Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.02 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

The Challenges of Developing Tourism Events in Bromo Tengger National Park

Muhammad Iqbal Rosyidi*

Deputy Assistant of Industry and Tourism Regulations, Ministry of Tourism Republic of , Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract Tourism in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park has been considered important for national earning and local community development. As a conservation area, the development of tourism in Bromo Tengger Semeru should consider conservation principles. The purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of developing tourism events in TNBTS especially dealing with sustainable development. The research method used is qualitative method with descriptive analysis technique. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of the government, organizer, and community regarding the conduct of tourism event in TNBTS. The literature study was conducted to provide more complete data and information. Furthermore, researcher conduct field observations twice, the first observation was during the Yadnya Kasada event and the second one was on normal days. This research has successfully identified three challenges of tourism event development in TNBTS namely the institutional, event sustainability, and rivalry with competitors.

Keywords: event tourism, national park, sustainable development.

INTRODUCTION* Parry argue that a tourism event has The event is essentially an activity and a characteristics such as uniqueness, perishability, planned public or social occasion. It is simply ambiance and service, labor-intensive, fixed defined as something that happens temporarily timescale, intangibility, ritual or ceremony, and in order to collect a number of people [1]. It personal interaction [7]. Uniqueness is the main usually shows a ritual or ceremony and key of a tourism event and comes from the sometimes, it is a unique activity. Meanwhile, surrounding environment, the visitors, and the Bowdin et al states that an event is central to the performed attractions. The tourism event cannot culture of humankind [2]. However, the event is be replicated elsewhere at the same time. categorized into a private and public event. A Tourism events also tend to be intangible public event is the right category to represent because visitors do not get a certain object but the event tourism in this discussion. they feel the experience in the form of activity. The term tourism event is often related to Rituals and ceremonies also make tourism event and replaced with the terms festival and carnival. special. Furthermore, the success of a tourism However, some authors prefer to use event event cannot be achieved without the service of tourism [3,4,5]. Donald Getz used the term the event organizer and the atmosphere of the tourism event in 1998 to describe the unique event. activity held by certain attractive people. He adds Nowadays, some developed countries have that tourism event is the whole of planning, set tourism event out as a tourism movement, developing, and marketing strategy of tourist for example, Singapore, the so-called event attractions to maximize the tourist participation capital in Asia. Singapore has a variety of events, either as a main or an alternative attraction [6]. both modern and traditional, both international Nevertheless, other author used various terms and local level. For instance, every year such as special event, festival tourism, and Singapore gets an opportunity to hold GrandPrix cultural event, which has a similar definition and Formula 1 that attracts the attention and visits of the same intent. foreign tourist from the adjacent country. Besides having uniqueness, there are some Singapore successfully organized various characteristics of the tourism events; Shone and kinds of tourism events. It is because besides having limited natural resources as a natural tourist attraction, also due to the professional * Correspondence address: human resources in organizing a tourism event. Muhammad Iqbal Rosyidi Singapore effectively utilized the events to draw Email: [email protected] Address: Film Building, Ministry of Tourism Indonesia Letjen foreign tourist visits. MT Haryono Street, Kav. 47, Pancoran, South Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region, 12770.

