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NATURE Removal of Sulphur Acids from Flue Gases

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NATURE Removal of Sulphur Acids from Flue Gases 844 NATURE Nov. 5, 1938, VoL. 142 theory in one respect especially. If the visiting star orbit had been computed, did not fit into the place is greater than the companion of the sun, the con­ predicted for it, as it was 7 million miles from Jupiter. ditions would obviously be more favourable, but, on He felt, however, that there was a space about 2! the whole, it seems extremely doubtful if an expla­ million miles from Jupiter in which a satellite would nation will be found along these lines. Dr. Davidson some day be discovered. The fact that satellites vi, is of opinion that some much simpler explanation, vii, and x are moving in similar orbits at nearly the not demanding so many ad hoc assumptions, would same mean distances from their primary provides be forthcoming, but this might be a long way off another problem for the cosmogonist. Perhaps a yet. shoal of minute bodies occupies this region, but In conclusion, Dr. Davidson referred to the new naturally one can only conjecture on such matters. satellites of Jupiter and to the fact that Mr. J. Miller At the close of the address, Dr. Davidson vacated had predicted a missing satellite (NATURE, Feb. 5, the presidential chair, which was then taken by Mr. p. 245). Unfortunately, satellite x, for which an B. M. Peek, the newly elected president. Removal of Sulphur Acids from Flue Gases N Great Britain there is manufactured annually plant was thus dependent on devising a process which I about one million tons of sulphuric acid, but a made no liquid effluent. The wash liquor would quantity of sulphur oxides much greater than this inevitably become saturated with salts which must is discharged into the atmosphere by the combustion be removed as fast as made. The salt in this case of coal. In the last ten years, it has become possible was calcium sulphate, which is prone to form a to reduce atmospheric pollution from this source. The troublesome scale on surfaces and in a continuous concentration of sulphur oxides in chimney gases is process liable to block the plant. very low and so long as fuel-consuming units were In an address delivered at a recent meeting small and scattered, the resulting damage was of the London Section of the Society of Chemical relatively inconspicuous. Moreover, any effective Industry, Dr. R. Lessing described the course of process for desulphurizing the gas would have been experiments which showed how the salt could be prohibitive in cost. Engineers limited their efforts removed without scale formation. Calcium sulphate to reducing the visible pollution by smoke and solutions can persist in a super-saturated state ; but grit. this condition can be prevented if the wash liquor Technical developments in the generation of contains sufficient CaS04.2H20 on suspension. It electricity compelled attention to the problem of was found possible to define conditions under which cleaning flue gas. Mechanical stoking made it the flue gases could be washed continuously with a possible to burn fine coal at high rates of combustion liquor, containing in suspension about lO per cent and caused the discharge of much grit and dust into of CaS04 and working in a closed cycle. Water the atmosphere. The introduction of pulverized fuel removed by evaporation up the chimney was replaced accentuated the grit nuisance. Economy of steam and fresh lime was added to replace that removed production and power generation was secured by by precipitation of lime salts. An essential feature working in ever larger units and the need for reducing in the cycle was a 'delay' tank where the 'desuper­ the high cost of distributing electricity required that saturation' of the liquor could proceed to a point these units should be installed near the load. The where deposition of scale in the plant would not occur. result has been the erection of huge coal burning This process has now been in operation at Fulham units using inferior coal in large centres of population. and elsewhere long enough to leave no doubt that With the project to erect the generating station at gases can be discharged from chimneys practically Battersea, the danger of discharging large quantities free from sulphur acids without the production of of sulphur acids into the heart of London was a liquid effluent. An important advantage of a recognized, and the London Power Company was washing process is the simultaneous removal of grit. compelled to render its chimney gases innocuous Mechanical methods of removing grit are only before passing into the air. Now the concentration partially successful. The electrostatic precipitator of coal burning into large units, while increasing the can retain grit almost completely, but allows acid local intensity of atmospheric pollution, eased the gases to pass into the air. Moreover, the electrostatic technical problem of designing and operating economic precipitator is not certain under overload conditions processes of sulphur removal. In a relatively short such as arise when "soot blowing" is in progress. time, the Battersea station was discharging into the The cost of sulphur extraction during the first air, flue gases almost free from sulphur. The gases, year's working at Fulham was 0·0144d. per unit, before entering the chimney, were washed with large and will doubtless be reduced with further ex­ volumes of Thames water to which lime was added perience. This may be a price well worth paying to and the clarified effluent returned to the river. reduce the damage due to sulphur in urban atmo­ When the Fulham Power Station came to be sphere. Dr. Lessing said that the washing of the enlarged, the authorities were able to insist that a chimney gases at Battersea and Fulham would similar standard of purity should be maintained ; but eventually mean a reduction of sulphur pollution in in addition, that no effluent should be returned to the London area amounting to ten per cent. This the Thames, lest the alkalinity of the river water, shows the importance of this striking success of already diminished by the Battersea plant, should chemical engineering. be destroyed. The very existence of the Fulham H ••J. HODSMAN. © 1938 Nature Publishing Group.
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