Autonomia E Racionalidade: Os Fundamentos Da Filosofia E Do Pensamento Pedagógico De Condorcet (1743-1794)

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Autonomia E Racionalidade: Os Fundamentos Da Filosofia E Do Pensamento Pedagógico De Condorcet (1743-1794) Fabio de Barros Silva Autonomia e racionalidade: os fundamentos da filosofia e do pensamento pedagógico de Condorcet (1743-1794) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Educação. Área temática: Filosofia da Educação Orientadora: Profª Gilda Naécia Maciel de Barros Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Educação São Paulo 2008 2 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Fabio de Barros Silva Autonomia e racionalidade: fundamentos da filosofia e do pensamento pedagógico de Condorcet (1743-1794) Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Educação. Área temática: Filosofia da Educação Aprovada em: Banca Examinadora: Professor(a): Drª Gilda Naécia Maciel de Barros (Orientadora) Instituição: Faculdade de Educação – USP Assinatura: _____________________________ Professor(a): Profª Titular Maria das Graças de Souza Instituição: FFLCH-USP Assinatura: _____________________________ Professor(a): Prof. Titular Luiz Jean Lauand Instituição: Faculdade de Educação – USP Assinatura: _____________________________ Professor(a): Drª Carlota Josefina Malta Cardozo dos Reis Boto Instituição: Faculdade de Educação – USP Assinatura: _____________________________ Professor(a): Dr. Jézio Hernani Bonfim Gutierre Instituição: UNESP – Campus de Marília Assinatura: _____________________________ 3 Para Giovana (minha Gigi) e Simone (meu amor), por inúmeras razões... 4 RESUMO SILVA, Fabio de Barros. Autonomia e racionalidade : fundamentos da filosofia e do pensamento pedagógico de Condorcet (1743-1794). São Paulo, Feusp, 2008. (Tese de doutorado) Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, de caráter filosófico, que procura avaliar o lugar ocupado por Condorcet (1743-1794) no universo da filosofia e do pensamento educacional do século XVIII. Sabe-se que o “Século das Luzes” atribuiu enorme importância à tarefa de educar. Contudo, é oportuno destacar que tamanha importância deve-se, notadamente, à compreensão que este século teve de si próprio. A maioria dos intelectuais que se destacaram no período acreditava viver no “século da filosofia”, da supremacia da razão e de seu exercício e, nesse sentido, o ato de educar constituía uma espécie de compromisso com o próprio tempo, pois, propagar as luzes significava conferir à espécie humana os instrumentos necessários para que o desenvolvimento das ciências e das artes não mais fosse interrompido. A elaboração da Enciclopédia , um dos mais significativos e importantes empreendimentos do Iluminismo, na medida que se propunha a inventariar o repertório dos conhecimentos disponíveis para promover a aquisição constante de novas luzes, revestindo-se, assim, de enorme potencial educativo, constitui um bom exemplo do otimismo pedagógico partilhado pelos iluministas. Herdeiro desta tradição, o pensamento de Condorcet representa, de maneira igualmente exemplar, o espírito do Século das Luzes. Além do conhecido “otimismo histórico” e da “teoria do progresso”, expostos, principalmente, no Esboço de um quadro histórico dos progressos do espírito humano , sua obra é portadora de traços de originalidade que não podem ser desprezados, especialmente no que se refere à constituição das ciências humanas, à defesa da igualdade, da liberdade e da instrução pública. Palavras-chave: Condorcet (1743-1794); Iluminismo; Cidadania; Educação Pública; Liberdade. Área temática: Filosofia da Educação Orientadora: Profª. Gilda Naécia Maciel de Barros – EDF- FEUSP Fabio de Barros Silva (1975) é natural de São Paulo (SP). É Licenciado e Bacharel em Filosofia pela Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei – UFSJ (1999) e Mestre em Educação (Filosofia da Educação) pela Universidade de São Paulo (2004) com a dissertação: “Jean-Jacques Rousseau: a face arcaica do cidadão” . Atualmente, é professor Assistente da Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG). 5 ABSTRACT SILVA, Fabio de Barros. Autonomy and rationality : fundamentals of philosophy and the pedagogical thought of Condorcet (1743-1794). São Paulo, Feusp, 2008. (Doctoral thesis) This is a theoretical research with philosophical character that looks for evaluation of the place occupied by Condorcet (1743-1794) in the universe of Philosophy and educational thought of 18 th century. It’s known that the "Century of Lights" attributed enormous importance to the task of educating. However, it is opportune to detach that so great importance is due, notably, to the understanding that this century had about itself. The majority of the intellectuals that were detached in the period believed to live in the century of Philosophy", of