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As well as Singapore, Indonesia also has As we know, a good destination image is a various tourism events; even more superior in manifestation of the success of a tourism respect of quantity. Through the cultural development and marketing [13]. In fact, a diversity, Indonesia has an enormous potential to tourism event can be one of the supporting hold a hundred events each year. Currently, factors as the image of a tourist destination [14]. those events are held in many places, including The events, especially hallmark events, play an sea, land, and air. They are even organized in a important role in attracting tourists to a number of national parks, including Bromo destination and directly build the tourist Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). destination image. The hallmark events act as a In early 2017, the Government of Indonesia catalyst for the tourist destination development determined TNBTS as one of the priority tourist that serves images or symbols. Hallmark event destinations. One of the purposes of this also becomes a solution to the problem product determination is to equalize tourism potential differentiation of a tourist destination [15]. and to develop alternative tourist destinations So far, various forms of tourism events have besides . The program is often known as The been organized in the area and around TNBTS. 10 New Bali. TNBTS is the National Park situated Those events are arts and cultural, sports events, in Regency, Pasuruan Regency, and adventure events. From all events, Yadnya , and . Kasada is the most popular and interesting event Although it’s located administratively in East for tourist, especially for international visitors. , based on the Regulation of the Minister of Yadnya Kasada or Kasodoan is an offering Forestry Number P19/Menhut/2004, Bromo ceremony performed by the Tenggerese to Tengger Semeru National Park Central Office, Hyang Widi Wasa (The God) and held once a year under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Kasada month [16,17]. However, there are has authorization to organized TNBTS [8,9]. other routine events, for example, BTS Ultra and Among the priority tourist destinations, Jazz Gunung. BTS Ultra is a sport event within TNBTS is the only destination which has nature- TNBTS while Jazz Gunung is a jazz music festival based tourist destination in the form of held around TNBTS area. mountains/volcanoes. Since 1920, TNBTS, Some previous studies have tried to analyze especially , was well-known among tourism events in Indonesia, such as Mahadewi the Dutch elite who were ruling over Indonesia. [5]. She examined the practice of the There are two mountains which become the implementation of attractions, tourism products, attraction as well as the icon of the area, Mount and tourism events that are related to the theory Bromo and Semeru. However, Mount Bromo is by taking the case in Bali [5]. The research aims more attractive, and maybe more well-known, to find out the impacts of tourism events. On the than Semeru for the tourists. This different other hand, Susanti has attempted to describe recognition is due to the uniqueness of the shape Event Tour de Singkarak and linked it to of the mountain and there is the crater that is sustainable tourism marketing [18]. The positive still actively producing sulfur fumes. This relation between tourism events with the mountain also has the sea of vast sand of 5.250 number and the motivation of tourist makes the ha located at an altitude of ± 2.100 m above sea event tourism research interesting to be studied level. This combination becomes a landscape that further. cannot be found in any tourist destinations in In this study, the events, that have a positive Indonesia. influence in improving the number of tourists, The prominent tourist attractions offered in are held in the area with limited utilization. As it this area are the experience of catching the is known, TNBTS is a protected area at Category II sunrise in Penanjakan, horse riding in the sea of by the World Conservation Union. As well as sand, and climbing up the peak to see the crater other human activities, tourism events also [10,11]. Foreign tourists also able to enjoy other utilize, exploit, and influence the natural activities such as hiking, beholding the landscape, resources in the host areas. The development of seeing the crater, horse riding, photography, events that refer to the principle of sustainability camping, visiting Pura, and jeep riding [12]. becomes crucial, especially the impacts and the Those things show that TNBTS offers various benefits for the triple bottom line, i.e. Social, experiences and the image of TNBTS is currently Environment, and Economy [9,19]. more influenced by the landscapes. The sustainability of the tourism event does not only refer to the triple bottom line but it also

