DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

IMPACTS OF PATTERNS OF ECONOMIC AGENTS ACTIVITIES IN THE SEMERU VOLCANO CONSERVATION AREA

Nuansa Bayu Segara1, Iin Wariin Basyari2 1Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Hukum, Universitas Negeri Surabaya Jl. Ketintang No.i8, Ketintang, Kec. Gayungan, Kota Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60231, Indonesia 2Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati Jl. Perjuangan No.01 Cirebon, Jawa Barat, 45132, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Received: 17 January 2020, Repaired: 09 July 2020, Approved: 25 November 2020

Abstract

Semeru volcano is the most popular mount hiking tourism in Indonesia. The economic community and conservation area are affected by these activities. This research focuses on the development activities of economic agents pattern and explains the impact of high tourism in the Semeru Volcano conservation area. It was a qualitative study, and the participative observatory was a procedure for collecting the data. The location was not limited in the Semeru Volcano, but also social media, Instagram. The result of the research reveals that there are two kinds of economic agents, namely internal and external. They have positive connectedness to support hiking activities. Although there should be potential for competition between open trip services and local guides, this does not happens, due to the wisdom of internal economic actors, especially local guides. Moreover, the consequences of high tourism activities in the Semeru Volcano conservation area are waste and erosion. The article is concluded by proposing several directions for economic agents to be involved more in conservation activities and positive business in the Semeru Volcano.

Keywords: Semeru Volcano, economic agent, conservation area, mount tourism

Abstrak

Gunungapi Semeru merupakan wisata pendakian gunung yang paling populer di Indonesia. Aktivitas ini tentu berdampak terhadap perekonomian penduduk sekitar dan lingkungan di kawasan konservasi. Artikel ini mengkaji pola aktivitas dan pelaku ekonomi yang terlibat dalam perkembangan wisata, dan mengungkap dampak tingginya aktivitas ini terhadap Kawasan Konservasi Gunungapi Semeru itu sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat ekploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara observasi partisipatif dan tidak terbatas di kawasan pendakian, namun juga melakukan observasi di media sosial instagram. Hasil penelitian menujukan pelaku ekonomi terdiri dari internal dan eksternal kawasan, yang memiliki keterkaitan positif antar pelaku ekonomi dari luar dan dalam Kawasan Pendakian. Meskipun semestinya ada potensi persaingan antara jasa open trip dengan pemandu lokal, akan tetapi hal itu tidak terjadi, karena kearifan pelaku ekonomi internal, khususnya para pemandu lokal. Dampak tingginya aktivitas wisata pendakian ini mengakibatkan dua permasalahan yang cukup serius, yaitu sampah dan erosi. Artikel ini diakhiri dengan memberikan beberapa usulan terkait dengan peningkatan keterlibatan pelaku ekonomi dalam melakukan usaha dan aktivitas konservasi di Kawasan Gunung Semeru.

Kata kunci: Gunungapi Semeru, pelaku ekonomi, kawasan konservasi, wisata gunung

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 1 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

