 198, 199, 241, 327, 336 planned travel, 74, 81 late Roman, 99, 284 travel times, 214–15, 216 Vandal, 98 within interior, 97–9, 100–2, 289 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 26, 44 travellers, from Africa Thalassius (theologian), 351 refugees, see refugees theatres, 56, 57–8, 133 to Alexandria, 323 Thelepte, 99, 100, 141, 331 to Anatolia, 81 Theoderic (Vandal prince), 26, 55, 144, 177–8 to Balearic Islands, 288, 323 Theoderic (Visigothic king), 24–5 to Carthage, 95–6, 98, 288 Theodore of Mopsuestia, see Three Chapters to Constantinople Controversy flight from Moorish raids, 352 Theodore, St, 343 Hilderic, 34 Theodoret of Cyrrhus imperial patronage and, 338 African refugees in, 70, 72–3, 81–3 on ecclesiastical business, 346 Three Chapters and, 83, 316, 318 supporters of Hilderic, 314 Theodoric (Ostrogothic king), 34, 38–40, 41, testicular ailment and, 341 86, 150, 258 Three Chapters and, 321–2, 323 Theodosian house Vandal-era, 76–80 extinction of, 28–9, 32 via Rome, 329 Petronius Maximus and, 27–9 via Syria, 82 Vandals and, 22–4, 25–6, 29 to Gaul, 86, 352 Theodosius II, 23, 28, 29 to Italy, 84–5, 341 Thrace, 184, 218, 231 to Jerusalem, 32, 81, 352, 365 Thracians, 202, 205–8, 230–1, 247 to Macedonia, 81 Thrasamund to Rome building programme, 45 appeals to Papal court, 326–7, 328–9 Fulgentius of Ruspe and, 157, 163, 174, 176, flight from Arabs, 352 178, 191 flight from Vandals, 68 Gisaleic and, 38 late Roman, 11 panegyric to, 56, 147 on ecclesiastical business, 348 regnal dating, 152, 155, 157 Vandal-era, 83–4 relations with empire, 34 to Sardinia, 102–3, 168, 352

436

Index

to Sicily, 81, 85, 168, 301 Valentinian III to Spain, 73, 86, 352, 365 African legislation of, 85, 275, 285–6 to Syracuse, 71 death, 27–9, 286–7 to Syria, 72, 74, 79, 81–3 Hilderic as grandson of, 34, 43–4, 147 uncompleted travel, 74, 327 relations with Vandals, 21–3, 27, 29–30, 164, Vandal-era 375 ages, 34, 74–5 Vandalic (language), 63–4, 182 chronology, 75 Vandals companions, 73–4 aristocratic lifestyle and, 52–5, 56–7 enslaved, 72 conquest of Africa, 131–2 gender, 71–2 conversion to Nicene Christianity among, motivations for travel, 88–9 180 religious v. lay, 68–9, 71 deportation of, 242, 255 social status, 68–71 deportees return to Africa, 215 travel horizons, 88–90 foreign policy via Syracuse, 81, 327 diplomatic relations, 21–43 travellers, to Africa Theodosian house and, 22–4, 29, 30–1, enslaved, 365 32, 34–5 exiles, 350 identity Frankish, 348–9, 365–6 Africa and, 56 from Asia Minor, 349 distinguishability, 62–3 from Constantinople, 349, 351 military service and, 60 from East, 87–8 social status and, 60–1 from Egypt, 87, 270, 349–50, kings 351 Carthage and, 20–1, 56 from Jerusalem, 365 conversion hoped for, 174–6 from Rome, 286, 355 ecclesiastical responsibilities of, 183–4 from Sicily, 365, 367 imperial pretentions of, 43–7 from Spain, 86–7 sacral ideology of, 183 from Syria, 348, 350–1 Theodosian house and, 23–4, 25–6, 32, monks, 87–8, 365 43–4 via Constantinople, 348 titulature, 42, 44, 277 travellers, via Africa numbers, 19 Egypt–Rome, 365 property ownership among, 47–8, 241 Gaul–Constantinople, 348–9 providential history of, 183 Jerusalem–Spain, 365 raids of, 30, 36, 50 Spain–Constantinople, 348 relations with Romano-Africans, 312–13 Tripolitania ruling class of, 61–2 Byzantine, 197, 198, 207, 212, sack of Rome (455), 26–9 279 settlement in Africa of, 49–50 Christianity in, 268, 364–5 succession, law of, see succession economy and society, 99, 288–9 treaties with empire Islamic-era, 364–5 treaty of 442, 21–2 late Roman, 5 treaty of 474, 32 Latin in, 363 women in Byzantine Africa, 241–2, 255 Moorish, 277, 279, 288–9 Verecundus of Iunca, 322 paganism in, 267 Victor of Tonnena, 28, 78, 309, 312, 323, poetry in, 281 344 Punic language in, 188, 189 Victor of Vita Vandal, 22, 313 Arian persecution in Ty p o s , 356 as ‘Babylonian Captivity’, 130–1 attrition of Nicene sees, 166 Ucutamani, king of, 269, 278 exile, 162 Uranius (ambassador), 33, 35 intensiﬁcation under Huneric, 169, 180–1 urban life, see cities local violence and, 179

437

Index

Victor of Vita (cont.) Visigoths, see also Athanagild; Euric; Gisaleic; martyrdom (execution), 165, 167 Spain; Theoderic passports and, 179 Arianism and, 159–60, 175, 176 scalpings, 59 regnal dating, 150 social degradation, 167 relations with Vandals, 24–5, 37–8, 41–2, background of, 134, 161 315 ‘barbarian dress’ in, 60–2 Vivarium, see Cassiodorus, monastic library of confessors of Tipasa and, 77 Volubilis, 289, 294 Huneric’s political purge in, 177 ideology of barbarian in, 130–1 warlords, 275–7 Moors in, 36, 264, 268 water-diviner (aquilex), 83, 89 Nicene loyalties in, 177, 178 wheat, 86, 256, 264, 289, see also grain regnal dating in, 156 whiteness, see skin colour Romanness in, 191–3 wine Romano-African ofﬁce-holders in, 137, barbarians and, 256, 263 144 exports from Africa, 1 Roman-Vandal accommodation and, 180 imports into Africa, 93, 366 Vandal conquest in, 67, 132 trade within Africa, 99, 100 Vandal injustice in, 139 Vandal millenarius in, 48 Zachariah of Mitylene, 263, 308, Vandal succession in, 177–8 309 Vandalic language and, 63 Zarai, 99, 283 Victorianus (proconsul), 98, 144, 167 Zeno (emperor) Vigilius (Pope), 320, 324 confessors of Tipasa and, 77 Vigilius of Thapsa, 109, 173 embassies to Vandals, 32–3, 35 villas, see estates; houses Nicene clergy and, 32, 33, 163, 165, 184, Vincent, St, 332, 342 375 Virgil, 54, 135, 190, 341 Zeno of Verona, 113 Virgin, cult of, 307, 342 Zeugi Carthago, see Africa Proconsularis

438