[160] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Events in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (Rosyidi) concerns the sustainability of event performance the interview with TNBTS Central Office (as the [20]. Sometimes the organizer decided to stop management of TNBTS), the Department of the performance of events because it becomes Culture and Tourism of , and the unattractive and quiet enthusiasts in the residents of Ngadisari Village and Cemoro previous performance. As an example is Lawang Village in Probolinggo Regency. Jatinegara Tourism Festival in East Jakarta. This The interview with TNBTS Central Office and festival is a cultural festival that performs certain the Department of Culture and Tourism of East Betawi cultures and other cultures outside Java is carried out to gain information on how Betawi, such as Orkes Keroncong and Reog the events are held in TNBTS and their Ponorogo. It began in 2011 with the different perceptions of those events. Furthermore, the packaging and theme every year. However, in interviews with the community representatives 2016, that festival is no longer held because of were done to get public perceptions of the quiet enthusiasts. This untenable event shows events conducted in TNBTS. Meanwhile, the that this event has an unsustainable literature study was conducted to collect the implementation. secondary data and information, such as the Nevertheless, referring to Getz’s opinion in regulations. various studies on tourism events, the social RESULT AND DISCUSSION aspect and especially environmental aspect The people of Tengger in TNBTS has held a receives less attention from many authors [4]. ritual ceremony in Mount Bromo and Thus, this research focuses on and tries to surrounding areas since a long time ago. At that provide perspective and discussion, not only the time, Yadnya Kasada and Karo were the most economic aspect, but also social and sacred ceremony. Those traditional ceremonies environmental aspects of the challenges of are the offering ceremonies to God held by developing tourism event in TNBTS. Through this Tengger people in the sea of sand and the crater research, the stakeholders are to be able to of Mount Bromo. anticipate the challenges in organizing the The Tenggerese held Yadnya Kasada on the tourism event in TNBTS. 14th, 15th, or 16th of the Kasada Month while Karo RESEARCH METHOD Ceremony is held in Karo Month (the second The type of this research is qualitative month of Tengger Society calendar system). At research focusing on describing and explaining the first time, Yadnya Kasada and Karo were the existing phenomena in the field. The merely considered as traditional ceremonies. researcher decides to use descriptive qualitative However, since 2000s, those ceremonies, as the analyzing method. By using descriptive especially Yadnya Kasada, started to attract qualitative, the researcher intended to show and tourists’ attention as a unique and interesting explain accurate descriptions and illustrations of spectacle. This shift happened because of the tourism events occurring in TNBTS. uniqueness of the ceremony which cannot be However, this research also has limitations. found in any places other than Mount Bromo. First, it is about geographical aspect. Because of Until now, Yadnya Kasada becomes one of the the vastness of TNBTS area, the scope of the data events widely known by people and become the collection is only limited to the TNBTS area which icon of TNBTS. Moreover, Kasodo is important for located in Probolinggo Regency. Second, it comes Tenggerese to express their gratitude to God and from the substantial aspect. The triple bottom to be preserved as a sustainable Tengger culture line, which considered important to be studied, as well [9,21]. are confronted with limited costs and time. The Scale and the Forms of Tourism Events Consequently, the discussion about those three Over the last decade, various tourism events aspects is not in depth elaborated and have been successfully arranged in TNBTS area quantified. Those three aspects are analyzed (Table 1). Most events are annual agenda. For using qualitative analysis technique based on the example Jazz Gunung that has been existed since data collected in the field. 2009. Another example is a sports event namely Data Collection Method BTS Ultra which has been annually held since The researcher obtained the data through 2013 and attracted domestic and foreign runners observation, interview, and literature study. The to participate in that competition. However, in observation was made twice, i.e., at Yadnya terms of organizing, the events in TNBTS are Kasada event and on a normal day. We conduct