INTRODUCTION offers many opportunities” (Nepal & Volcanoes are synonymous with the Chipeniuk, 2005). causes of disaster and damage. There are The development of tourism in the many disadvantages and negative and mountains or volcanoes seems to bear fruit positive impacts felt by humans from the in this decade. Climbing is a popular activity existence of volcanoes. Indonesia having among millennials nowadays. more than 100 active volcanoes (SI-USGS, Mountaineering is one of the ways this 2009) continues to make efforts to utilize generation spends on holidays, weekends, volcanoes into economic potential. or even days off from work. Even though it Indonesian volcanoes have their own is considered a high-risk activity, it is still characteristics and beauty. The natural increasingly popular (Trauer, 2006). Semeru beauty, vegetation formations, diversity of is the highest mountain on Java Island and flora and fauna found in the volcanic areas the most popular one. Based on the add to their appeal as a tourist attraction. In observations and calculations via social addition, from the social aspect, the volcanic media Instagram at the end of December areas have unique properties, such as myths, 2019, Semeru Volcano was the most popular cultural history, and even spiritual volcano. There were 1.280.083 posts related experiences (Erfurt-Cooper et al., 2015). to the keywords semeru, semerumountain, On the other hand, mountains and gunungsemeru, semerumount, mahameru, and volcanoes have a conservation function that mahameru3768mdpl. cannot be ignored. Based on this, several This high popularity has an impact volcanoes in Indonesia are designated as on the number of climbers who climb to conservation areas, with the status of Semeru Volcano. Its status still active and at national parks, nature reserves, and nature Alert Level 2 can cause danger any time. tourism parks. The effort to designate a Even so, this can be covered by the climbers’ conservation area is an initial effort to motivation to enjoy the richness and beauty protect the richness of biodiversity in the of natural scenery and mountain designated area. The next task is to manage atmosphere rarely found in urban areas the conservation area so that it can function (Setiawan & Baiquni, 2015). The popularity as a fortress where various types of natural of Semeru Volcano is an opportunity for the wealth live, such as flora, fauna, and their residents around the climbing area to ecosystems (Syahadat, 2003). develop the economic activities so that it can Tourism management in the increase their welfare. The designation of conservation areas should be able to balance Semeru Volcano as a conservation area also the economic factors and area preservation. has an impact on the management and The management of the potential involvement of the residents in the area. The conservation areas for mountains and increasing number of climbers can be a great volcanoes is to open hiking trails. Tourism opportunity as well as tough challenges will have an essential role in the faced by the manager of Semeru Volcano development of a region, this sector can area. open or increase employment opportunities Research to study mountain and for people around the region (Utami, 2017). mountains as tourist attractions has been The development of mountain tourism can widely carried out (Beedie & Hudson, 2003; be a major factor in improving the quality of Bourdeau et al., 2002; Erfurt-Cooper, 2011; life of the community as a whole, through Gulpınar Akbulut, 2014; Heggie, 2010; sustainable economic development Sagala et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2013). Other initiatives and environmental preservation. researchers have also conducted social and In socio-economic and environmental terms, conservation studies around Bromo Tengger tourism in mountainous areas is a mixed Semeru National Park area, such as: Study of gift, that, “can be a source of trouble, but also tourism management by TNBTS Center (Utami, 2017); Study of population

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 2 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167 conservation around Semeru Volcano Semeru Volcano Area, but also on social climbing area in Ranupane Village media Instagram, especially the accounts (Atriyantika et al., 2014); and tourist related to Semeru Volcano climbing satisfaction with tourist attractions of activities, such as the accounts of climbers, Semeru Volcano (Setiawan & Baiquni, 2015). savers, and climbing agents. The data The research is crucial since Semeru collection at the main research location was Volcano is a conservation area part of Bromo carried out by the participatory observation Tengger Semeru National Park (TnBTS) in the Semeru Volcano Climbing Area for 5 which needs to be preserved. On the other days 4 nights. Furthermore, it was also hand, increasing climbing activity in this observed through social media Instagram. area will have an impact on the ecosystem The instruments used were the observation and socio-economic life of the residents and interview sheets. around the area. The impact on the local The informants in this research were people needs to be observed and studied individuals involved in the economic through a research process. activities in the Semeru Volcano area, such Moreover, the research findings that as the climbers, local porters, guides, jeep examine the economic actors and economic drivers, and traders. The descriptive analysis interactions that shape the patterns of was used to reveal the phenomena economic relations in the volcanic climbing encountered during the research. areas have not been carried out. This empty Additionally, sociogram was used to space that this article tries to reveal, determine the patterns of the economic especially if the characteristics of the relationships or activities among the development of the tourism economic in business units and individuals in carrying Indonesia are populist-based, it will be out their roles. interesting to reveal the elements involved, and how these complex relationships are RESULT AND DISCUSSION intertwined in a tourism activity process. Description of Attractions in the Semeru This is what makes the findings and Volcano Climbing Conservation Area discussion of this article different from the Semeru Volcano climbing area has findings of research examining the tourism fascinating attractions. Along the way, in the mountains, mountain, or volcanoes climbers will find exotic places. This is what before. makes climbing Semeru Volcano always There were four research findings memorable for tourists. They give a very described in this article. First, to describe the good rating for the Semeru Volcano results of observations of attractions in the attractions (Setiawan & Baiquni, 2015). The Semeru Volcano conservation area. The followings are some of the exotic places second, to identify the economic actors encountered when climbing Semeru involved in climbing Semeru Volcano. Volcano. Third, to describe the patterns of the linkage Ranupane is a lake and name of a of the economic activities among the actors village located at an altitude of 2100 masl. It involved in climbing Semeru Volcano. is the starting post for climbing and the Fourth, to describe the results of an analysis entrance gate to the Semeru Volcano of the impact of high climbing activity on the climbing area. This post is a place to verify ecosystem in the Semeru Volcano the climbers who have registered online, to conservation area. check luggage, and to give safety briefings before climbing. This village is productive in RESEARCH METHOD agriculture, especially horticulture, but since The approach in this research was a the climbing in Semeru Volcano is popular, qualitative exploratory approach. It was the economic activity of the population has conducted for one year, in August 2018- increased in the field of tourism services. The 2019. Its location was not limited to the climbers can do camping activities and enjoy