the supremacy of reason and of its exercise and, in this direction, the act of educating constituted a kind of compromise with the own time because propagating the lights meant to confer to the human species the necessary instruments so that the development of sciences and arts was no more interrupted. The elaboration of the Encyclopedia, one of the most significant and important enterprises of the Enlightenment since it proposed to inventory the repertoire of the available knowledge to promote the constant acquisition of new lights and so, arming itself, of enormous educative potential, constitutes a good example of the pedagogical optimism shared by the Enlightenment men. The thought of Condorcet, heir of this tradition, represents, in equally exemplary manner, the spirit of the Century of Lights. Beyond the known "historical optimism" and the "theory of the progress", displayed, mainly, in the Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain , his work is bearer of traces of originality that cannot be rejected, especially in that it refers to the constitution of Human Sciences, to the equality, freedom and public instruction defences. Keywords : Condorcet (1743-1794); Enlightnment; Citizenship; Public Education; Freedom. Thematic area: Philosophy of the Education. Orientator: Professor Gilda Naécia Maciel de Barros - EDF- FEUSP Fabio de Barros Silva (1975) is natural from São Paulo (SP). He is Licensed and Bachelor in Philosophy from Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei - UFSJ (1999) and Master in Education (Philosophy of the Education) from Universidade de São Paulo (2004) with the dissertation: "Jean-Jacques Rousseau: the archaic face of the citizen". Nowadays, he is a Assistant Professor at Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG). 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................ 07 A ERA DAS LUZES: O ELOGIO AO ESPÍRITO HUMANO ....................................................................... 10 A HUMANIDADE EM MOVIMENTO: CONDORCET E A TEORIA DO PROGRESSO ....................................................... 62 O IDEAL REPUBLICANO E A INSTRUÇÃO PÚBLICA: A EXPRESSÃO DA AUTONOMIA E DA RACIONALIDADE ........................... 121 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ...................................................................................... 173 BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................... 176 7 INTRODUÇÃO É um truísmo afirmar que o século XVIII é o século em que foi atribuída enorme importância à tarefa de educar. Contudo, é oportuno destacar que tamanha importância deve- se, notadamente, à compreensão que este século teve de si próprio. A maioria dos intelectuais que se destacaram no período acreditava viver no “século da filosofia”, como afirma D’Alembert, no século da supremacia da razão e de seu exercício. 1 Nesse sentido, o ato de educar constituía uma espécie de compromisso com o próprio tempo, pois, propagar as luzes, significava conferir à espécie humana os instrumentos necessários para que o desenvolvimento das ciências e das artes não mais fosse interrompido, para que a barbárie, em virtude de contínuos progressos, cedesse seu espaço ao processo civilizatório, enfim, para que as luzes derrotassem de vez as forças obscurantistas. Um dos mais significativos e importantes empreendimentos do iluminismo foi, sem dúvida, a elaboração da Enciclopédia . Caracterizados por sua “oposição à escolástica e às prerrogativas da nobreza e do clero”, os intelectuais que se envolveram nesta empresa abalaram as estruturas políticas e sociais de seu tempo, e, mesmo sem serem revolucionários, de algum modo prepararam o terreno para os eventos da Revolução Francesa, já que propunham o estabelecimento de novos “parâmetros reformadores, capazes de alterar setores significativos da vida social”. 2 Ademais, não é difícil notar que por trazer “a público as novas e antigas idéias daqueles homens que, presenciando as inúmeras transformações de seu tempo, ousaram inventariar o repertório simbólico que pretendiam oferecer como legado às gerações vindouras”, 3 a Enciclopédia revestia-se de enorme potencial pedagógico, alinhava-se ao movimento de difusão das luzes. 4 A nosso ver, o pensamento de Condorcet (1743-1794), herdeiro deste “caráter militante da filosofia do século XVIII” 5, do contagiante desejo de transformar o mundo, 1 Cf. D’ALEMBERT, Ensaios sobre os elementos da filosofia , 1994, p. 04-05. 2 Cf. BOTO, A escola do homem novo , 1996, p. 38-39. 3 BOTO, A escola do homem novo , 1996, p. 40. 4 Cf. HAZARD, O pensamento europeu no século XVIII , 1989, p. 193-194. 5 Cf. PATY, “Ciência, filosofia e sociedade, da Enciclopedye até a Revolução Francesa: de D’Alembert e Condorcet”, 1990, p. 97-98. 8 representa, de maneira exemplar, o espírito
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