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predominantly arranged by and from local the event organizer after getting some communities and the event organizers. consideration. Related to the event management, based on The Impacts of Tourism Events in TNBTS the interview, the Department of Culture and Before discussing the challenges, it is Tourism of East Java states: necessary to identify the impacts of a tourism “Province (the Department of Culture and event. There are, at least, four dimensions of the Tourism) only supports them through electronic impact/benefit of cultural festivals [22]. The and print media and also exhibitions.” impact is classified into two types, which are It shows that the Department is merely obtained by the public and the individual as well concerned about the promotion and the as from the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. marketing of events. Furthermore, according the Intrinsic dimensions can be stated to be essential information from the Central Office of TNBTS, and tend to be intangible. Meanwhile, the the private sector have enormous initiatives to extrinsic dimension is the impact/benefit that hold events in TNBTS. In this case, the Central can be captured by the eye and tend to be and Office of TNBTS tends to be more concerned with comes from outside. Extrinsically, the impacts of the conservation in TNBTS. Nevertheless, all tourist events for individuals include health, events held in TNBTS have to get a regular behavior, and expenditure. As for the recommendation letter from TNBTS community, tourism events have an impact on management. The recommendation letter is the economic, social, environmental, and community approval statement from the Central Office to educational and public welfare value (Figure 1). Table 1. The Events held in TNBTS Event Typology of Tourism Events Information Initiatives Model Scale the Events Hallmark Yadnya Kasada Cultural Event The offering ceremony of crops or Tengger People Nature as the Event livestock (Ongkak) that have been background harvested as a gratitude to nature. Regional a. Karo Cultural Event The offering ceremony for ancestral Tengger People Nature as the Event spirits to avoid catastrophe and to background commemorate the origin b. Bromo Sport event Run Competition in Bromo Tengger Event Organizer Nature as the Marathon Semeru area background c. Jazz Gunung Arts and International jazz concert event, having Event Organizer Nature as the Entertainment ethnic nuance held annually in background Amphitheater Jiwa Jawa Resort Bromo d. Bromo Sport event Run competition with distance until 170 Event Organizer Nature as the Tengger km along the Bromo Tengger Semeru background Semeru 100 area Ultra Local a. Unan-Unan Cultural Event The ceremony to honor the ancestral Tengger People Nature as the Event spirits, expel the evil spirits from the background village by giving offerings to redi-redi () by slaughtering cattle, i.g. a buffalo b. Eksotika Arts and A dance-drama/ballet performance from Event Organizer Nature as the Bromo Entertainment various arts in East Java background c. Bromo Recreation Fauna (bird) Photography Competition in Central Office Ecotourism Tengger TNBTS area of TNBTS as Target Semeru Birdwatching d. Bina Cinta Education and BCA sets the goals to foster, increase Central Office Ecotourism Alam (BCA) Science knowledge, awareness, and of TNBTS Event responsibility of the community on the importance of TNBTS Source: Research Results.

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Figure 1. Benefit Dimention of the Tourism Events according to Mc Carthy et al. (2004). Source: Lundberg et al. [22]

Besides carrying the impacts on the individual participate or just want to watch the event are (personal impacts), and on public (external required to pay the entrance fee into TNBTS impacts), tourism events have the impacts on an area. In addition, the growing of event goers institution (organizational impacts) [1]. Those increased the sales of consumer goods such as organizational impacts can be finance, human snacks sold by the Tengger community within resources, institutional capacity, and marketing. TNBTS and the surrounding areas. Unfortunately, However, the focus of this research is the impact the amounts of community and management’s on society in general which can be observed incomes and the tourism multiplier effect have (extrinsic impacts). not been the focus of this research. Tourism events in TNBTS also have an impact In social aspect, the various tourism events on economic, social or environmental aspects; held in TNBTS make the interviewed people in both micro and macro. The impact of every Village proud, especially of tourism event is various. For example, BTS Ultra Yadnya Kasada, which is a tradition of and Bromo Marathon that involve many Tenggerese. Yadnya Kasada can also enhance the international runners. According to one of the brotherhood among them. residents in Ngadisari Village, when the event is Another impact is social cohesion [23]. held, local people who work as farmers change Tourism events, especially indigenous cultural their jobs for a while to be volunteers and rent festivals can enhance the sense of kinship among out the lodging, horses, and jeeps. the event committee. At Yadnya Kasada and Meanwhile, in other events, such as Yadnya Karo, social cohesion occurs among local Kasadnya and Karo, which the community Tengger. Meanwhile, at BTS Ultra, Jazz Gunung, become the main actors, they leave their daily and Bromo Marathon, social cohesion could work to get more focused on the event. Although occur among the communities living around there is information on the increased TNBTS, the event organizers, and the event opportunity to have higher income at the time of goers. the event is held, this research has not measured A tourism event can directly increase the quantity percentage of the community income number of visitors in TNBTS. For example, sports rise when the event occurs. events like Bromo Marathon and BTS Ultra. Both In the economic aspect, the most visible events involve a thousand participants. The impact of the tourism event is the increased presence of such participants means also revenue from the increasing entrance ticket sales increased demand for accommodation, such as for TNBTS. The event goers who want to lodging and jeeps. But, the growing number of