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 3 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167 the beauty of Ranupane and Ranuregolo, Kandang, the entrance to the vast mountain two lakes in this region. Several homestays, spruce vegetation (Casuarina junghuhniana). restaurants, and souvenir shops also exist Vase is a field that is not too broad, around the lake and hiking stations. From found after passing through the mountain this post, the climbers travel to spruce vegetation (Casuarina junghuhniana). Ranukumbolo for around 2-3 hours. Along Located at an altitude of 2600 masl, this field the way to Ranukumbolo, they will see quite is a place where tourists find edelweiss diverse fauna and flora. flowers (Anaphalis longifolia) and senduro Ranukumbolo is a natural lake (Anaphalis javanica) for the first time along formed from the joining of water in a large the Semeru Volcano hiking trail. Other basin. This lake, or “ranu” in the local vegetations that dominate are, namely: reeds language, has a heavenly panorama. (Imperata cylindrica), fennel (Foeniculum Surrounded by the hills overgrown with vulgare), Cantigi (Vaccinium varingifolium), grass, it has its own impression for those and ferns. The climbers usually rest and take who enjoy it. On the edge of the lake, there self-pictures before continuing their journey are old pine trees sacred to the local to the last post, Kalimati. community. There is also an inscription Kalimati is a camping area and the sacred to the local residents. The activities last post before heading to the top of that climbers can do are setting up a tent, Mahameru. This place is a large field of grass enjoying the beautiful sunrise between the interspersed with many edelweiss (Anaphalis two hills that surround Ranukumbolo, and longifolia) and senduro (Anaphalis javanica) hunting for photos. There is a prohibition to with the majestic Mahameru peak as the put limbs into the lake, if violated, there will background. It has become a favorite object be social sanctions from the rangers on duty. of photography for tourists. There is a spring The Slope of Love is a slope that the called the source of semen by local people. climbers first encounter when continuing the The water is sacred since it is considered journey from Ranukumbolo. This slope is a holy water and commonly used for religious mythical attraction fairly popular with the rituals in Ranupane Village. This post is used climbers. The content of the myth is "If they to decide to continue climbing to the top. If think about their loved ones and don't turn in the early morning the peak is visible from back when climbing this slope, then they will this post, then the climbers can do a summit love each other." During the observation, it attack. Towards Mahameru Peak, it takes an was seen that many climbers believed this average of six hours from Kalimati. myth, they did not want to turn around Mahameru is Semeru Volcano peak. when passing this Slope of Love. The beautiful scenery from the highest peak Oro-oro Ombo is a very wide on Java Island is the main attraction. The savanna. After passing the Slope of Love, the mountains in East Java such as Mount climbers can see the expanse of this field. Arjuno, Welirang, Kawi, Argopuro, Currently, the vegetation of Oro-oro Ombo Lamongan, Penanggungan, Awig-awig, and is dominated by Verbena brasiliensis Vell, Bromo in Tengger Caldera can be seen plants originating from South America, clearly when the weather is clear. Moreover, belong to Verbenaceae family. A tall, stiff, in the southeast of Mahameru, there is perennial shrub with narrow leaves, long Jonggring Saloko crater which emits the middle internodes of blue-purple color (Yeo, volcanic materials consistently. Therefore, 2016). The best time to enjoy Oro-oro Ombo the activity of Semeru Volcano is always is in April-July when Verbena flowers will declared active since it never stops erupting bloom and spread out wide. The climbers in an interval of 15 minutes - 20 minutes, so will enjoy incredible views and to continue it is in its normal active level (Hakim, 2017). the journey it is necessary to traverse this The climbers are only recommended up to meadow. After walking through this Kalimati, but many of them are still trying to meadow, they will arrive at Cemoro get to the top. The time limit at Mahameru

