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Physics Division Amuml Review Distribution Category: General Physics (UC-410) ANL-92/16 ANL—92/16 003038 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439-4801 PHYSICS DIVISION AMUML REVIEW April 1, 1991--March 31, 1992 Walter F. Henning Division Director August 1992 Preceding Annual Reviews ANL-89/11 1988-1989 ANL-90/18 1989-1990 ANL-91/12 1990-1991 Edited by Karen J. Thayer ii FOREWORD This past year has brought about several important developments for the ANL Physics Division. The new superconducting positive-ion injector (PII) for ATLAS has been completed and commissioned successfully. Just recently a uranium beam of excellent quality was accelerated to 5.7 MeV/u. The various activities from the aftermath of the Tiger Team visit have been completed and the research program at ATLAS has fully resumed under improved conditions and ~200 scientists and students participated in research at ATLAS during the year. Activities in Medium-Energy Physics aimed at an experimental program at CEBAF have accelerated with the cons- truction of the SOS spectrometer and the approval of several additional ANL experi- ments for the first phase of CEBAF operation. The atomic physics initiative towards a program at the Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS) has been formulated and first experiments using the NSLS at Brookhaven, aimed at the additional development of the future program at the APS, have begun. The new superconducting positive-ion injector (PII) for ATLAS was completed and tested successfully for the first time during March by accelerating a beam of 40^rll+i The success of this test constitutes final proof of the technical sound- ness of this novel accelerator concept based on acceleration from very low vel- ocities by independently-phased superconducting resonators. Earlier this summer a 208 beam and somewhat later a 238y beam were also accelerated. The heavy-ion program is moving into unexplored directions based on new capabilities and on the completion of major new experimental apparatus. The Fragment Mass Analyzer (FMA) is in full operation, showing a mass resolution of up to 1 part in S50 and excellent beam suppression capability for inverse reactions. The main components of APEX, the ATLAS Positron Experiment, have been installed and are presently being tested. This experiment studies the yet unexplained peaks found at GSI in electron-positron coincidences for collisions between two very heavy nuclei. It is a joint effort of six university groups and Argonne. With the uranium beams now available, first beam tests are scheduled for September. A major part of the research effort in the past year was devoted to gamma-ray experiments. The focus of this work has been on the study of superdeformation, especially in the mass-190 region which was discovered at ATLAS three years ago and which provides probably the cleanest and richest example of this new form of nuclear symmetry that has been found so far. An extensive set of experiments and calculations has been performed to study the feeding and decay of states in a superdefonned minimum. The Argonne gamma group has been involved heavily in the GAMMASPHERE project from its beginning. Tests of complete Compton-suppressed Ge detectors and the design of the BGO suppression shield was carried out at Argonne. One of Argonne's responsi- bilities within the GAMMASPHERE collaboration is the procurement and testing of the BGO detectors, and coordinating the tests with university groups. The range of charged-particle experiments has been considerably broadened with the availability of the FMA and the new two-dimensional position-sensitive Si detector array. Exotic cluster states have been studied for ^*Mg which decay into two excited ^^c(0+) nuclei and subsequently into six alpha particles, showing possible evidence for a 6-alpha-chain configuration. Some of the nuclear studies at ATLAS are interfaced with atomic physics. Analysis of the charged-state dependence of internal conversion and fluorescence yields has been completed and further experiments with highly-stripped ions are planned with the new PII injector. In the area of astrophysics, the production of secondary * iii beams has been studied. The studies of crystalline beams contained in ion traps or storage rings have continued and first comparisons with experimental data from the ASTRID storage ring in Aarhus have begun. The Medium-Energy Physics program has a major presence in the research program at CEBAF. Members of the group have assumed responsibility for the construction of a broad-purpose, short-orbit spectrometer (SOS). A preliminary engineering design was completed and first funding for component procurement and engineering design was received from CEBAF. In the study of deep-inelastic scattering of 500-GeV muons in the Fermilab experi- ment E665, in which Argonne members play a major role, coincidences with leading hadrons have been measured from a variety of nuclei. Noteworthy new results include observation of the ratios of xenon to deuterium cross sections down to x value of 10~->, two orders of magnitude lower than previously. Also, nuclear shadowing and 2-forward jet events were investigated in detail. A collaboration between the Argonne group and a Soviet group of physicists at Novosibirsk is engaged in a program of measurements with a tensor-polarized deuterium gas targat intercepting the circulating beam. Recently a more advanced target design was developed and tested at Argonne which will allow extension of measurements to large momentum transfers. At the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center measurements of the photodisintegration of the deuteron were extended during 1990-91 to 4.2 GeV in experiment NE17 in which Argonne provided the leadership. Preliminary results provide strong evidence that the theory of the nucleon-meson description of the reaction is inadequate and the data do appear to scale in a manner consistent with the quark-parton description of the system. In the companion experiment NE18, measurements have been extended to higher values of momentum transfer, never before accessible in (e.e'p) reactions, in the search of color transparency effects. The study of the weak interaction at low energy is the other major component of the medium-energy physics program. The analysis of an experimental search for neutrino oscillation with a 20-ton neutrino detector positioned near the LAMPF beam stop is just being completed. Neutron beta-decay experiments have been an important component of the program for some time. With the ILL at Grenoble temporarily closed, new experiments to search for time-reversal violation in neutron beta decay will begin at the new cold reactor beam at the NIST reactor in Gaithersburg. A new experiment to search for the reported 17-keV neutrino was performed during the past year. This experiment employs a superconducting beta spectrometer and a novel technique for reducing the effect of backscattering. An experiment utilizing the technique of laser trapping of neutral atoms began this year. Also, a search for time-reversal violation of beta decay of ^-^^Cs was started. In theoretical nuclear physics efforts are continuing to develop theoretical models for describing nuclear dynamics in the kinematic region where hadronic and electro- magnetic production of mesons are important. The current focus is in the development of a theoretical approach applicable to the energy regions accessible to CEBAF and other experimental facilities aiming at testing various QCD-based predictions of the excitations of higher-mass nucleon resonances. The light-front relativistic formulation has been applied to investigate electro- magnetic nucleon form factors, high-energy photodisintegration of the deuteron and the spin-structure function of light nuclei. Quark confinement using an approach based on the Schwinger-Dyson equation was studied with the aim to develop a iv practical alternative to lattice gauge theory applicable in investigating the interface between QCD and nuclear physics. The consequences of string-like quark models in determining semi-leptonic decay of mesons have been investigated. Variational Monte Carlo methods have been developed to calculate nuclear properties from realistic two- and three-nucleon potentials. Extensive many-body calculations are being carried out to investigate the correlation effects on nuclear trans- parency and electron-nucleon scattering. A three-body model of -^Li has been developed to successfully describe nuclear reactions induced by heavy ions as well as pions. The focus of our nuclear structure study continues to be the investigation of superdeformation at both high and low spins. Our predictions of various superdeformed nuclei have been confirmed at ATLAS. In atomic physics research in the Physics Division, the program at ATLAS has continued, aiming at testing relativistic and quantum-electrodynamic (QED) many- body interactions in terms of atomic energy levels and their decay rates. A grazing-incidence monochromator has recently been equipped with a position- sensitive detector. In addition to enhancing the rate of data collection, this detector allows the utilization of the pulsed time structure of the ATLAS facility. Also, studies of atomic collisions using ATLAS beams have been performed including investigations of dielectronic recombination and resonance transfer and excitation. High-precision laser excitation of fast ion beams at the BLASE facility have con- tinued with emphasis on hyperfine structure of metallic and rare-earth ions. The program of Coulomb-explosion
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