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tourists also raises the amount of consumption (private sector). The local government does not that affects the increasing amount of garbage in consider tourism events as a strategic way to TNBTS area. A villager from Ngadisari said, regional tourism development. Communities “Every time an event is held, we have a serious around TNBTS also have not been trained to garbage problem. The more visitors come, the conduct a tourism event professionally. more garbage they will leave.” Therefore the commitment and mutual trust This phenomenon shows that there is a social among the stakeholders becomes the key to a cost, which is a lot of garbage because of a successful tourism development at the local level tourism event. The evidence showed at Yadnya [3]. Kasada, where people ‘throw’ their offerings to The second challenge is related to the the crater of Mount Bromo. The offerings are in sustainability of tourism events. Until now, there the forms of livestock and comestibles. Although is no data and information stating that the some of the offerings are collected again by the tourism event held in TNBTS failed. Precisely, local people, common people consider the left some tourism events that exist, such as BTS Ultra offerings as garbage. 100, Bromo Marathon, Jazz Mountain, and Yadnya Kasada gain great attention from the The Challenges in Tourism Events Development event goers, both domestic and foreign. A challenge can be defined as something that Nevertheless, the challenges of tourism tests the ability of a person and organization, and events development related to sustainability are it deserves to be overcome by their resources. In related to the environmental aspects. Tourism general, there are five challenges of tourism events, which directly interact with the TNBTS event development. First, it is a paradigm shift landscape, especially sports events, need to get from supply-side to demand side. An event more attention. The events that potentially invite organizer needs to change the event paradigm massive event goers are vulnerable to affect the and orientation that has been used previously. environment. There are two challenges faced by One thing that needs to be improved is how a the stakeholders. First, the number of jeeps tourism event can meet the visitors’ expectations carrying the runners to TNBTS means the by considering the current capacity. Second is a exhausted emissions from these vehicles policy change, from top-down policy to be more increase, especially when the event was held. bottom-up. This indicates that in holding a Second, related to the potential garbage tourism event, an event organizer needs to generated by the participants, before the race, explore people’s aspirations. during the race, and post the race. The third is managing the event portfolio The third challenge comes from competition rather than just focusing on the specific tourism with competitors. The Management of TNBTS is event. The organizer needs to weigh in managing faced with two difficult options, either to choose various tourism events as a portfolio, so it can be to have collaboration or compete with promoted to tourists. The portfolio shows the competitors. In this case, TNBTS has similar organizer’s professionalism in managing various product feature and landscape with Mount . events. The fourth challenge is creating and From the aspect of location, Mount Ijen is promoting an event and the last one is ensuring located about 250 km on the east part of TNBTS that development of a tourism event based on area or can be reached through 4-hours drive. the principles and the models of sustainable Mount Ijen also has a tourism event portfolio development. that is similar to TNBTS. The types of the tourism The development of tourism events in TNBTS events that will be held include sports events is not without challenges. The first observed (Ijen Trail Running, Road to Ijen, Mount Ijen challenge is the institutional problem. Based on Special Gravity), Arts and Entertainment (Jazz the observations and interviews with the Ijen), and Recreation (Layang-Layang Wurung community representatives of Ngadisari and Crater). Regarding the managerial aspect, the Cemoro Lawang villages, there is a disharmony two tourist destinations are under the authority between programs and policies between the of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Central Office of TNBTS and the Local Therefore, the stakeholders need to consider Government in developing tourism in TNBTS. It what strategies to differentiate from these affects the development of tourism events in competitors. TNBTS area. As a result, the development of tourism events comes more from the community