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 4 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

Peak is only until 10:00 WIB due to the capacity and conservation function of the danger of poisonous gases that will blow national park. The climbers are required to from the direction of the crater when it is make online bookings to get the quota and above that hour. also obtain a Conservation Area Entry Permit (Simaksi). Online booking is enforced Economic Agents in the Conservation Area to avoid the accumulation of climbers on the There are several economic agents waiting list at Ranupane climbing gate. involved in Semeru Volcano climbing Before online booking was enforced, many activities. The agents of this economic climbers often delayed climbing for 1-3 days activity can be divided into several types. due to limited climbing quotas. This system First, the economic agents based on origin actually makes climbers have the certainty to are divided into two, external and internal. start climbing. The external economic agents are the people The fee that should be paid to enter or business units who do not come from the Semeru Volcano conservation area for Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area domestic tourists is Rp. 29.000 per day and and are involved in Semeru Volcano Rp. 34.000 for holidays. Meanwhile, for climbing activities. Meanwhile, the internal foreign tourists, it is Rp. 220.000 per day and economic agents are the local people or Rp. 320.000 for holidays. The ideal climbing business units (local residents) who that many climbers do is around 4 days 3 homebase in Bromo Tengger Semeru nights. This fee includes insurance valid National Park and are involved in until Kalimati Post. Meanwhile, climbing up facilitating when climbing Semeru Volcano. to Mahameru Peak does not get insurance Table 2 shows the external and internal guarantees and is actually not recommended economic agents who carry out the economic since Semeru Volcano is on standby status activities in the Mount Semeru climbing throughout the year, and every 30-45 area. minutes it releases volcanic ash from Jonggring Saloko Crater. Table 1. Types of Economic Agents in the Types of climbers who visit and Semeru Volcano Climbing Area climb Semeru Volcano can be divided into External Internal several types. First, solo climber is a climber who climbs alone, not part of a climbing Climber, Open Local Guide group. During the climbing, he/she is asked Trip Service, (Saver), Trader, to join other groups by volunteers. Second, Basecamp Owner, Local Porter, large group climbers are climbers who climb Jeep Driver, Homestay Owner in groups, consisting of 6-15 people. Usually External Porter, they are friends from the same institution, External Guide community, or nature lover activity. Next, Source: Research Findings, 2018-2019 small group climbers are a group of climbers

consisting of 2-5 people. They usually hire Climbers are the economic agents local guides and porters to help them when who have a huge impact on the economic climbing. activity in the Semeru Volcano climbing area The economic agents fairly striking and become the target market. They can also in climbing Semeru Volcano recently are be said to be consumers in the Semeru Open Trip Services. They are a new Volcano climbing activity. The TNBTS phenomenon in the world of Conservation Center has a special scheme mountaineering in Indonesia. They are for the climbers who will climb to Semeru people/business units that provide facilities Volcano. to climbers to make it easier to climb a The quota of climbers allowed to mountain for a certain fee. They use social climb is limited to only 600 people/day. It is media a lot (especially Instagram) to market implemented to maintain the carrying their open trip packages to Semeru Volcano.

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 5 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

The open trip participants managed in one local guides are often foreign tourists. They climb range from 20-50 participants. Based have fairly good English skills and are very on searches through Instagram, they are familiar with the climbing terrain, natural mostly managed by the business agents from formations, cultural history, and flora and outside the region, such as Jakarta, fauna along the hiking trail, so they are able Semarang, Yogyakarta, Malang, Bandar to provide fairly good explanations for each Lampung, and Bandung. tourist attraction. The second role is as a These open trip services actually do conservation volunteer. Some of their roles not only provide climbing services for are namely: 1) Leading the initial briefing Semeru Volcano, but this mountain is one of before climbing; 2) Checking the luggage of the most opened climbing destinations. The climbers allowed to enter the conservation open trip services really facilitate climbers area; 3) Keeping the environment clean in who want to climb comfortably. They the area; 4) Ensuring climbers’ trash is provide facilities such as transportation from brought down; 5) Carrying out rescue and the meeting point (mepo) to the climbing evacuation when there are climbers who basecamp, transportation to the climbing need help; 6) Ensuring safety on the hiking post (jeep), registration/simaksi, medical trail. documents, camping equipment, food The local porters are the economic during the climbing, guides, external actors fairly common along the hiking trail. porters, and documentation. In contrast, They are needed by large or medium climbers’ personal supplies and equipment climbing groups. There are two types of are the responsibility of each participant. services provided, namely drop off and full Open trip climbers consist of various groups service. Drop off service is delivering goods ranging from domestic and foreign tourists. at a certain predetermined point while full Foreign climbers encountered following service is a service to transport climber these services came from Malaysia and goods according to the climbing time, what Thailand. local porters do for full service is carrying "Looking for Climbing Partner" is a logistics/goods, cooking, and fetching fairly new and unique phenomenon that has water. The fee for full service is Rp. 250.000 recently occurred. It means people who offer per day with an estimate of the goods carried to share the cost of climbing. They use social by one porter for two climbers. The local media to find other climbers who want to porters usually choose the fastest route climb to Semeru Volcano but do not have different from the climbers. enough members or personnel. The highest sharing cost is actually to rent a Jeep from Patterns of Economic Activities in Tumpang to Ranupane, with more groups, Conservation Area this cost will be increasingly reduced. The The popularity of climbing Semeru climbers who do it meet at an agreed Volcano has an impact on changes in the meeting point. The sensation they get is new patterns of economic activities of the friends from different regions who have the surrounding population. The majority of the same pleasure. population around the climbing area, The internal economic agents who especially Ranupane, makes their living in have a dual role are local guides. They call agriculture (Atriyantika et al., 2014). Each themselves volunteer or saver. Their economic agent involved in the Semeru economic role is as a guide for climbers to Volcano climbing area will be linked to other climb Semeru Volcano. Meanwhile, their economic agents. The economic agents from other role is as environmental internal region and external region have a savior/volunteer for the Semeru Volcano relationship that has a positive impact from conservation area. As economic agents, they a business perspective. This relationship open scouting services to get to Mahameru pattern can be seen in Figure 1. Peak. The climbers who use the services of

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 6 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

The economic agents who have the open trip services also accommodate most positive relationship with other external porters who get the task of carrying economic agents in the climbing area are climber equipment who do not want to climbers. They are the main consumers in bother carrying personal equipment, while the economic activities of climbing Semeru external guides are asked to guide and look Volcano. They can have a positive impact on after climbers who use open trip services. the internal regional agents such as Jeep owners or drivers have a unique homestay owners, traders, local guides, and pattern of collaborative interactions. The local porters. On top of that, the positive majority of them are external agents, who interaction occurs between climbers and live around Tumpang area, Malang. In external economic agents, such as jeep addition to taking the climbers to Semeru drivers, base camp owners, and open trip Volcano Climbing Post, they actually also services. Meanwhile, external porters or serve tours to Bromo Volcano which starts external guides do not make direct contact, early in the morning. The collaboration but usually through open trip services. carried out by Jeep drivers is to collaborate Open trip services have a fairly wide with basecamp owners, local guides range of interactions in the climbing (savers), and open trip services. Especially activities. The climbing planning of several with open trips, cooperation is carried out to large open trips is made to involve local pick up and drop off at a predetermined personnel to contribute to the region's time. internal economic agents, such as local porters, and local traders. Local porters are used by open trip services to drop off logistics and camping equipment, while traders are asked to prepare logistics or supplies when they feel they are lacking. The