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CONCLUSION [8] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan This study shows that the tourism events in Nomor P.19/menhut-ii/2004. Tentang TNBTS mostly come from community initiatives. Kolaborasi Pengelolaan Kawasan Suaka Tourism events in TNBTS have numerous impacts Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam on economic, social, and environmental aspects. [9] Hakim, L. and M. Soemarno. 2017. The challenges faced in the development of Biodiversity conservation, community tourism events in TNBTS include in terms of development and geotourism development institutional, sustainability, and competition with in Bromo – Tengger – Semeru – Arjuno competitors. The Government, in this case, the biosphere reserve. Geojournal of Tourism Central Government, needs to immediately and Geosites 20(2), 220-230. realize the concept of Single Destination Single [10] Akbar, A. T. and E. Pangestuti. 2017. Peran Management. This will clarify the direction of kuliner dalam meningkatkan citra destinasi developing tourism events in TNBTS. pariwisata Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger The stakeholders also need to consider the Semeru. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 50(1), sustainability aspects of tourism events in TNBTS. 153-159. In managing TNBTS, the organizer needs to apply [11] Cochrane, J. 2006. Indonesian national visitor management, especially during the parks: understanding leisure users. Annals tourism event taking place. This is necessary of Tourism Research 33(4), 979-997. considering the importance of TNBTS as a [12] Sagala, L. P., E. K. S. H. Muntasib, and W. N. conservation area as well as a tourist destination Bambang. 2008. Permintaan ekowisata that needs to be managed wisely. wisatawan mancanegara di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS) Jawa ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Timur. Media Konservasi 13(2), 79-84. My greatest gratitude goes to Mrs. Nova (the [13] Tasci, A. D. A. and W. C. Gartner. 2007. Central Office of TNBTS), Mr. Sai'in (the Destination image and its functional Department of Culture and Tourism of East Java), relationships. Journal of Travel Research Mr. Sandya and Mr. Anton who have been willing 45(4), 413-425. to help and provide the data and the information [14] Getz, D. 2013. Planning and staging for this research. ecotourism events. In: R. Ballantyne and J. REFERENCES Packer (Eds.), International Handbook on [1] Bladen, C., J. Kennell, E. Abson and N. Ecotourism. Edward Elgar Publishing Wilde. 2012. Events management. Limited. Routledge. New York. [15] Xie, P. F. and K. Gu. 2015. The changing [2] Bowdin, G., J. Allen, W. O’Toole, R. Harris urban morphology: waterfront redevelop- and I. McDonnell. 2006. Events ment and event tourism in New Zealand. management. Elsevier Ltd. Tourism Management Perspectives 15, 105- [3] Dwyer, L. and E. Wickens. 2011. Event 114. tourism and cultural tourism: Issues and [16] Nempung, R. I. A., M. Bahruddin, and A. Y. debates: an introduction. Journal of A. Fianto. 2014. Perancangan buku esai Hospitality Marketing and Management fotografi potrait upacara Yadnya Kasada 20(3-4), 239-245. Gunung Bromo Suku Tengger sebagai upaya [4] Getz, D. 1998. Event tourism and the melestarikan budaya lokal. Jurnal authenticity dilemma. In: Theobald, W. ArtNouveau 2(1), 162-170. (Ed). Global tourism, 2nd Ed. Butterworth- [17] Sutarto, A. 2006. Sekilas tentang Heinemann. Oxford. 409-427. masyarakat Tengger. Available at: [5] Mahadewi, N. M. E. 2012. Atraksi, produk http://repositori.perpustakaan.kemdikbud. wisata, dan event wisata dari teori ke go.id/1106/1/Masyarakat_Tengger.pdf. praktik. Jurnal Perhotelan dan Pariwisata [18] Susanti, R. 2015. Event tour De 2(1), 1-10. Singkarak Sumatera Barat, pemasaran dan [6] Getz, D. 2007. Event studies: theory, pariwisata yang berkelanjutan. Menara research and policy for planned events, 1st Ekonomi I(2), 38–46. Ed. Routledge. Oxford. [19] Dickson, C. and C. Arcodia. 2010. [7] Shone, A. and B. Parry. 2010. Successful Environmentally sustainable events: a Event Management, 3rd Ed. South- critical review of the literature, dalam Western. Singapore. Global Events Congress IV: Festivals and

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