Description: : Positive Relationship

: Economic Agents

Figure 1. Sociogram of Relationship Patterns of Economic Agents in Semeru Volcano Conservation Area Source: Research Findings, 2018-2019

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 7 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

Based on Sociogram of Figure 1, it can climbing activities. The internal economic be concluded that the patterns of economic agents respond to all external agents as guests, activities between the internal and external who need to be served and continue to comply agents is positively connected. The climbers as with the climbing safety procedures in the consumers have a big role in the development Semeru Volcano Area so that the synergy of mount tourism on Semeru Volcano. between the external and internal economic Likewise, open trip services have an extensive agents remains sustainable. network to accommodate climbers for climbing, if this pattern is maintained, there Impacts on Conservation Area will be positive sustainability between the Semeru Volcano, which is very external and internal economic agents in the popular, has an impact on massive climbing Semeru Volcano climbing area. activities. This absolutely has an impact on There is something fairly interesting areas included in the conservation zone. from the research findings that there was no Through the observations and tracing carried economic linkage between the open trip out in the climbing area and following services and local guides. This actually developments in the cyberspace, there are two happens since a competition is formed in problems faced by the Semeru Volcano serving climbing. Local guides, who also act as conservation area as a result of this fairly savers or volunteers, have business activities to massive economic activities. Those two accompany climbers to enter the area. Of the problems are garbage and erosion. several local guides encountered during the Garbage seems to be a problem faced research process, most of those who used the by the managers and volunteers in the Semeru services of local guides were the foreign Volcano climbing area in recent years. The climbers. Local guides are also leaders for garbage often found is of plastic type, the preparing the accommodation, routes, jeeps, product of the irresponsible climbers and not and porters for climbing. Usually, they have monitored by the volunteers or rangers. The the ability to explain natural, plastics commonly found along the hiking trail cultural/mythical, and social phenomena are candy wrappers, chocolate, honey, instant encountered during climbing. Meanwhile, the noodles, and bottled water. Some of them is role of open trip services is limited to preparing scattered along the hiking trail, but what is accommodation, routes, and porters for the surprising is when a large amount of trash is climbing activities only. The external guide found hidden in the bush. This kind of also only have a role as a guide to accompany behavior is very threatening to the the climbers. environmental sustainability in the Semeru Jeep rental is an economic agent from Volcano climbing area. outside the area since its base is in Tumpang Another waste fairly disturbing to the area, 2 hours away from Ranupane Climbing aesthetics and environmental ethics is the large Post. It usually works together with the base amount of wet tissue waste. This garbage is camp owners in Tumpang area as well. produced from climbing which involves Meanwhile, homestays in the area do not have defecating carelessly. The smell of urine and a positive relationship pattern since they only piles of wet wipes can be seen around serve climbers who spend the night around Ranukumbolo, Kalimati, Cemoro Kandang, Ranupane Climbing Post. and Oro-oro Ombo. Even though currently the The patterns of economic relations that managers have prepared a wet bathroom for exists between the internal and external agents the climber toilets and prohibit the use of wet occurs harmoniously, even though there is wipes in the conservation area in competition not very visible and disturbing the

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 8 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

Ranukumbolo, there are still climbers cultural values throughout the climbing area, irresponsible for doing this. or known as CBT - Community Based Tourism Erosion is the second problem. It is a concept (Sugiharto et al., 2018). natural process, but it can be accelerated if The activity of climbing Semeru human activities are affected. The climbing Volcano is often closed temporarily for the carried out still can accelerate the process of reason of restoring the ecosystem. Usually, the erosion in the Semeru Volcano conservation ecosystem restoration is carried out at the area. Overall, TNBTS is dominated by beginning of the year (January) to mid-year moderate erosion (60-180 tons/ha/year) (April), or what is commonly referred to as the covering an area of 43.694 ha (86.9%) (Harjadi, climbing season. The closure is also carried out 2008). Even though the data are entirely from when there are extraordinary natural processes the entire national park area, it is still necessary in the conservation area, such as landslides, to be aware of and provide education for forest fires, and bad weather. During the tourists who climb since if left unchecked it will closing period, a joint team of volunteers endanger the ecosystem in the climbing area. (savers), local residents, and TNBTS center The furrow and trench erosion is seen carries out an ecosystem restoration operation at several points of the hiking trail. One of them by carrying out garbage transportation, is around Ranukumbolo. In the last ten years, repairing pathways, and strengthening the path used to reach the top of the Slope of climbing facilities and infrastructure. Love has become several paths, this is the The tourism in Semeru Volcano should evidence of soil erosion caused by the opening have a clear type of tourism. The existing of the path by climbers. The exploration of forest, savanna, and lake conservation areas climbers around Ranukumbolo also produces need to be more closely guarded in order to open paths that accelerate erosion since it remain sustainable. The tourism in the opens the grass that covers the ground. It can mountains should use the concept of be ascertained that furrow erosion and some ecotourism, which does not damage the trench erosion occur around Ranukumbolo. It natural and cultural environment, provides is feared that the erosion process that occurs economic, environmental, and social benefits around Ranukumbolo will become a for local residents, and offers a high-quality sedimentation process and have an impact on experience (passive: walking, hiking and the silting of Ranukumbolo. learning about the environment) for visitors The concept of tourism management in (Dowling, 2014; Erfurt-Cooper et al., 2015; its implementation should meet three Gulpınar Akbulut, 2014; Nepal, 2002). sustainability elements, namely: (1) ecological aspect, (2) social aspect, and (3) economic CONCLUSIONS aspect (Umar, 2018). Hence, these three The climbing activity on Semeru elements should be the focus of the Volcano has an impact on the social and management of the Semeru Volcano climbing economic life of the population. The local area. On the ecological aspect, actually the residents around the area definitely feel the managers, residents, and volunteers are impact, but this research finds that there are working very hard in maintaining the economic and business agents who come sustainability of the Semeru Volcano from outside the area. They have a very big conservation area. This is one of the distinctive opportunity to do a climbing tourism characteristics of the management of the business or what is called an open trip. Based Semeru Volcano climbing area which actively on the research findings, the economic involves local communities to preserve nature agents can be classified based on the location and economic activities, and maintain socio- of their business, namely the so-called

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 9 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167 internal and external economic agents. The Alam Hayati Pada Masyarakat Tengger patterns of relations or interactions and Di Resort Ranu Pani, Taman Nasional economic transactions among the economic Bromo Tengger Semeru. Media actors are interrelated and very positive in Konservasi, 19(1), 1–11. nature. Although there is a potential that https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.19. allows for competition and conflict between 1. Beedie, P., & Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence the open trip services and local guides, this of mountain-based adventure tourism. does not happen due to the wisdom Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 625– possessed by the internal economic agents, 643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160- especially the local guides mostly the 7383(03)00043-4 indigenous Tengger Tribe. The research Bourdeau, P., Corneloup, J., & Mao, P. findings also reveal that there are two (2002). Adventure sports and tourism impacts from this high climbing activity. The in the French mountains: Dynamics of erosion caused by the camping activities and change and challenges for sustainable widening of the hiking trail, as well as the development. Current Issues in Tourism, garbage from the climbers, are serious 5(1), 22–32. problems, even though the area managers https://doi.org/10.1080/136835002086 have sufficiently emphasized this garbage 67905 Dowling, R. K. (2014). Global Geotourism – procedures to the climbers. An Emerging Form of Sustainable Although the managers, volunteers Tourism. Czech Journal of Tourism, 2(2), (savers), and other local residents have tried 59–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot- to protect it, the problems still occur. Some 2013-0004 of the proposals put forward are related to Erfurt-Cooper, P. (2011). Geotourism in the results of this research, namely, first, by volcanic and geothermal environments: clearly defining and disseminating the types Playing with fire? Geoheritage, 3(3), 187– of tourism in Semeru Volcano, which can be 193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- in the form of ecotourism, geotourism, or 010-0025-6 adventure tourism, so the management and Erfurt-Cooper, P., Sigurdsson, H., & Lopes, regulation of economic actors’ contributions R. M. C. (2015). Volcanoes and Tourism. are clear. Second, the problems of erosion In The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second and garbage are none other than the results Edi). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12- of the climbers’ activity, so for supervision it 385938-9.00075-4 is better to involve the local guides and local Gulpınar Akbulut. (2014). Volcano Tourism porters who have been included in a in Turkey. In Volcanic Tourist climbing tour package that can be included Destinations, Geoheritage, Geoparks and in the entrance ticket. Third, education for Geotourism (pp. 89–102). tourists who climb in the area should be https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- improved. 16191-9 Hakim, A. R. (2017). Analisis Energi Gempa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Letusan Gunung Semeru 09 Oktober The authors would like to thank the 2009. Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA, 7(1), 30– parties involved in this research, especially 35. TNBTS managers, volunteers, and porters Harjadi, B. (2008). Perhitungan Tingkat Erosi who assisted in the data collection. Kualitatif Di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru. Seminar Nasional REFERENCES Geomatika 2017: Inovasi Teknologi Atriyantika, M., Arief, H., & Sunarminto, T. Penyediaan Informasi Eospasial Untuk (2014). Studi Konservasi Sumberdaya Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Erosi, 291–

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 10 DOI: 10.24114/jg.v%vi%i.16540 e-ISSN: 2549–7057 | p-ISSN: 2085–8167

298. Sugiharto, S., Delita, F., & Sidauruk, T. Heggie, T. W. (2010). Geotourism and public (2018). Tingkat Kesiapan Masyarakat safety in volcanic environments. In Lokal Terhadap Pengembangan Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Community Based Tourism (CBT) di Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Kabupaten Samosir. Jurnal Geografi, Recreation. 10(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.4324/978184977518 https://doi.org/10.24114/jg.v10i2.104 2 19 Nepal, S. K. (2002). Mountain Ecotourism Syahadat, E. (2003). The Factors Witch Are and Sustainable Development. Influences To A Tourism Visitor In Mountain Research and Development, Gede Pangrango National Park (Gpnp). 22(2), 104–109. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Dan Ekonomi https://doi.org/10.1659/0276- Kehutanan, 3(1), 1–14. 4741(2002)022[0104:measd]2.0.co;2 Trauer, B. (2006). Conceptualizing special Nepal, S. K., & Chipeniuk, R. (2005). interest tourism — frameworks for Mountain tourism: Toward a analysis. Tourism Management, 27(2006), conceptual framework. Tourism 183–200. Geographies, 7(3), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.20 https://doi.org/10.1080/146166805001 04.10.004 64849 Umar, M. . (2018). Potensi Ekowisata Bahari Sagala, S., Rosyidie, A., Pratama, A., Pada Pulau-Pulau Kecil Di Halmahera Wimbardana, R., & Wijayanti, A. Selatan. Jurnal Geografi, 10(2), 117–128. (2012). Promoting Volcano Tourism in Utami, H. S. (2017). Pengelolaan Kawasan Hazard Zone Area for Rebuilding Local Pariwisata (Studi di Balai Besar Taman Economy: Case study of Tourism in Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru) Cangkringan Sub-District, Mt. Merapi, Hadi. Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik ( Yogyakarta. International Conference on JIAP ), 3(1), 13–20. Sustainable Built Environment, Yeo, P. F. (2016). A Re-Definition of Verbena Yogyakarta., 1–13. brasiliensis. Springer on Behalf of Royal http://www.pl.itb.ac.id/dosen/sas/w Botanic Gardens, Kew, 45(1), 101–120. p-content/uploads/2015/07/Sagala- Promoting-Volcano-Tourism-in- Hazard-Zone-Area-for-Rebuilding- Local-Economy.pdf Setiawan, Y. N., & Baiquni, M. (2015). Penilaian Wisatawan Terhadap Kualitas Obyek Wisata Gunungapi Semeru. JBI, 4(1), 178–187. SI-USGS. (2009). Global Volcanism Program. Http://Www.Volcano.Si.Edu/Reports /Usgs/. http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/ usgs/ Silva, C., Kastenholz, E., & Abrantes, J. L. (2013). Place-attachment , destination image and impacts of tourism in mountain destinations. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.201 2.762312

Jurnal Geografi Vol 13 No. 1 - 2021 I m p a c t s o f p a t t e r n s. . . . . | 11